The document discusses the secondary sector of the economy. It describes key activities in the secondary sector including industry, mining, energy production, and construction. It focuses on defining industry and its core elements. Industry transforms raw materials and requires raw materials, energy sources, and production factors. The document also discusses different types of raw materials, energy sources, and the historical development of industry from the artisanal to the modern to the contemporary. It analyzes issues regarding the distribution and scarcity of raw materials and energy sources as well as solutions around environmental policies and energy saving.

1. SECONDARY
SECTOR.
INDUSTRIAL SPACES.
UNIT 6
IES CAMILO JOSÉ CELA
Teacher: Rocío Bautista

2. SECONDARY SECTOR:
ACTIVITES CONCERNED WITH
TRANSFORMING RAW MATERIALS INTO
PRODUCTS THAT SATISFY HUMANS’ NEEDS
 Industry  most important
 Mining
 Energy production
 Construction

3. What activities can you recognize in
these pictures?

4. INDUSTRY
 TRANSFORMS RAW MATERIALS INTO…
 MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS  for direct consumption in the
market.
 SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCTS  to be used in other industrial
processes.
Industry
requires 3
elements
ENERGY SOURCES
PRODUCTION
FACTORS:
- Labour force (employees)
- Capital (buildings,
machinery, money…)
- Technology (knowledge)
RAW MATERIALS

5. MINING
 LOCATES, EXTRACTS AND REFINES ROCKS &
MINERALS FOUND ON/BENEATH THE SURFACE.
PROSPECTION:
to locate the
minerals.
EXTRACTION:
to obtain the minerals
from subterranean &
open-air mines.
REFINING:
to separate the
mineral from the rock
that contains it.

6. ENERGY PRODUCTION
 CREATION OF ELECTRICITY & HEAT IN SPECIALISED
INSTALLATIONS (POWER STATIONS).
NUCLEAR
WIND
WATERSOLAR
THERMAL

7. CONSTRUCTION
 CREATES BUILDIGNS & INFRASTRUCTURES* (roads,
bridges, reservoirs,…)
PLANS
BUILDING
MATERIALS
CONSTRUC
TION
INDUSTRY
*INFRASTRUCTURES: basic facilities, services & installations needed for the functioning of a society and its economy (transportation &
communications systems such as roads, bridges, tunnels, etc., water supply, sewer systems, power lines…)

8. INDUSTRY
• Core elements:
• Raw materials
• Energy sources
• The world’s energy.
Energy saving.
• Industrial development and its landscapes:
• Artisanal industry
• Modern industry
• Contemporary industry
• Industry and globalisation

9. CORE ELEMENTS OF INDUSTRY:
RAW MATERIALS
 RAW MATERIALS = Natural resources that industry transforms
into manufactured or semi-finished products.
RAWMATERIALS
PLANT-
SOURCED
From agriculture: sugar beets, cotton, linen, tobacco
From silviculture: wood, cellulose, rubber, cork…
ANIMAL-
SOURCED
From livestock farming: wool, hides (leather), silk…
From fishing: fish (for canning & oil production)
GEOLOGICAL
Minerals: metallic (iron, lead, aluminium, copper,
zinc…) & non-metallic (glass, gems…)
Rocks: granite, clay, limestone, marble,… (direct use
or to produce construction materials like cement)
Energy products from which energy is obtained:
coal, crude oil, natural gas, uranium…

10. CORE ELEMENTS OF INDUSTRY:
RAW MATERIALS  Production & trade
CONSUMPTION (demand): concentrated in INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES
1) WESTERN EUROPE
2) JAPAN
3) USA
4) Emerging countries:
 CHINA
 INDIA

11.  Look at the map… is the distribution of minerals around the
world equal?
 Which countries produce large quantities of minerals?

12. CORE ELEMENTS OF INDUSTRY:
RAW MATERIALS  Production & trade
PRODUCTION: concentrated in few countries:
1) Canada
2) USA
3) Brazil
4) South Africa
5) Russia
6) China
7) Australia

13.  Which region produces the largest
quantities of oil?

14.  Do you know what COLTAN is?
What is it used for? Where
does it come from?

15.  COLTAN: essential mineral in modern technology (cell phones, laptops, cameras…)
 80% of World’s coltan  D.R.C. (Democratic Republic of Congo)
 D.R.C. / Uganda / Rwanda / different rebel paramilitary groups  WAR to
control the coltan mines.
 Consequences:
• Slavery, child-labour, violence, murder, violations,…
• 5 million deaths
• War refugees
• Destruction of rainforests & species (gorillas, elephants)
• Farms are abandoned
• Coltan contraband finances rebel paramilitary groups
B L O O D C O L TAN

16. CORE ELEMENTS OF INDUSTRY:
RAW MATERIALS  Contemporary problems
PROBLEMS RELATED TO
RAW MATERIALS
SCARCITY OF RAW
MATERIALS FOR
FOOD INDUSTRY
SCARCITY & UNEVEN
DISTRIBUTION OF
GEOLOGICAL RAW
MATERIALS
Food prices increase due to
a higher demand (increasing
population) of agrarian raw
materials. Worst impact on
the poorest people.
In order to ensure their supply,
wealthy countries try to control
trade with producer countries
& international markets.

17. http://sociedad.elpais.com/socied
ad/2013/05/13/actualidad/136845
7967_724617.html

18. ACTIVITIES
 Define the following concepts:
 Secondary sector
 Raw materials
 Prospecting methods
 Refining systems
 Power stations
 Infrastructures
 Devise an outline about the main activities of the secondary
sector (p.130)
 P.132, exercise 1.
 Are raw materials distributed equally around the world? Where
do production & consumption concentrate?

19. CORE ELEMENTS OF INDUSTRY:
ENERGY SOURCES
ENERGY SOURCES
TRADITIONAL
OIL
COAL
NATURAL GAS
NUCLEAR FISSION
HYDROELECTRIC
ALTERNATIVE
BIOMASS
WIND
SOLAR
GEOTHERMAL
WAVE
NUCLEAR FUSION
•Most widely
used.
•Mostly non-
renewable
(except
hydroelectric).
•60%  oil &
coal.

20. Traditional energies
•Most widely used.
•Mostly non-renewable (except hydroelectric).
•75-80%  oil + natural gas + coal  however, there are differences
between countries.

21. Traditional energies
• COAL  more widely used in
developing countries (China) than
in developed ones (UE, USA).

22. Traditional energies
• RENEWABLE ENERGIES  are gaining ground to
non-renewable energies, specially in developed
countries.

23. Traditional energies: CRUDE OIL

24. Traditional energies: NATURAL GAS
PRODUCCIÓN
MUNDIAL DE GAS,
2006

25. Traditional energies: COAL
COAL CONSUMPTION IS IN CLEAR
REGRESSION DO TO ITS HIGH
POLLUTION LEVELS (CO2 EMISSIONS)

26. Traditional energies: NUCLEAR FISSION

27. Traditional energies: HYDROELECTRIC
• Only traditional energy that is
RENEWABLE!!!
• Growing importance.
1984-2009

28. Alternative energies
Development
after the
1973 Oil
Crisis 
NEED TO
SEEK NEW
ENERGY
SOURCES, TO
AVOID
EXTERNAL
ENERGETIC
DEPENDENCE.
YOM KIPPUR WAR (6-25 Oct. 1973):
• Coalition of Arab states (led by Egypt & Syria) VS Israel (who received help
from the US).
• Egypt and Syria attacked Israel unexpectedly, since they wanted to regain
the Sinai and the Golan Heights respectively, territories that were occupied
by Israel since the Six-Day War (1967).
• CONSEQUENCE: in response to U.S. support of Israel, the Arab members of
OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries), decided to
reduce oil production & declared an embargo against the USA and other
Western countries, causing the 1973 energy crisis.

29. Alternative energies
ADVANTEGES: they are renewable & clean (they don’t pollute or generate waste).
DISADVANTAGES: necessary technologies to develop them are still too expensive.
However, in time renewable energies are expected
to became cheaper, while fossil fuels will became
more expensive.

30. Alternative energies: SOLAR

31. Alternative energies: SOLAR

32. Alternative energies: WIND

33. Alternative energies: BIOMASS

34. Alternative energies: GEOTHERMAL

35. Alternative energies: WAVE

36. Alternative energies: NUCLEAR FUSION
With 1gr of hydrogen we
could produce, by means of
nuclear fusion, in an hour,
11 times more energy than
by current nuclear fission.
ITER (International Thermonuclear
Experimental Reactor)
• International project to design and build an experimental fusion
reactor.
• South France.
• 7 member entities (EU, India, Japan, China, Russia, South Korea &
USA).
• EU (host party for the ITER complex), contributes with about 45 %
of the cost. The rest 9& each.

37. ACTIVITIES
 On the political World map, locate the main production
countries of traditional & alternative energy sources.
 In groups of 4-5, make up a song about the different types of
energy sources… BE CREATIVE!!!! Record it and send it to
rocio.sociales@gmail.com.

38. THE WORLD’S ENERGY
Essential in our daily lives:
• Transport
• Machines & household appliances
• Lights
• …
WHICH IS THE BIG
PROBLEM
CONCERNING
ENERGY??!

39. THE WORLD’S ENERGY
ENERGY
PROBLEMS
SUPREMACY
OF NON-
RENEWABLE
ENERGY
SOURCES
UNEQUAL
DISTRIBUTION
OF ENERGY
SOURCES
ENVIRNMENTAL
PROBLEMS
CONSTANT RISE
IN ENERGY
CONSUMPTION

42. http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20141029/claves-guerra-
del-gas-entre-rusia-ucrania/1038365.shtml

43. THE WORLD’S ENERGY
SOLUTIONS TO
ENERGY
PROBLEMS
ENVIRONMENTAL
POLICIES
ENERGY-SAVING
POLICIES

44. http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/programa/spot-campana-ahorra-
energia-protagonizado-seleccion-espanola/1131287/

47. • The Kyoto Protocol: UN international treaty that
committed State Parties to reduce greenhouse gases
emissions (CO2), to stop global warming. It was adopted in
Kyoto (Japan) in 1997.
• SPECIFIL GOAL: to reduce, in the period 2005 - 2012,
collective emissions of greenhouse gases by 5%
compared to the year 1990.
• 2012: technically the K.P. was extended until 2020, but
limited to only 15% of the global C02 emissions, due to the
lack of participation of many industrialized & emerging
countries such as: USA, Canada, Japan, Russia, Belarus,
Ukraine, New Zealand, China, India & Brazil.
• 2014: new negotiations were held in Lima (Peru) to agree
on a post-Kyoto legal framework that would obligate all
major polluters to pay for CO2 emissions. However, some
large polluting countries (China, India, USA) indicated that
they will not ratify any treaty that will commit them legally
to reduce CO2 emissions.

48. ACTIVITIES
 P. 138  ex.1
 Indicate which energy sources do these countries produce:
 USA
 Canada
 Venezuela
 Norway
 Russia
 Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, U.A.E., Iran, Qatar, Algeria, Lybia & Nigeria.
 Comment the graph about “Evolution of energy consumption in
the world” on page 139.
 DESCRIPTION (what information does the graph gives us? Source?)
 ANALYSIS:
 Describe the contribution & evolution of renewable & non-renewable energies.
 Explain some problems (consequences) related to such energetic consumption.
 Give some possible solutions.

49. INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
ARTISANAL
INDUSTRY
(until mid-18th
century)
MODERN
INDUSTRY
(1770 – 1950)
CONTEMPORARY
INDUSTRY
(Mid-20th century
onwards)

50. 1º) Artisanal industry

51. 2º) Modern Industry:
1st I.R. (1770 – 1850)
STEAM ENGINE (“Máquina de vapor”)  powered
by burning coal; moved other machines.

52. 2º) Modern Industry:
2st I.R. (1850 – 1950)

53. 3º) Contemporary industry

54. 3º) Contemporary industry
• Have relocated to cheaper areas:
• Developing countries
• Industrial estates (polígonos industriales)
in the outskirts of cities.
TRADITIONAL
INDUSTRIES
Industrial estate: physical
place that gathers several
industrial activities.

55. 3º) Contemporary industry
• Have established in Science parks in
economically flourishing cities, where they
have access to:
• Qualified workers
• Infrastructures
• Advanced services
INNOVATIVE
(HIGH-TECH)
INDUSTRIES
Science park: physical place that supports
university, businesses & government
collaboration to promote research &
innovation in order to develop & share high
technology knowledge. It comprises high
quality facilities, and gathers innovative
industries.

56. ACTIVITIES
 Fill in the worksheet comparing the 3 phases of industrial
development.
 P. 141  ex.2
 Research activity at home: what is “Silicon Valley”?
 What is the difference between an industrial estate & a science
park?

57. Industry & globalisation:
TYPES OF INDUSTRY
Heavy
industry
Industria de base
o pesada
Transforms raw materials into semi-finished products to
be used in other industries (steel, petrochemistry).
Uses large quantities of heavy raw materials.
Capital goods
industry /
Semi-heavy
industry
Industria de
bienes de equipo
Transforms semi-finished products into equipment
needed for other industries, transport & construction
(machinery, vehicles…).
Uses less raw materials.
Consumer
goods industry
/ Light
industry
Industria de bienes
de consumo o
industria ligera
Makes products intended directly for consumers
(textiles, food, household appliances…).
Uses lightweight materials.

58. Which types
of
industries
can you
identify in
these pairs
of pictures?

59. Industry & globalisation:
FACTORS OF INDUSTRIAL LOCATION
Imagine you’re going to
set up an industry and
you have to decide
where to locate it…
what factors would
condition your choice?

60. Industry & globalisation:
FACTORS OF INDUSTRIAL LOCATION
LOCATION
FACTORS
ECONOMIC
FACTORS
(infrastructures,
transports,
services
consumers…)
SOCIAL FACTORS
(workforce)
POLITICAL
FACTORS (taxes,
political
stability…)
ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS
(environmental
legislation,
quality)
NATURAL
FACTORS (raw
materials,
energy sources)

61. Industry & globalisation:
FACTORS OF INDUSTRIAL LOCATION
DO YOU THINK THESE 2 INDUSTRIES
ARE EQUALLY LIKELY TO BE RELOCATED
TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES?

62. Industry & globalisation:
FACTORS OF INDUSTRIAL LOCATION
INNOVATIVE (HIGH-TECH)
INDUSTRIES
TRADITIONAL (MATURE)
INDUSTRIES
• Located in developed countries:
 Advanced services.
 Infrastructures.
 Qualified labour force.
 High purchase power
consumers.
• Located in developing countries:
 Abundant but unqualified
labour force.
 Special conditions (duty-free
zones) & permissive
environmental legislations.

63. Industry & globalisation:
RELOCATION
Globalization has led to INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOUR: breaking
up of the production process in different locations around the world:
• Complex tasks (research, development)  undertaken in developed
countries (North America, Europe, Japan, Australia) .
• Less-skilled labour (manufacturing)  relocated/offshored to
developing countries (China, India, Vietnam, Brasil…)

64. ACTIVITIES
 P. 144-145: ex. 1, 3 & 4
 Why do innovative (high-tech) industries prefer to locate in
developed countries?

65. Industry & globalisation:
THE WORLD’S INDUSTRIAL AREAS

66. HISTORICAL INDUSTRIAL
REGIONS
• USA, _______, EU.
• World’s ______
______________
industrial areas.
• Extensive industrial areas
that use _____________
_____________.
• Benefit from high
_____________-
__________ markets.
• _________________ of
large companies; but
have relocated many
manufacturing parts of
the production process
to _____________
countries.
EMERGING COUNTRIES
• ________ (Brazil, Russia,
India, China, South
Africa)
• Growing industrialization
due to:
• Abundant __________
resources
• _________________ 
attracts the
___________ of
developed countries’
low-technology
industries. This
provides them with
capital to -
____________ in new &
more innovative
industries.
LEAST INDUSTRIALISED
AREAS
• Poorest countries on
Earth (Sub-Saharan
_________)
• Lack of industrialisation
due to:
• Lack of ___________.
• Limited market (small
& poor
_______________).
• __________ because of
poor communications.
• Politic __________.
ACTIVITIES: fill in the worksheet.

67. ACTIVITIES
 P.151, exercises 2 / 3 / 4 / 5.