This document discusses mineral resources, energy sources, and industry around the world. It provides details on major producers of minerals like China, Australia, and South Africa. It outlines the rise of global energy consumption since 1950 and key energy sources like coal, oil, and natural gas. It also discusses renewable vs non-renewable energy sources. The document examines the history and development of industry, including Ford's assembly line model and shifts to post-Fordism. It provides an overview of leading industrial countries and sectors in Spain like automobiles, food/drinks, and chemicals.

1. 3 ESO. UNIT 6: MINING, ENERGY AND INDUSTRY. ANSWER KEY.
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1 China, Australia,South Africa and Brazil all have vast mineral resources. A range of minerals
are also mined in North America and the Russian Federation. Other important producers
(sometimes of a single mineral) include Kazakhstan, Morocco and Chile.
2 SouthAfrica–hafnium,gold,platinumandrhodium;Australia –hafnium,tantalum,aluminium
anduranium;India–lead;China–phosphorus,tinandantimony;Kazakhstan –chromite;Poland
– silver;Guinea–aluminium;Morocco – phosphorus;Canada– indium;Chile –copper;Brazil –
tantalum and tin.
3 For example,tantalum is found in different types(isotopes) and concentrations in a number
of countries,butAustraliahasespeciallylarge deposits.Itisahard andlustrousblue-greymetal
used in medical implants as well as in mobile phones, DVD and video game systems and
computers. It is a rare metal, 15 times rarer than gold.
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1 Global energy consumption began to rise very sharply in about 1950.
2 Coal,oil,andnatural gashave all increasedsignificantlydue totheiruse intransport,industry,
and the production of electricity.
3 Most of the energy currently consumed in the United States is produced domestically (own
production).
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4 Sourcesof energyproducedworldwide include nuclearpower,renewables,natural gas,coal,
and crude oil.Energy is consumedinthe form of coal,renewables,natural gas, electricity,and
oil products.
5 Oil isboththe largestareaof productionandconsumptionduetoitsvariabilityof use asafuel
for vehicles, a fuel for generating electricity, and a source of numerous industrial products.
6 Electricity is not a primary energy source. It is a secondary energy derived from primary
energies like coal, biomass and uranium.
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1 Among the many by-products of crude oil are petroleum, asphalt, diesel fuel, kerosene,
gasoline, jet fuel, butane and gas.
2 Reserves of natural gas and oil are expected to run out within 60 years, while coal deposits
may last for another 110 years.

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4 The term ‘fossil fuels’appliestoresourcessuchasnatural gas and crude oil,whichhave been
formedbythe decompositionof organisms(fossils) on the ocean floor over millions of years.
6 Non-renewable energies are a limitedresource which we are using up rapidly. Some non-
renewableenergies,like crudeoil,are foundinonlyafew partsof theworldandsootherregions
may be affected by problems of supply. The extraction of oil and coal causes major
environmental problems.
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1 Windpowerandhydroelectricpowerare the mostwidelyusedrenewableenergiestoday.The
use of solar energy has also grown, especially in Europe.
2 Renewable energyis energy produced by naturally occurring phenomena such as sunlight,
wind, water movement, or plant growth.
3 The advantages of renewable energies are considerable. Their sources are abundant and
widespread, and their environmental impact is limited. Also, the replacement of non-
renewables with renewables will be a key factor in preventing further environmental
degradationdue toharmful wastesandgases.Onthe otherhand,itmaybe difficulttoensure a
regular supply of some renewable energies,and it is not easy to store the electricity that it
produces.
4
Energy Source Type of energy produced
Solar Sun Electricity and heat
Wind Wind movement Electricity
Hydroelectric/ tidal Water movement Electricity
Geothermal Earth’s internal heat Electricity
Biomass Plants Heat and electricity
5 Renewable energies are the energies of the future because we have depleted many of our
non-renewable energy reserves. Today, we have the technology available to make full use of
natural resources without causing long-term damage to the environment.
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2 Industryisthe transformationof raw materialsintomanufacturedproductsbymachinesand
human labour. Industry can be used as an indicator of a country’s economic development
because itshowsthe level of complexityof itseconomicactivitiesonascale runningfrombasic
primary sector production to advanced technologies.

3. 3 Henry Ford developedthe productionof automobilesonan assemblyline,witheachworker
adding a part or parts to the vehicle as it went past. This representeda revolution in mass
production. Following this model, products could be assembled continuously and rapidly,
leading to a huge increase in productivity and a fall in production costs. It made the finished
productsmuchcheapersomanymore people couldaffordtobuythem.Fordistmassproduction
was soon adopted in other industries in North America, and it became the standard form of
industrial production throughout the developed world.
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1 Graphene is a newly invented substance. It is essentiallya two-dimensional sheet of carbon
atoms,onlyone molecule thick,anditis the thinnestcompoundevercreated.Graphene isthe
lightest and strongest known material, and it is the best conductor of heat and electricity.
However,itsproductionisstillsubjecttoproblems,because itisveryexpensive tomake andits
manufacture requires the use of toxic chemicals.
2 The post-Fordistmodelof industrial manufacturingdevelopedinthe 1970sandremainsstrong
today, due to new and changing technological possibilities. In accordance withthis model,the
Ford assemblyline makingmassive quantitiesof a single producthas beenreplacedby a more
flexible system of high-technology production. Many varieties of each product are created to
suit the tastes of the individual consumer.
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3 The partsof thiscompany’sproductionrequiringdesignandmarketingtakeplaceindeveloped
countries, where advanced services and technologies are available. However, actual
manufacture of the product is carried out in a less developed region, where labour costs are
lower.
4 As technologies and services advance in emerging countries, the dependence on developed
countries is reduced.Jobs are therefore transferred from the developed economies to regions
where human resources are less expensive. This reduces overall costs for companies.
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1 The world’s leading industrial powers: China, the UnitedStates, Japan,Germany, the United
Kingdom, Italy and France.
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1 Oil and natural gas are the leading sources of energy in Spain; they are imported.
2 The top renewable energies in Spain are wind, solar and biomass
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4. 4 Catalonia and the Community of Madrid.
6 Industrialisationbeganinthe mid-19thcenturyinSpain,whichwaslaterthaninsome partsof
Europe. It originated in Catalonia, where textiles were made, and in the Basque Country and
Asturias where there were coal and iron mining industries. Catalonia and the Basque Country
are still important industrial regions today.
8 The food, drinks and tobacco industries, the automobile manufacturing industry, and the
chemical industry are among the most important in Spain today.