Waste-to-energy is a process that converts non-recyclable waste into useable energy through various processes including combustion, gasification, anaerobic digestion, and pyrolysis. It provides a way to reduce waste volumes while generating electricity, heat, or fuels. The presentation discusses several waste-to-energy methods - incineration converts waste into heat for electricity generation; gasification produces a synthetic gas that can power gas turbines; anaerobic digestion of organic waste produces biogas; and plastic waste can be converted into fuel through pyrolysis. These processes help reduce pollution, provide renewable energy sources, and make productive use of waste materials.
Waste to energy projects with reference to MSW, Sourabh Manuja, TERI, IndiaESD UNU-IAS
This lecture is part of the 2016 ProSPER.Net Young Researchers’ School on sustainable energy for transforming lives: availability, accessibility, affordability
World Bank estimated, in 2025 the production of municipal solid waste will be 2.2 billion tones worldwide. With this amount, we are more and more polluting our own environment. Seven to eight percent of the total greenhouse gas emissions arise from continued landfilling. EfW (WtE) does not only decrease the volume of waste, it also protects natural resources like land and water. There is no additional need for landfills, where leakage can occur and pollute our tap water. It also protects air and climate because the regulations by law for EfW are more stringent than for coal fired power plants or any other industry. EfW plants decrease the greenhouse gases which come from landfill.
Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) is the process of generating energy in the form of electricity and/or heat from the primary treatment of waste. WtE is a form of energy recovery. Most WtE processes produce electricity and/or heat directly through combustion, or produce a combustible fuel commodity, such as methane, methanol, ethanol or synthetic fuels.
Waste-to-energy technologies convert waste matter into various forms of fuel that can be used to supply energy. Waste feed stocks can include municipal solid waste (MSW); construction and demolition (C&D) debris; agricultural waste, such as crop silage and livestock manure; industrial waste from coal mining, lumber mills, or other facilities; and even the gases that are naturally produced within landfills.
We are the global distributor of LTC technology. We supply sustainable green energy solutions. In all our projects we use LTC technology to ensure that all new facilities are cost-efficient and meet or exceed the highest environmental standards. Our objective is to supply our clients with tailor-made patented LTC technology power plant solutions that convert waste into sustainable energy. We execute all projects successfully by using the extensive experience at our disposal. Renewable Energy, Power plants without pollution, New technology power plant, LTC- Low Temperature Conversion
Waste-to-energy uses trash as a fuel for generating power, just as other power plants use coal, oil, or natural gas. The burning fuel heats water into steam that drives a turbine to create electricity.
Waste to energy projects with reference to MSW, Sourabh Manuja, TERI, IndiaESD UNU-IAS
This lecture is part of the 2016 ProSPER.Net Young Researchers’ School on sustainable energy for transforming lives: availability, accessibility, affordability
World Bank estimated, in 2025 the production of municipal solid waste will be 2.2 billion tones worldwide. With this amount, we are more and more polluting our own environment. Seven to eight percent of the total greenhouse gas emissions arise from continued landfilling. EfW (WtE) does not only decrease the volume of waste, it also protects natural resources like land and water. There is no additional need for landfills, where leakage can occur and pollute our tap water. It also protects air and climate because the regulations by law for EfW are more stringent than for coal fired power plants or any other industry. EfW plants decrease the greenhouse gases which come from landfill.
Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) is the process of generating energy in the form of electricity and/or heat from the primary treatment of waste. WtE is a form of energy recovery. Most WtE processes produce electricity and/or heat directly through combustion, or produce a combustible fuel commodity, such as methane, methanol, ethanol or synthetic fuels.
Waste-to-energy technologies convert waste matter into various forms of fuel that can be used to supply energy. Waste feed stocks can include municipal solid waste (MSW); construction and demolition (C&D) debris; agricultural waste, such as crop silage and livestock manure; industrial waste from coal mining, lumber mills, or other facilities; and even the gases that are naturally produced within landfills.
We are the global distributor of LTC technology. We supply sustainable green energy solutions. In all our projects we use LTC technology to ensure that all new facilities are cost-efficient and meet or exceed the highest environmental standards. Our objective is to supply our clients with tailor-made patented LTC technology power plant solutions that convert waste into sustainable energy. We execute all projects successfully by using the extensive experience at our disposal. Renewable Energy, Power plants without pollution, New technology power plant, LTC- Low Temperature Conversion
Waste-to-energy uses trash as a fuel for generating power, just as other power plants use coal, oil, or natural gas. The burning fuel heats water into steam that drives a turbine to create electricity.
Waste-to-energy technologies convert waste matter into various forms of fuel that can be used to supply energy.
Waste feed stocks can include municipal solid waste (MSW),construction and demolition (C&D) debris, agricultural waste such as crop silage and livestock manure, industrial waste from coal mining, lumber mills or other facilities and even the gases that are naturally produced within landfills. It is a very useful method and environment friendly.
Waste-to-energy technologies convert waste matter into various forms of fuel that can be used to supply energy. Waste feed stocks can include municipal solid waste (MSW); construction and demolition (C&D) debris; agricultural waste, such as crop silage and livestock manure; industrial waste from coal mining, lumber mills, or other facilities; and even the gases that are naturally produced within landfills.
Conference on Waste to Energy in India : Opportunities and Challenges on 29th...Infraline Energy
With growing public awareness about sanitation and increasing pressure on the Government and urban local bodies to manage waste more efficiently, the Indian Waste to Energy Sector is poised to grow at a rapid pace in India in the years to come. Infraline Energy feels that the pressing needs of Waste Management and reliable renewable sources are creating very attractive opportunities for investors and project developers. Against this backdrop, Infraline Energy is holding its 1st Annual Conference on Waste to Energy in India: Opportunities and Challenges. The conference aims to bring together a cross section of stakeholders directly and indirectly associated with this sector wherein various challenges stalling the growth and causing roadblocks for the growth of this sector would be deliberated upon and many key points will emerge for their resolution.
Waste-to-energy technologies convert waste matter into various forms of fuel that can be used to supply energy.
Waste feed stocks can include municipal solid waste (MSW),construction and demolition (C&D) debris, agricultural waste such as crop silage and livestock manure, industrial waste from coal mining, lumber mills or other facilities and even the gases that are naturally produced within landfills. It is a very useful method and environment friendly.
Waste-to-energy technologies convert waste matter into various forms of fuel that can be used to supply energy. Waste feed stocks can include municipal solid waste (MSW); construction and demolition (C&D) debris; agricultural waste, such as crop silage and livestock manure; industrial waste from coal mining, lumber mills, or other facilities; and even the gases that are naturally produced within landfills.
Conference on Waste to Energy in India : Opportunities and Challenges on 29th...Infraline Energy
With growing public awareness about sanitation and increasing pressure on the Government and urban local bodies to manage waste more efficiently, the Indian Waste to Energy Sector is poised to grow at a rapid pace in India in the years to come. Infraline Energy feels that the pressing needs of Waste Management and reliable renewable sources are creating very attractive opportunities for investors and project developers. Against this backdrop, Infraline Energy is holding its 1st Annual Conference on Waste to Energy in India: Opportunities and Challenges. The conference aims to bring together a cross section of stakeholders directly and indirectly associated with this sector wherein various challenges stalling the growth and causing roadblocks for the growth of this sector would be deliberated upon and many key points will emerge for their resolution.
The Presentation cover all details related to Electricity Generation from Waste Material, Which is very good technlogy. In this we can find that, how we are creating this energy, and how we are using.
Biomass As A Renewable Energy Source: The case of Converting Municipal Solid...IEEE UKM Student Beanch
The paper describes the importance of biomass as a source of renewable energy. Biomass materials have greatest potential to be processed as feedstocks in bio-energy production or as fuels in combustion, gasification and pyrolysis systems. It discusses various methods of preparing the biomass materials. It identifies various applications and focus areas of research and development in handling, storage of biomass.
In 1979 China passed environmental protection law for trial implementation.The 1982 contitution includes important environmental provisions.Based on the provisions many laws were enacted .Water pollution prevention and control law 1984,Air pollution and control law 1987are some of the remarkable laws .
The Bionic waste treatment systems Microfuel and Bio-Elite Fertilizer come together in an integrated waste management concept. The presentation shows how an unusual high level of energy and nutrient recovery from waste can be achieved.
www.bionic-world.net
English Version, August 2012
Integrated green technologies for msw (mam ver.)mamdouh sabour
SA is facing a great challenges for waste management due to the fast demographic and industrial growth, which left the country with accumulative amount of generated waste that needs to be managed in the most cost-effective, sustainable and green.
In this report we basically studied resources of biomass to produce mixed alcohol fuels, how to produce energy and mixed alcohol fuels from this process, PINCH analysis, its economics and environmental considerations.
Waste-to-energy isn’t just a trash disposal method. It’s a way to recover valuable resources. Waste-to-energy is a vital part of a sustainable waste management chain and is fully complementary to recycling. Today, it is possible to reuse 90% of the metals contained in the bottom ash. And the remaining clinker can be reused as road material.
- What is a Green Economy
- Characteristics of Green Economy
- Areas of focus
- Canada Economy
-Wind
- Solar
- Battery/storage
- Micro grids
- Cap and trade
- Corporation strategy
UK Catalysis: Innovation opportunities for an enabling technologyKTN
Read about how accelerating innovations in catalysis will play a vital role in enabling the UK to meet its net zero targets in the areas of hydrogen production, Power-to-X, carbon dioxide utilisation and the use of alternative feedstocks.
The climate change is global, decarbonize involved in everywhere; food processing is the broadest areas of human existence, it extended all over the world every corner.....food services machines manufacturers will impossible avoid as it to be one of the biggest carbon emissions fields.
The climate change is global, decarbonize involved in everywhere; food processing is the broadest areas of human existence, it extended all over the world every corner.....So, food services machines manufacturers will impossible avoid as it to be one of the biggest carbon emissions fields
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
3. •Turning non-recyclable waste to a useable
form of energy
•E.g. Electricity, heat or fuels
•Through
combustion, gasification, anaerobic
digestion, landfill gas recovery, and
pyrolysis
http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/wte/
Image: http://wastetoenergyinternational.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Promoting-a-clean-future.jpg
4. Incineration
• Works primarily on the combustion of municipal
waste to generate heat for use in electricity generation.
• Key features:
Waste storage and handling
Waste feeding
Combustion
Steam and electricity generation
Air pollution control
Ash residue handling
• Combustion Stages:
Ignition
Drying
Moisture is
evaporated
Combustion
Devolatilization
Combustible
volatiles are
released
http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/incinerator.html
Volatiles are
ignited in the
presence of
oxygen
Volatile matter is
completely
combusted and
fixed (Carbon is
oxidized to CO2)
7. Incineration
Pros and Cons
Advantages
Waste volume reduction
(95%-96%)
Destruction of combustible
toxins
Destruction of pathogenically
contaminated material
Energy recovery
http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/incinerator.html
Disadvantages
Air pollution
Ash must be landfilled and may
be hazardous
High capital and operation cost
Wastewater problems
10. Waste to Fuel: Biogas
Biogas Production
• Anaerobic digestion of organic
matter in airtight digesters
• Anaerobic digestion
in landfills
Image: http://www.mnn.com/green-tech/research-innovations/blogs/landfill-methane-could-power-3-million-homes#
Image: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/AE_anaerobic_digestion.html
11. Waste to Fuel: Biogas
Image: http://www.cowpattypatty.com/
12. Waste to Fuel: Biogas
Advantages
•
•
•
•
Efficient way of energy conversion
Household and bio-wastes can now be disposed of in a useful manner
Provides a non-polluting and renewable source of energy*
Significantly lowers the greenhouse effect on the earth’s atmosphere
• E.g. removing N2O from manure**
• Excellent solution for agricultural & livestock waste
Disadvantages
• Less efficient than natural gas as direct fuel (low % purity)
• Process is not suitable for commercial use – largely domestic/rural
cooking, etc.
13. Waste to Fuel: Biogas
Development History in China
• First digester (8 m3) was built by Mr Luo
Guo Rui (
) in the 1920’s. Biogas
was used for family cooking and lighting.
• In 1950’s, the Chinese government
started promoting biogas in rural areas to
provide energy for farmers.
• From 2003-2013, rapid development in
rural areas. 41.68 million household small
digesters (8-12 m3) were built.
• Increase use of AD in municipal and
industrial sectors.
Advertisement for Luo’s biogas in
Shen Newspapers, Shanghai 1932.
http://www.epa.gov/agstar/documents/conf13/Biogas Production in China - Current Status and Future Development, Dr Xiujin Li.pdf
14. Waste to Fuel: Biogas
Current Status (Agricultural and Rural Sector)
• Household small digesters
41.68 million units, providing clean energy to 160 million
people in rural areas.
• Small-scale biogas plants
24,000 units mainly for small animal farms
• Medium and large-scale biogas plants
3,691 units
• Biogas plants in animal farms
80,500 units (15 billion m3 p.a. (2012))
http://www.epa.gov/agstar/documents/conf13/Biogas Production in China - Current Status and Future Development, Dr Xiujin Li.pdf
15.
16. Waste to Fuel: Biogas
Current Status (Municipal Sector)
• For sludge
51 units
• For refuse
10 units
• For food waste
40 units
Current Status (Industrial Sector)
• 60-80 plants to treat waste waster
• Largest in Nanyang City, processing waste water from ethanol plant
producing 500,000 m3 biogas daily capable of providing energy for
http://www.epa.gov/agstar/documents/conf13/Biogas Production in
all residents
China - Current Status and Future Development, Dr Xiujin Li.pdf
17.
18.
19. Waste to Fuel: Biogas
Future Development
• Biogas potential
MSW: 15 billion m3
Industrial: 48 billion m3
Agriculture: 289 billion m3
• In total:
352 billion m3, if 100% utilized
176 billion m3, if 50% utilized (equivalent to current NG
consumption)
http://www.epa.gov/agstar/documents/conf13/Biogas Production in China - Current Status and Future Development, Dr Xiujin Li.pdf
20.
21.
22. Waste to Fuel: Biomethane
Biogas Upgrading
• Biogas is 65% methane, compared to 98.5-99% fuel grade
• Also contains other contaminants
• Inert diluents reduce energy content: CO2, N2
• Contaminants: Biologicals, Microbes, Trace Metals
• Corrosives: Sulfur & H2S, Siloxanes, Ammonia
Image: http://www.bio-methaneregions.at/?q=node/41
23. Waste to Fuel: Biomethane
Biogas Upgrading Technologies
•
•
•
•
Water Wash
Chemisorption/Physisorption
Pressure Swing Adsorption
Membrane separation
Biomethane Applications
• Direct power generation
• Direct gas injection
• Vehicle use
http://www.bcfarmbiogas.ca/files/pdf/Biomethane%20Feasibility%20Study.pdf
http://www.apvgn.pt/documentacao/advantages_of_biomethane_as_a_fuel.pdf
24. Waste to Fuel: Biomethane
Advantages
• High CH4 content, effectively Natural Gas
• “Carbon neutral”
• Reduces waste, which would cost energy otherwise
Current Developments
• Biomethane is highly successful in Sweden & Germany –
zero fuel taxes, financial support for biomethane
production, 40% reduced personal income tax for CNG
company car
25. Waste to Fuel: Summary
Image:
http://www.biogasmax.co.uk/biogas-strategybiofuel-opportunities/from-biogas-tobiomethane-and-biofuel.html
26. Plastic to Fuel
Problem
Image via: coastalcare.org
• Only 8% of waste plastic
is recycled in US, 15% in
W. Europe and much
less in developing
countries
• 227 billion kg of plastic
is manufactured
annually and 33% is
single-use/thrown away
• Plastic accounts for 4/5
of garbage in the oceans
http://www.inspirationgreen.com/plastic-waste-as-fuel.html
Change in Mindset
• Plastic should be viewed as an
underused resource rather than
being landfill destined
27. Plastic to Fuel
Case Study: Cynar in the UK
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SDS58y0hDY#t=149
29. Plastic to Fuel
Pros
Cons
• Process (pyrolysis) takes
place in vacuum and plastic
is melted, not burnt. Hence
minimal to no resultant
toxins released into the air
• PVC produces chlorine that
will corrode reactor and
pollute the environment
• PETE produces oxygen into
the oxygen-deprived chamber
• The synthetic fuel is low in
thereby slowing down the
sulfur
process (PETE recycles
efficiently traditionally, so just
• Conversion rate of 95% (wt.
send PETE to recycling
to vol.)
centres)
• PE and PP produces fuel that
burns cleanly
http://www.inspirationgreen.com/plastic-waste-as-fuel.html
30. •Turning non-recyclable waste to a useable
form of energy
•E.g. Electricity, heat or fuels
•Through
combustion, gasification, anaerobic
digestion, landfill gas recovery, and
pyrolysis
http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/wte/
Image: http://wastetoenergyinternational.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Promoting-a-clean-future.jpg
The U.S. EPA defines energy recovery from waste as the conversion of non-recyclable waste materials into useable heat, electricity, or fuel through a variety of processes that include, and are not limited to – combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas (LFG) recovery, just to name a few.How then do we actually go about converting waste to energy?
Syngas can be fed into a combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) power plant achieving up to 60% efficiency via a Brayton cycle from the gas turbine and recovered heat (steam generator) in a Rankine cycle
Biogas can be produced via anaerobic digestion either from biogas plants or by capturing biogas in landfills. The first method is a more conventional one, and the second is more problematic because methane is combustible in contact with O2. It is also difficult to capture it completely.
Biogas is produced from the anaerobic digestion of organic waste such as manure, sewage, municipal solid waste (MSW), plant material and crops. It consists mainly of methane and carbon dioxide, and is a renewable substitute for natural gas. It can be used as fuel for heating purposes, as well as in gas engines to convert the energy found in the gas to electrical and heat energy.
*Provided new technologies are in place to ensure no leakage of gas to the atmosphere. Global warming potential of CH4 c.f. CO2 is 23x over 100 yr as stated by IPCC.**Nitrification and denitrification both produce N2O. N2O production during denitrification can be reduced if carried out in an oxygen-deprived environment and nitrification is significantly reduced at temperature >40oC. N2O contributes to 300x radiative forcing c.f. CO2 over a 100 year time frame.
http://www.epa.gov/agstar/documents/conf13/Biogas Production in China - Current Status and Future Development, DrXiujin Li.pdf
http://www.epa.gov/agstar/documents/conf13/Biogas Production in China - Current Status and Future Development, DrXiujin Li.pdf
http://www.epa.gov/agstar/documents/conf13/Biogas Production in China - Current Status and Future Development, DrXiujin Li.pdf
http://www.epa.gov/agstar/documents/conf13/Biogas Production in China - Current Status and Future Development, DrXiujin Li.pdf
http://www.epa.gov/agstar/documents/conf13/Biogas Production in China - Current Status and Future Development, DrXiujin Li.pdf
http://www.epa.gov/agstar/documents/conf13/Biogas Production in China - Current Status and Future Development, DrXiujin Li.pdf
http://www.epa.gov/agstar/documents/conf13/Biogas Production in China - Current Status and Future Development, DrXiujin Li.pdf
http://www.epa.gov/agstar/documents/conf13/Biogas Production in China - Current Status and Future Development, DrXiujin Li.pdf
http://www.epa.gov/agstar/documents/conf13/Biogas Production in China - Current Status and Future Development, DrXiujin Li.pdf
Biogas can be cleaned to remove impurities and upgraded to pure biomethane.
Biogas Upgrading Technologies (ref:http://www.bcfarmbiogas.ca/files/pdf/Biomethane%20Feasibility%20Study.pdf page 12+)Water WashBased on the Chemical Removes CO2; but adds H2O; H2S not removedChemisorption / PhysisorptionSpecial solvents to remove CO2, H2O, H2SCan be heated to remove water, H2S to be regeneratedHowever, overall toxicPressure Swing Adsorption High pressure + Adsorbent material leaves 97% MethaneRemainder gas can be burnedHigh throughput; 2nd most effective in SwedenMembrane separationMembrane retains methane, vents all other gases; “reverse osmosis process”Horses for Courses: must match the upgrading technology to the demand+ Power Generation – powers sewage plants+ Pipeline injection:>>> High-Pressure injection: strong dilution factor so less stringent contaminants; but needs compression>>> Med-Pressure Network-injection: less pressure but less dilution+ Vehicle use – needs to be compressed, etc.
Currently, only 8% of waste plastic is recycled in the US, 15% in Western Europe and much less in developing countries. Annually, the world produces 227 billion kg of plastic of which a-third are single-use and are thrown away. In addition, plastic accounts for 4/5 of the garbage in the oceans. Seeing that so little plastic is recycled, the mindset must be changed to reframe plastic waste as an underused resource rather than being something that is landfill destined.
Let’s use this case study of Cynar, a company in the UK, to learn about how plastic can be converted to fuel. And instead of me talking, I’ll let the video speak for itself.
The conversion of plastic to fuel is rather simple. Waste plastic is first shredded, then heated in an oxygen-free chamber (known as pyrolysis) to about 400 oC. As the plastic boils, the gases are separated and reused to fuel the machine itself. The remaining fuel is distilled and filtered to obtain different fractions that can be sold and used.