The document discusses manufacturing and industries in India. It begins by defining manufacturing as the production of goods using labor, machines, and raw materials. It then provides examples of key industries in India like textiles, sugar, iron and steel, aluminum, chemicals, fertilizers, cement, automobiles, and information technology. It discusses factors that influence the location of industries like availability of raw materials, power, water, labor, transportation and markets. The document also notes that while industries contribute significantly to the economy, they also cause various types of pollution that degrade the environment.

3. Manufacturing is the production of goods for use or sale using labour and
machines, tools, chemicals and biological processing, or formulations. The
term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech,
but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw
materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale.
Such finished goods may be used for manufacturing other, more
complex products, such as aircraft, household appliances or
automobiles, or sold to wholesalers, who in turn sell them to retailers,
who then sell them to end users – the “consumers”.

5.  Manufacturing Industries not only help in modernizing agriculture,
which forms the backbone of our economy, they also reduce the heavy
dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in
secondary and tertiary sector.
 Industrial Development is a precondition for eradication of
unemployment and poverty from our country.
 Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings
in much needed foreign exchange.
 Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of
furnished goods of higher value are prosperous.

7. 1. Raw Materials :- Closeness to the source of bulky and
perishable raw materials . Example – Iron and Steel Industry ,
Sugar industry.

8. 2. Power Resources :- Closeness to the source of
economically viable power resources. Example –
Aluminum Smelting requires lot of electricity.

9. 3. Water :- Availability of water in abundance for
processing of the raw materials. Example – Jute and
Coir Industry.

10. 4. Climate :- Favorable climatic condition for processing
of raw materials. Example – Cotton textile Industry
requires more humidity therefore located in Maharashtra.

11. 1. Labor :- Cheap and skilled labor . Example – Diamond
cutting Industry in Surat .

12. 2. Transport :- Any industry needs a well developed
transport network for the movement of raw materials
and finished products.

13. 3. Capital :- Every industry needs capital
investment , which is available through banks.

14. 4. Market :-Demand and supply plays an important
role in the economy of a country.
Demand from the market is met by the supply from
the industry.

15. 5. Government Policies :- Government Policies
are made to regulate the setting up and function of
Industries.

16. Industrial Location are complex in nature. These are
influenced by availability of raw materials, capital ,
labor, power and market etc.. It is rarely possible to
find all these factors available at one place.
Consequently , manufacturing activity tends to
locate at the most appropriate place where all the
factors of industrial location are either available or
can be arranged at lower cost. After an industrial
activity starts , urbanization follows. Sometimes,
industries are located in or near the cities.

17. • Based on Raw Materials
• Based on Labor
• Based on Ownership
• Based on source of Raw Material

18.  HEAVY INDUSTRIES use heavy and
bulky raw materials and produce heavy
materials . Example – Iron & Steel
Industry.
 LIGHT INDUSTRIES use light raw
materials and produce light materials .
Example – Electric fans ,watches ,sewing
machines etc.

19.  LARGE SCALE INDUSTRIES
employs large number of laborers .
Example – cotton textile industry.
 SMALL SCLE INDUSTRIES run by
individuals with less number of people.
Example – Gur and Khandsari.

21.  Private - Bajaj Auto and Tata Iron &
Steel
 Public -Bhilai Steel Plant & Bharat
Heavy Electricals Ltd.
 Joint - Oil India Ltd. & Gas Authority
of India Ltd. , Maruti Udyog Ltd.
 Cooperative - Sugar Mills & Silk Mills

22.  AGRO BASED use agricultural raw
materials . Example - Cotton Textile
Industry , Sugar Industry , Silk Industry.
 MINERAL BASED use minerals as raw
materials. Example – Iron & Steel
Industry, Copper Smelting Industry.

24. The textile industry occupies unique position in the Indian
economy, because it contributes significantly to industrial
production(14 percent) , employment generation (35 million
persons directly – the second largest after agriculture ) and
foreign exchange earnings (about 24.6 percent ).

25. India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and
stands at second place as an exporter after Bangladesh. There
are about 70 jute mills in India . Most of these are located in
West Bengal. The first jute mill was setup near Kolkata in 1859
at Rishra .

26. India stands second as the world producer of sugar but occupies
the first place in the production of Gaur and Khan sari . The raw
material used in this industry is bulky, and is haulage its sucrose
content reduces . There are over 460 sugar mills in the country
spread over Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , Maharashtra .

28. The Iron and Steel Industry is the basic industry since all
other industries – Heavy , Medium and Light , depend on it
for their machinery. Steel is needed to manufacture a variety
of engineering goods , constructional material, defense ,
medical , telephonic, scientific equipments and a variety of
consumer goods.

30. In 2004, India produced over 600 million tons of
aluminum. Bauxite , the raw material used in the smelters
is a very bulky, dark reddish colored rock.
•Aluminium Smelting
Aluminum smelting is the second most important
metallurgical industry in India. It is a light, resistant to
corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable and
becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals.

32. •The chemical industry in India is fast growing and diversifying. It
contributes approximately 3 per cent of GDP. It is the third largest in
Asia and occupies the twelth place in the world in terms of his size. It
comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units.
FERTILIZER INDUSTRY :-The fertilizer industry is
centered around the production of nitrogenous fertilizers
(mainly urea), phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium
phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilizers which have a
combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P) and potash (K).

34. CEMENT INDUSTRY :- Cement is essential for construction
activities such as building houses, factories, bridges, roads,
airports, dams and for other commercial establishments. This
industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone,
silica, alumina and gypsum. Coal and electric power are needed
apart from rail transportation.

36. Automobiles provide vehicle for quick transport of goods and passengers. Truck,
buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters, three – wheelers and multi – utility vehicles are
manufactured in India at various vehicles.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ELECTRONIC INDUSTRY :-
The electronics Industry covers a wide range of products from
transistor sets to television, cellular telecom, pagers, telephone
exchange, radars, computers and many other equipments required by
the telecommunication industry. Bangalore has emerged as the
electronic capital of India. Other important centres for electronic
goods are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata,
Lucknow and Coimbatore.

40. Although industries contribute significantly to India’s economic
growth and development, the increase in pollution of land, water,
air, noise and resulting degradation of environment that they have
caused, cannot be overlooked. Industries are responsible for the
various types of pollution.

41.  AIR POLLUTION :- Air pollution is caused by the presence of high
proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon
monoxide.

42.  WATER POLLUTION :- Water pollution is caused by organic and
inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged into rivers.

43.  LAND POLLUTION :- Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and
weapon production facilities cause cancers, birth defects and miscarriages. Soil
and water pollution are closely related.

44.  NOISE POLLUTION :- Noise pollution not only results in irrigation and
anger, it can also cause hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood
pressure among other physiological effects.

46.  Every liter of waste discharged by our industry pollutes eight
times the quantity of freshwater, Some suggestions are :-
 Minimizing use water for processing by reusing and recycling
it in two or more successive stages
 Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements
 Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in
rivers and ponds.
 Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases
:-
 Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves
screening, grinding, floccution and sedimentation.
 Secondary treatment by biological process
 Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical
processes. This involves recycling of wastewater.