Unit 2 Machinability, Cutting Fluids, Tool Life & Wear, Tool MaterialsMechbytes
Concept of machinability, machinability index, factors affecting machinability
Different mechanism of tool wear types of tool wear (crater, flank etc.), Measurement and control of tool wear
Concept of tool life, Taylor's tool life equation (including modified version)
Different tool materials and their applications including effect of tool coating
Introduction to economics of machining
Cutting fluids: types, properties, selection and application methods
this file is about the types of dies and also its manufacturing procedure.this is important for the industry and for the industrial and manufacturing engineering..are of this field is manufacturing engineering and die designalso for the blanking dies and punches
Unit 2 Machinability, Cutting Fluids, Tool Life & Wear, Tool MaterialsMechbytes
Concept of machinability, machinability index, factors affecting machinability
Different mechanism of tool wear types of tool wear (crater, flank etc.), Measurement and control of tool wear
Concept of tool life, Taylor's tool life equation (including modified version)
Different tool materials and their applications including effect of tool coating
Introduction to economics of machining
Cutting fluids: types, properties, selection and application methods
this file is about the types of dies and also its manufacturing procedure.this is important for the industry and for the industrial and manufacturing engineering..are of this field is manufacturing engineering and die designalso for the blanking dies and punches
A helical gear has teeth in form of helix around the gear. Two such gears may be used to connect two parallel shafts in place of spur gears. The helixes may be right handed on one gear and left handed on the other. The pitch surfaces are cylindrical as in spur gearing, but the teeth instead of being parallel to the axis, wind around the cylinders helically like screw threads.
,
diploma mechanical engineering
,
mechanical engineering
,
machine design
,
design of machine elements
,
knuckle joint
,
failures of knuckle joint under different streses
,
fork end
,
single eye end
,
knuckle pin
The various forces acts on the reciprocating parts of an engine.
The resultant of all the forces acting on the body of the engine due to inertia forces only is known as unbalanced force or shaking force.
This is a short description and some problems for the design of clutches.This also include the various classification in clutch and its description,use and also advantages of using these kinds of clutches.
It also includes a short view through different types of numerical problems which are solved for practising.
Unit 7-gear trains, Kinematics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
A helical gear has teeth in form of helix around the gear. Two such gears may be used to connect two parallel shafts in place of spur gears. The helixes may be right handed on one gear and left handed on the other. The pitch surfaces are cylindrical as in spur gearing, but the teeth instead of being parallel to the axis, wind around the cylinders helically like screw threads.
,
diploma mechanical engineering
,
mechanical engineering
,
machine design
,
design of machine elements
,
knuckle joint
,
failures of knuckle joint under different streses
,
fork end
,
single eye end
,
knuckle pin
The various forces acts on the reciprocating parts of an engine.
The resultant of all the forces acting on the body of the engine due to inertia forces only is known as unbalanced force or shaking force.
This is a short description and some problems for the design of clutches.This also include the various classification in clutch and its description,use and also advantages of using these kinds of clutches.
It also includes a short view through different types of numerical problems which are solved for practising.
Unit 7-gear trains, Kinematics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
The machine design may be classified as follows :
Adaptive design. In most cases, the designer’s work is concerned with adaptation of existing designs. This type of design needs no special knowledge or skill and can be attempted by designers of ordinary technical training. The designer only makes minor alternation or modification in the existing designs of the product.
Development design. This type of design needs considerable scientific training and design ability in order to modify the
existing designs into a new idea by adopting a new material or different method of manufacture. In this case, though the
designer starts from the existing design, but the final product may differ quite markedly from the original product.
New design. This type of design needs lot of research, technical ability and creative thinking. Only those designers who have personal qualities of a sufficiently high order can take up the work of a new design.
The designs, depending upon the methods used, may be classified as follows :
Rational design. This type of design depends upon mathematical formulae of principle of mechanics.
Empirical design. This type of design depends upon empirical formulae based on the practice and past experience.
Industrial design. This type of design depends upon the production aspects to manufacture any machine component in the industry.
Optimum design. It is the best design for the given objective function under the specified constraints. It may be achieved by minimising the undesirable effects.
System design. It is the design of any complex mechanical system like a motor car.
Element design. It is the design of any element of the mechanical system like piston, crankshaft, connecting rod, etc.
Computer aided design. This type of design depends upon the use of computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis and optimisation of a design.
Classification of Engineering Materials
The engineering materials are mainly classified as :
Metals and their alloys, such as iron, steel, copper, Aluminium, etc.
Non-metals, such as glass, rubber, plastic, etc.
The metals may be further classified as :
(a) Ferrous metals, and (b) Non-ferrous metals.
Ekeeda is an online portal which creates and provides exclusive content for all branches engineering.To have more updates you can goto www.ekeeda.com..or you can contact on 8433429809...
Terminology for Mechanical Properties The Tensile Test: Stress-Strain Diagram...manohar3970
Terminology for Mechanical Properties
The Tensile Test: Stress-Strain Diagram
Properties Obtained from a Tensile Test
True Stress and True Strain
The Bend Test for Brittle Materials
Hardness of Materials
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
3. Tensile Stress
• When a mechanical component
is subjected to two equal and
opposite axial pulls (called axial
tensile forces), then the stress
induced in it is called tensile
stress
• Example : Connecting rods
4. Compressive Stress
• When a mechanical component
is subjected to two equal and
opposite axial pushes then the
stress induced in it is called force
compressive stress
• Example:- connecting rod, links
of structure, columns.
5. Bending Stress
• When a beam is subjected to a
bending moment M as shown in
Fig. , the stress induced in it is
known as bending stress.
• The bending stress is nothing
but a tensile and a compressive
stress. The fibers on one side of
neutral surface are subjected to
tensile stresses while on other
side are subjected to
compressive stresses.
6. • The bending stress is any fiber at a distance y from the neutral axis is given by,
•
• The maximum bending stress is induced at a extreme fibre i.e. at a greatest
distance from the neutral axis and is given by,
• = bending stress at a distance y from the neutral axis,
•
• M = bending moment acting on section AA, N-mm
• I = moment of inertia of cross-section about the neutral axis XX,
•
• y = distance of the fibre from the neutral axis, mm
•
• = distance of the extreme fibre from the neutral axis, mm
•
• Z = section modulus, =
•
•
.
b
M y
I
max
2
d
y
b
maxy
maxy
max
I
y
4
mm
3
mm
2
N
mm
7. • For rectangular cross-section :
• Let,
• d = distance perpendicular to neutral axis, mm
• b = distance parallel to neutral axis, mm
• From Fig.,
• And
4
64
d
I
0
max
2
d
y
3
3
max
12
6
2
bd
I bd
Z
dy
8. • For circular cross-section :
• Let, d = diameter of the cross-section, mm
• From Fig.,
•
• And
•
• For hollow circular cross-section :
•
• Let, = outside diameter of the cross section, mm
•
• = inside diameter of the cross section, mm
•
• From Fig. ,
•
•
• And
• Examples of components subjected to bending stress : Shafts, axles, levers, etc.
•
•
4
64
d
I
max
2
d
y
4
3
max
64
32
2
d
I d
Z
dy
id
od
4 4
0
64
id d
I
0
max
2
d
y
4 4
0
4 4
0
0max 0
64
64 32
2
i
i
d d
d dI
Z
dy d
9. • Direct Shear Stress :
• When a mechanical component is subjected to two equal and
opposite force acting tangentially across the resisting section, it
tends to shear off across the section. The stress induced in such
section is known as direct shear stress.
• The direct shear stress acts along the plane.
•
• Fig. shows two plates held together by means of a rivet. The
direct shear stress induced in the rivet is given by,
•
• Where, = direct shear stress,
s
d
P
A
2
s
d
P
A
d 2
N
mm
10. • = direct shear force acting across the section, N
• A = cross-sectional area of the rivet,
• a rivet subjected to a double shear. The direct shear stress
induced in this case is,
•
• Examples of components subjected to direct shear stress : Rivets,
bolts, knuckle pin, cotter, etc.
sP
2
mm
2
s
d
P
A
11. Torsional shear stress
• When a mechanical component
is subjected to the action of two
equal and opposite couples
acting in parallel planes , then
the component is said to be in
torsion and shear stress induced
in it is known as torsional shear
stress.
12. Torsional shear stress:
For circular cross-sections:
• From fig.
For hollow circular cross-sections:
• From fig.
0
4 4
0
4 4
0
4 4
0
0
max
Outside diameter of cross sections
Inside diameter of cross sections
( )
64
( )
64
( )
32
2
i
i
xx
i
yy
i
xx yy
d
d
d d
I and
d d
I
d d
J I I
d
r
4
4
4
max
64
64
32
2
xx
yy
xx yy
d
I and
d
I
d
J I I
d
r
13. Bearing pressure
• A localized compressive stress at
the area of contact between two
components having relative
motion between them is known
as bearing pressure .
14. • Consider a pin and eye loaded as shown in fig. the actual
distribution of the bearing pressure between the eye and
pin will not uniform.
2
2
N
Where, Pb =average bearing pressure , ;
mm
P= Force acting on the pin, N;
A= projected area of contact,mm ;
d= diameter of pin,mm;
l= length of pin in eye,mm;
Bearing pressure
Projects area of contact
b
force
P P
P
A dl
Bearing pressure
15. Example of components subjected to a bearing pressure:
Bush and Pin
Threads of power screws
16. Crushing Stress (Bearing Stress)
• A localized compressive stress at the area of contact between two
components having no relative motion between them is known as
crushing stress or bearing stress.
• It is a special case of bearing pressure with no relative motion
between the components in contact.
• Crushing Stress =
Force
Projected area of contact
• Examples of components subjected to crushing stress are : Rivets,
threads of nut and bolt, key and shaft, etc.
17. Contact Stress
• When two bodies having curved surface (like : two spheres or two
cylinder or cylinder and flat surface) are pressed against each other,
the point or line contact between the two bodies changes to area
contact. The stress developed in the two bodies in the contact zone is
known as contact stress or Hertz contact stress.
• Examples of contact stress : contact zone of wheel and rail, cam and
follower, mating gear teeth, rolling contact bearing, etc.
18. Theories Of Failure
• When a machine component is subjected to a uniaxial stress, it is easy
to predict the failure because the stress and the strength can be
compared directly. There is only one value of stress and one value of
strength
• But the problem of predicting the failure of a component subjected to
biaxial or triaxial stresses is more complicated. This is because there
are multiple stresses, but still only one significant strength.
• The different theories of failure have been proposed to predict the
failure of the components subjected to biaxial or triaxial stresses and
a shear stress.
19. Max Principal Stress Theory (Rankine Theory)
• This theory states that the failure of the mechanical component subjected
to biaxial or triaxial stresses occur when the max principal stress reaches
the ultimate or yield strength of the material.
• According to this theory, the failure occurs when,
σ1 ≥ Su or Sy
• For safety against failure,
σ1 ≤ Su or Sy
• Considering factor of safety,
σ1 ≥
Su or Sy
Nf
or σ1 ≤ σall
• Where, σ1 = max principal stress
• σall = allowable stress
• Su = ultimate strength of the material
• Sy = yield strength of the material
• Sut = ultimate tensile strength of the
material
• Suc = ultimate compressive strength of
the material
• Nf = factor of safety
20. Cont...
• For the biaxial stress system, the
two principal stresses σ1 and σ2
are plotted on X and Y axes, for
all combinations of σ1 and σ2
the shaded area represents the
safe zone.
21. Application Of Max Principal Stress Theory
• This theory ignores the possibility of failure due to shear stress.
• The ductile materials are relatively weaker in shear.
• Hence, this theory is not useful for ductile materials.
• However, for the brittle materials which are relatively strong in shear,
this theory is used.
22. Max Shear Stress Theory (Tresca And Guest
Theory)
• This theory states that the failure of the mechanical component
subjected to biaxial or triaxial stresses occur when the max shear
stress at any point reaches the ultimate or yield strength in shear of
the material.
• According to this theory, the failure occurs when,
τmax ≥ Ssy or τmax ≥ 0.5Syt
• For safety against failure,
τmax < Ssy
23. Cont...
• Considering Factor of safety,
τmax <
Ssy
NF
or τmax <
0.5 Syt
NF
or τmax < τall
• Where, τmax= max shear stress
• 𝜏all = allowable shear stress
• Ssy = yield strength of the material in shear = 0.5Syt
• Syt = yield strength of the material in tension
• Nf = factor of safety
24. Cont...
• For the biaxial stress system, the
two principal stresses σ1 and σ2
are plotted on X and Y axes, for
all combinations of σ1 and σ2
the shaded area represents the
safe zone.
25. Application Of Max Shear Stress Theory
• The ductile materials are weaker in shear.
• Hence, this theory which accounts for shear failure, is used for ductile
materials.
• If this theory is used the results are on safer side.
• Hence, when there exists some uncertainty in loading or assumptions
are made in design for simplification, this theory is preferred.
26. Distortion Energy Theorem (Von Mises And
Hencky Theory)
• When any mechanical component is subjected to stresses, it
undergoes a change in volume as well as shape. The total energy
required to produce this change is stored in a material and is known
as total strain energy (U).
• The total strain energy is made of two parts :
1. Strain energy producing the change in volume (Uv)
2. Strain energy producing the distortion (Ud), known as distortion
energy.
27. Cont…
• This theorem states that the failure of the mechanical component
subjected to biaxial or triaxial stresses occurs when the distortion
energy per unit volume at any point in a component reaches the
limiting distortion energy per unit volume at the yield point in simple
tension. This theory is also known as Octahedral Stress Theory.
• The distortion energy per unit volume in a component is given by,
Ud =
1+v
3E
(σ1−σ2)2+(σ2−σ3)2+(σ3−σ1)2
2
28. Cont…
• The distortion energy per unit volume at yield strength is given by,
Udy =
1+v
3E
Syt
2
• According to this theory, the failure occurs when,
Ud ≥ Udy
• Now equating we get,
1 + v
3E
(σ1 − σ2)2+(σ2 − σ3)2+(σ3 − σ1)2
2
=
1 + v
3E
Syt
2
30. Cont...
• For the biaxial stress system, the
two principal stresses σ1 and σ2
are plotted on X and Y axes, for
all combinations of σ1 and σ2
the shaded area represents the
safe zone.
31. Application Of Distortion Energy Theory
• For a ductile material, the distortion energy theory is very accurate
and more close to the actual failure than any other theory.
• Hence, this theory is widely used for a ductile materials when
accurate results are required.
• This theory is also known as Von Mises And Hencky Theory or Shear
Energy Theory
32. Coulomb-Mohr Theory
• It is used for predicting the failure of the mechanical components
made of material whose tensile strength and compressive strength
are not equal.
33. Cont…
• Figure shows two Mohr circles :
one for uniaxial tension test and
one for uniaxial compression
test.
• The tangents 𝐴1 𝐵1 and 𝐴2 𝐵2 to
two Mohr circles are the failure
lines.
• The shaded area represents the
safe zone.
34. Cont…
• According to Coulomb-Mohr Theory, for safety against failure,
σ1
St
−
σ2
Sc
≤ 1
• Considering factor of safety,
σ1
St
−
σ2
Sc
≤
1
Nf
• Where, σ1, σ2= max and min principal stresses in mechanical
component.
• St = tensile strength of the material
• Sc = compressive strength of the material
• Nf = factor of safety
35. Cont...
• For the biaxial stress system, the
two principal stresses σ1 and σ2
are plotted on X and Y axes, for
all combinations of σ1 and σ2
the shaded area represents the
safe zone.