full of concepts about RS data acquisition scanning and imaging systems. Best for students of remote sensing. in this presentation we briefly explained the concept of scanning in remote sensing.
This document discusses remote sensing platforms and sensors. It describes the different types of orbits used by remote sensing satellites, including low Earth orbit, sun synchronous orbit, and geostationary orbit. It also outlines the various platforms that can be used, such as ground-based, airborne, and space-borne. Finally, it examines the characteristics of remote sensing sensors, including spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution.
The document provides an overview of remote sensing including:
- Definitions of remote sensing and its basic principles involving energy sources, transmission paths, sensors, and data analysis.
- A brief history noting the evolution from early camera systems to modern satellite platforms.
- Descriptions of active and passive sensor systems, as well as different remote sensing platforms including ground, aerial and spaceborne.
- Discussions of ideal and real remote sensing systems outlining differences in energy sources, atmospheric effects, sensors, and data handling capabilities.
- An introduction to the electromagnetic spectrum and how remote sensing utilizes different wavelength ranges including optical, thermal, and microwave.
This document discusses remote sensing and geographical information systems in civil engineering. It covers various topics related to remote sensing sensors including optical sensors, thermal scanners, multispectral sensors, passive and active sensors, scanning and non-scanning sensors, imaging and non-imaging sensors, and the different types of resolutions including spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution. It provides examples and illustrations of these concepts.
Types of Platforms
1. Airbrone Platforms
2. Spacebrone Platforms
Platforms are Vital Role in remote sensing data acquisition
Necessary to correct the position the remote sensors that collect data from the objects of interest
Spectral reflectance curve of dead stressed vegetationJunaid Ijaz
Dead or stressed vegetation can be identified by analyzing its spectral reflectance curve. Spectral reflectance is a measurement of how much light of different wavelengths is reflected by a surface. Healthy vegetation absorbs mostly blue and red light due to chlorophyll, appearing green. Dead vegetation reflects more light across the visible spectrum. It also lacks the sharp increase in reflectance from visible to near-infrared light that healthy vegetation exhibits due to chlorophyll breakdown when vegetation is dead or stressed.
Landsat is a series of Earth observation satellite missions jointly managed by NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey. The first Landsat satellite was launched in 1972 and subsequent satellites were launched through 2013 to acquire global land data. Landsat satellites carry imaging sensors to collect medium-resolution multi-spectral images of the Earth's surface on a 16-day repeat cycle. The images are used to observe changes in land use, monitor deforestation, and detect water pollution among other applications. Six Landsat satellites have been launched to date, each carrying improved sensors from the Multi-Spectral Scanner to the Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus. Landsat provides the longest continuous space-based record of Earth's surface.
Advantages and disadvantages of Remote SensingEr Abhi Vashi
This document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of remote sensing. Some key advantages include large area coverage allowing regional surveys, repetitive coverage enabling monitoring of dynamic themes, and data being acquired at different scales and resolutions. Disadvantages include remote sensing being expensive for small areas, requiring specialized training, and human errors potentially being introduced. The document provides 15 advantages and 9 disadvantages of remote sensing in detail.
Remote sensing involves obtaining information about objects through analysis of sensor data without physical contact. It uses electromagnetic radiation as an information carrier. Key elements include an energy source, sensors to record energy interactions with objects, and transmission/processing of sensor data. Platforms can be ground, airborne, or space-based. Remote sensing provides regional views over broad portions of the electromagnetic spectrum and geo-referenced digital data. Applications include weather forecasting, mapping, monitoring vegetation/soils in agriculture, assessing water resources, and disaster control.
This document discusses remote sensing platforms and sensors. It describes the different types of orbits used by remote sensing satellites, including low Earth orbit, sun synchronous orbit, and geostationary orbit. It also outlines the various platforms that can be used, such as ground-based, airborne, and space-borne. Finally, it examines the characteristics of remote sensing sensors, including spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution.
The document provides an overview of remote sensing including:
- Definitions of remote sensing and its basic principles involving energy sources, transmission paths, sensors, and data analysis.
- A brief history noting the evolution from early camera systems to modern satellite platforms.
- Descriptions of active and passive sensor systems, as well as different remote sensing platforms including ground, aerial and spaceborne.
- Discussions of ideal and real remote sensing systems outlining differences in energy sources, atmospheric effects, sensors, and data handling capabilities.
- An introduction to the electromagnetic spectrum and how remote sensing utilizes different wavelength ranges including optical, thermal, and microwave.
This document discusses remote sensing and geographical information systems in civil engineering. It covers various topics related to remote sensing sensors including optical sensors, thermal scanners, multispectral sensors, passive and active sensors, scanning and non-scanning sensors, imaging and non-imaging sensors, and the different types of resolutions including spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution. It provides examples and illustrations of these concepts.
Types of Platforms
1. Airbrone Platforms
2. Spacebrone Platforms
Platforms are Vital Role in remote sensing data acquisition
Necessary to correct the position the remote sensors that collect data from the objects of interest
Spectral reflectance curve of dead stressed vegetationJunaid Ijaz
Dead or stressed vegetation can be identified by analyzing its spectral reflectance curve. Spectral reflectance is a measurement of how much light of different wavelengths is reflected by a surface. Healthy vegetation absorbs mostly blue and red light due to chlorophyll, appearing green. Dead vegetation reflects more light across the visible spectrum. It also lacks the sharp increase in reflectance from visible to near-infrared light that healthy vegetation exhibits due to chlorophyll breakdown when vegetation is dead or stressed.
Landsat is a series of Earth observation satellite missions jointly managed by NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey. The first Landsat satellite was launched in 1972 and subsequent satellites were launched through 2013 to acquire global land data. Landsat satellites carry imaging sensors to collect medium-resolution multi-spectral images of the Earth's surface on a 16-day repeat cycle. The images are used to observe changes in land use, monitor deforestation, and detect water pollution among other applications. Six Landsat satellites have been launched to date, each carrying improved sensors from the Multi-Spectral Scanner to the Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus. Landsat provides the longest continuous space-based record of Earth's surface.
Advantages and disadvantages of Remote SensingEr Abhi Vashi
This document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of remote sensing. Some key advantages include large area coverage allowing regional surveys, repetitive coverage enabling monitoring of dynamic themes, and data being acquired at different scales and resolutions. Disadvantages include remote sensing being expensive for small areas, requiring specialized training, and human errors potentially being introduced. The document provides 15 advantages and 9 disadvantages of remote sensing in detail.
Remote sensing involves obtaining information about objects through analysis of sensor data without physical contact. It uses electromagnetic radiation as an information carrier. Key elements include an energy source, sensors to record energy interactions with objects, and transmission/processing of sensor data. Platforms can be ground, airborne, or space-based. Remote sensing provides regional views over broad portions of the electromagnetic spectrum and geo-referenced digital data. Applications include weather forecasting, mapping, monitoring vegetation/soils in agriculture, assessing water resources, and disaster control.
The document discusses different types of remote sensing scanners. It describes multispectral scanners, thematic mappers, thermal scanners, and hyperspectral scanners. Multispectral scanners collect data in multiple wavelength bands using either across-track or along-track scanning. Thematic mappers were developed to improve upon multispectral scanners. Thermal scanners sense the thermal infrared wavelength range. Hyperspectral scanners record over 100 contiguous spectral bands to generate a continuous reflectance spectrum for each pixel.
This document provides an overview of remote sensing. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about the Earth's surface without physical contact using sensors. It discusses various remote sensing platforms, data sources, processes, applications, organizations, and history. The key applications of remote sensing mentioned are land use mapping, agriculture, forestry, water management, and environmental monitoring. Satellite images are provided as examples to illustrate monitoring of deforestation and flood damage assessment.
The document discusses remote sensing, GPS, and GIS. It defines remote sensing as collecting information about terrain or objects from a distance without physical contact. Remote sensing uses electromagnetic radiation of different wavelengths, which interact with the atmosphere and Earth's surface. GPS is a satellite-based navigation system that allows devices to determine their precise location. It consists of 24 satellites, ground control stations, and user receivers. Receivers use signals from multiple satellites to calculate their position, velocity, and time. GPS field surveys involve setting up receivers and antennas to take height and location measurements.
Spectral signatures are the specific combination of emitted, reflected or absorbed electromagnetic radiation (EM) at varying wavelengths which can uniquely identify an object. Here, i have focused on the spectral signature of water and the various micro-process that are responsible for it.
Introduction -Remote means – far away ; Sensing means – believing or observing or acquiring some information.
Remote sensing means acquiring information of things from a distance with sensors. (without touching the things)
Sensors are like simple cameras except that they not only use visible light but also other bands of the electromagnetic spectrum such as infrared, microwaves and ultraviolet regions.
Distance of Remote Sensing, Definition of remote sensing - Remote Sensing is:
“The art and science of obtaining information about an object without being in direct contact with the object” (Jensen 2000).
India’s National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) defined as : “Remote sensing is the technique of deriving information about objects on the surface of the earth without physically coming into contact with them.”
Remote Sensing Process, - (A) Energy Source or Illumination.
(B) Radiation and the Atmosphere.
(C) Interaction with the Target.
(D) Recording of Energy by the Sensor.
(E) Transmission, Reception, & Processing.
(F) Interpretation and Analysis.
(G) Application.
Remote sensing platforms , History of Remote Sensing, Applications of remote sensing - In Agriculture, In Geology, Applications of National Priority.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in remote sensing including:
- The electromagnetic spectrum and how different wavelengths are used in remote sensing.
- How electromagnetic radiation interacts with the atmosphere, including scattering, absorption, and transmission.
- How radiation interacts with the Earth's surface through reflection, absorption, and transmission.
- Spectral reflectance curves and how the reflectance of materials like vegetation, soil, and water vary across the electromagnetic spectrum.
- The basic principles and elements of remote sensing systems, from the energy source and sensors to data analysis and applications.
Microwave remote sensing uses both passive and active sensors operating within the wavelength range of 1mm to 1m. Passive sensors such as microwave radiometers record naturally emitted energy, while active sensors like synthetic aperture radar (SAR) generate their own electromagnetic signals. SAR is an example of side-looking radar that uses signal processing to synthesize a very long antenna and improve azimuth resolution. Radar imagery exhibits characteristics like penetration of vegetation and clouds, day/night imaging, and sensitivity to surface properties. However, it also shows distortions from terrain relief and speckle noise from signal interference.
hyperspectral remote sensing and its geological applicationsabhijeet_banerjee
this is an introductory presentation on hyperspectral remote sensing, which essential deals with the distinguishing features, imaging spectrometers and its types, and some of the geological applications of hyperspectral remote sensing.
Analysis of remote sensing imagery involves identifying targets through their tone, shape, size, pattern, texture, and relationships to other objects. Targets may be environmental or artificial features appearing as points, lines, or areas. Interpretation relies on how radiation is reflected or emitted from targets and recorded by sensors to form images. The key to interpretation is recognizing targets based on these visual elements.
Remote sensing involves obtaining information about objects through analysis of sensor data without physical contact. It has its origins in aerial photography from tethered balloons in the 1840s. Modern remote sensing uses platforms like satellites carrying active sensors that emit energy or passive sensors that record natural energy like sunlight. Sensors collect data on environmental factors that is processed and can be applied to fields like agriculture, geology, oceanography and more.
This document discusses three methods for measuring height from aerial photographs: relief displacement, shadow length, and stereoscopic parallax. Relief displacement measures height by how far an object is shifted from its true position in an aerial photo due to its elevation. Shadow length measures height by using the length of an object's shadow and the sun angle. Stereoscopic parallax measures height by comparing the difference in an object's position between two overlapping aerial photos taken from different positions. Formulas are provided for calculating height from measurements obtained using each of these three methods.
Remote sensing has enabled mapping, monitoring and management of various resources like agriculture, forestry, water, and oceans over the last four decades. It has contributed significantly to development in India through applications like groundwater mapping, wasteland monitoring, flood mapping, agriculture monitoring, fisheries forecasting, snow and glacier studies, and forestry assessments. Current and future uses include urban planning through databases and indicators, and watershed development through projects like Sujala in Karnataka. Advances in remote sensing will continue to improve emergency response, mapping, and geospatial information.
The document discusses different types of scanning systems used to collect remote sensing data. It describes whiskbroom scanners that use rotating mirrors to scan perpendicular to the flight path, building up images line-by-line. Pushbroom scanners use linear detector arrays that collect entire lines of pixels simultaneously as the sensor moves. Circular scanners employ rotating mirrors to scan in circular patterns, while side-scanning uses active radar to illuminate terrain to one side of the flight path. The characteristics of Landsat, SPOT, and sensor technologies are also overviewed.
Remote sensing - Sensors, Platforms and Satellite orbitsAjay Singh Lodhi
Remote sensing uses sensors on various platforms to detect electromagnetic radiation from the Earth. Sensors can be passive, detecting natural radiation, or active, emitting their own radiation. Platforms include ground-based, airborne, and space-based options at increasing heights. Space-based platforms include low Earth orbit satellites in polar or sun synchronous orbits for frequent coverage, and geostationary satellites for continuous coverage of fixed regions. Different sensors have varying spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolutions to detect features on Earth.
Remote Sensing and GIS in Land Use / Land Cover MappingVenkatKamal1
This document discusses using remote sensing and GIS for land use/land cover mapping. It describes analyzing agricultural versus urban land to ensure development doesn't degrade farmland. Land cover refers to ground surface characteristics like vegetation or bare soil, while land use refers to how land is used, such as agriculture or recreation. The document outlines classification systems and criteria for remote sensing-based land use/land cover mapping. It also discusses digital classification techniques, global and national land use datasets, and applications of remote sensing for natural resource management and change detection analysis.
Remote Sensing: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)Kamlesh Kumar
The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a numerical indicator that uses the visible and near-infrared (NIR) bands of the electromagnetic spectrum to analyze whether the target (image) being observed contains green vegetation or not. Healthy vegetation (chlorophyll) reflects more near-infrared (NIR) and green light compared to other wavelengths. But it absorbs more red and blue light. This is why our eyes see vegetation as the colour green. If we could see near-infrared, then it would be strong for vegetation too.
It is basically measured through the use of Intensity, Hue and saturation of an image and through pixels as well.
The density of vegetation (NDVI) at a certain point on the image is equal to the difference in the intensities of reflected light in the red and infrared range divided by the sum of these intensities.
푁퐷푉퐼=((푁퐼푅−푅퐸퐷))/((푁퐼푅+푅퐸퐷))
The result of this formula generates a value between -1 and +1. If you have low reflectance (low values) in the red band and high reflectance in the NIR, this will yield a high NDVI value. And vice versa.
This document provides an introduction to the fundamentals of remote sensing. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about Earth's surface without physical contact, using sensors to detect reflected or emitted energy. The remote sensing process involves 7 steps: an energy source illuminates a target, radiation interacts with the atmosphere and target, a sensor records the energy, data is transmitted and processed into an image, the image is interpreted to extract information, and that information is applied. The document describes the electromagnetic spectrum, noting the wavelengths useful for remote sensing like visible light, infrared, and microwaves. It also explains how radiation interacts with the atmosphere through scattering and absorption before reaching the target.
Remote sensing is the science of obtaining information about objects through analysis of sensor data without physical contact. Electromagnetic radiation is used for remote sensing and propagates as waves through the electromagnetic spectrum. Platforms for remote sensing include ground, aerial, and space-based sensors. Spaceborne sensors on satellites provide large area coverage at regular intervals. Common satellite sensors discussed are Cartosat, RISAT, MODIS, and ASTER.
The document discusses various topics related to satellite remote sensing including:
1. Types of sensors used in satellite remote sensing such as multispectral scanners, thematic mappers, high resolution visible imagers, linear imaging self-scanning cameras, panchromatic cameras, and wide field sensors.
2. Examples of sensors on specific satellite missions including MSS and TM on Landsat, HRV on SPOT, and LISS and PAN on IRS satellites.
3. Characteristics of different satellite data types and formats including imagery, digital data, and film and printed products.
The document provides an overview of the key components and technologies involved in satellite remote sensing.
The document discusses different types of remote sensing scanners. It describes multispectral scanners, thematic mappers, thermal scanners, and hyperspectral scanners. Multispectral scanners collect data in multiple wavelength bands using either across-track or along-track scanning. Thematic mappers were developed to improve upon multispectral scanners. Thermal scanners sense the thermal infrared wavelength range. Hyperspectral scanners record over 100 contiguous spectral bands to generate a continuous reflectance spectrum for each pixel.
This document provides an overview of remote sensing. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about the Earth's surface without physical contact using sensors. It discusses various remote sensing platforms, data sources, processes, applications, organizations, and history. The key applications of remote sensing mentioned are land use mapping, agriculture, forestry, water management, and environmental monitoring. Satellite images are provided as examples to illustrate monitoring of deforestation and flood damage assessment.
The document discusses remote sensing, GPS, and GIS. It defines remote sensing as collecting information about terrain or objects from a distance without physical contact. Remote sensing uses electromagnetic radiation of different wavelengths, which interact with the atmosphere and Earth's surface. GPS is a satellite-based navigation system that allows devices to determine their precise location. It consists of 24 satellites, ground control stations, and user receivers. Receivers use signals from multiple satellites to calculate their position, velocity, and time. GPS field surveys involve setting up receivers and antennas to take height and location measurements.
Spectral signatures are the specific combination of emitted, reflected or absorbed electromagnetic radiation (EM) at varying wavelengths which can uniquely identify an object. Here, i have focused on the spectral signature of water and the various micro-process that are responsible for it.
Introduction -Remote means – far away ; Sensing means – believing or observing or acquiring some information.
Remote sensing means acquiring information of things from a distance with sensors. (without touching the things)
Sensors are like simple cameras except that they not only use visible light but also other bands of the electromagnetic spectrum such as infrared, microwaves and ultraviolet regions.
Distance of Remote Sensing, Definition of remote sensing - Remote Sensing is:
“The art and science of obtaining information about an object without being in direct contact with the object” (Jensen 2000).
India’s National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) defined as : “Remote sensing is the technique of deriving information about objects on the surface of the earth without physically coming into contact with them.”
Remote Sensing Process, - (A) Energy Source or Illumination.
(B) Radiation and the Atmosphere.
(C) Interaction with the Target.
(D) Recording of Energy by the Sensor.
(E) Transmission, Reception, & Processing.
(F) Interpretation and Analysis.
(G) Application.
Remote sensing platforms , History of Remote Sensing, Applications of remote sensing - In Agriculture, In Geology, Applications of National Priority.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in remote sensing including:
- The electromagnetic spectrum and how different wavelengths are used in remote sensing.
- How electromagnetic radiation interacts with the atmosphere, including scattering, absorption, and transmission.
- How radiation interacts with the Earth's surface through reflection, absorption, and transmission.
- Spectral reflectance curves and how the reflectance of materials like vegetation, soil, and water vary across the electromagnetic spectrum.
- The basic principles and elements of remote sensing systems, from the energy source and sensors to data analysis and applications.
Microwave remote sensing uses both passive and active sensors operating within the wavelength range of 1mm to 1m. Passive sensors such as microwave radiometers record naturally emitted energy, while active sensors like synthetic aperture radar (SAR) generate their own electromagnetic signals. SAR is an example of side-looking radar that uses signal processing to synthesize a very long antenna and improve azimuth resolution. Radar imagery exhibits characteristics like penetration of vegetation and clouds, day/night imaging, and sensitivity to surface properties. However, it also shows distortions from terrain relief and speckle noise from signal interference.
hyperspectral remote sensing and its geological applicationsabhijeet_banerjee
this is an introductory presentation on hyperspectral remote sensing, which essential deals with the distinguishing features, imaging spectrometers and its types, and some of the geological applications of hyperspectral remote sensing.
Analysis of remote sensing imagery involves identifying targets through their tone, shape, size, pattern, texture, and relationships to other objects. Targets may be environmental or artificial features appearing as points, lines, or areas. Interpretation relies on how radiation is reflected or emitted from targets and recorded by sensors to form images. The key to interpretation is recognizing targets based on these visual elements.
Remote sensing involves obtaining information about objects through analysis of sensor data without physical contact. It has its origins in aerial photography from tethered balloons in the 1840s. Modern remote sensing uses platforms like satellites carrying active sensors that emit energy or passive sensors that record natural energy like sunlight. Sensors collect data on environmental factors that is processed and can be applied to fields like agriculture, geology, oceanography and more.
This document discusses three methods for measuring height from aerial photographs: relief displacement, shadow length, and stereoscopic parallax. Relief displacement measures height by how far an object is shifted from its true position in an aerial photo due to its elevation. Shadow length measures height by using the length of an object's shadow and the sun angle. Stereoscopic parallax measures height by comparing the difference in an object's position between two overlapping aerial photos taken from different positions. Formulas are provided for calculating height from measurements obtained using each of these three methods.
Remote sensing has enabled mapping, monitoring and management of various resources like agriculture, forestry, water, and oceans over the last four decades. It has contributed significantly to development in India through applications like groundwater mapping, wasteland monitoring, flood mapping, agriculture monitoring, fisheries forecasting, snow and glacier studies, and forestry assessments. Current and future uses include urban planning through databases and indicators, and watershed development through projects like Sujala in Karnataka. Advances in remote sensing will continue to improve emergency response, mapping, and geospatial information.
The document discusses different types of scanning systems used to collect remote sensing data. It describes whiskbroom scanners that use rotating mirrors to scan perpendicular to the flight path, building up images line-by-line. Pushbroom scanners use linear detector arrays that collect entire lines of pixels simultaneously as the sensor moves. Circular scanners employ rotating mirrors to scan in circular patterns, while side-scanning uses active radar to illuminate terrain to one side of the flight path. The characteristics of Landsat, SPOT, and sensor technologies are also overviewed.
Remote sensing - Sensors, Platforms and Satellite orbitsAjay Singh Lodhi
Remote sensing uses sensors on various platforms to detect electromagnetic radiation from the Earth. Sensors can be passive, detecting natural radiation, or active, emitting their own radiation. Platforms include ground-based, airborne, and space-based options at increasing heights. Space-based platforms include low Earth orbit satellites in polar or sun synchronous orbits for frequent coverage, and geostationary satellites for continuous coverage of fixed regions. Different sensors have varying spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolutions to detect features on Earth.
Remote Sensing and GIS in Land Use / Land Cover MappingVenkatKamal1
This document discusses using remote sensing and GIS for land use/land cover mapping. It describes analyzing agricultural versus urban land to ensure development doesn't degrade farmland. Land cover refers to ground surface characteristics like vegetation or bare soil, while land use refers to how land is used, such as agriculture or recreation. The document outlines classification systems and criteria for remote sensing-based land use/land cover mapping. It also discusses digital classification techniques, global and national land use datasets, and applications of remote sensing for natural resource management and change detection analysis.
Remote Sensing: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)Kamlesh Kumar
The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a numerical indicator that uses the visible and near-infrared (NIR) bands of the electromagnetic spectrum to analyze whether the target (image) being observed contains green vegetation or not. Healthy vegetation (chlorophyll) reflects more near-infrared (NIR) and green light compared to other wavelengths. But it absorbs more red and blue light. This is why our eyes see vegetation as the colour green. If we could see near-infrared, then it would be strong for vegetation too.
It is basically measured through the use of Intensity, Hue and saturation of an image and through pixels as well.
The density of vegetation (NDVI) at a certain point on the image is equal to the difference in the intensities of reflected light in the red and infrared range divided by the sum of these intensities.
푁퐷푉퐼=((푁퐼푅−푅퐸퐷))/((푁퐼푅+푅퐸퐷))
The result of this formula generates a value between -1 and +1. If you have low reflectance (low values) in the red band and high reflectance in the NIR, this will yield a high NDVI value. And vice versa.
This document provides an introduction to the fundamentals of remote sensing. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about Earth's surface without physical contact, using sensors to detect reflected or emitted energy. The remote sensing process involves 7 steps: an energy source illuminates a target, radiation interacts with the atmosphere and target, a sensor records the energy, data is transmitted and processed into an image, the image is interpreted to extract information, and that information is applied. The document describes the electromagnetic spectrum, noting the wavelengths useful for remote sensing like visible light, infrared, and microwaves. It also explains how radiation interacts with the atmosphere through scattering and absorption before reaching the target.
Remote sensing is the science of obtaining information about objects through analysis of sensor data without physical contact. Electromagnetic radiation is used for remote sensing and propagates as waves through the electromagnetic spectrum. Platforms for remote sensing include ground, aerial, and space-based sensors. Spaceborne sensors on satellites provide large area coverage at regular intervals. Common satellite sensors discussed are Cartosat, RISAT, MODIS, and ASTER.
The document discusses various topics related to satellite remote sensing including:
1. Types of sensors used in satellite remote sensing such as multispectral scanners, thematic mappers, high resolution visible imagers, linear imaging self-scanning cameras, panchromatic cameras, and wide field sensors.
2. Examples of sensors on specific satellite missions including MSS and TM on Landsat, HRV on SPOT, and LISS and PAN on IRS satellites.
3. Characteristics of different satellite data types and formats including imagery, digital data, and film and printed products.
The document provides an overview of the key components and technologies involved in satellite remote sensing.
This document discusses satellite remote sensing. It provides details on different types of remote sensing satellites including Landsat, MODIS, SPOT, IRS series, and IKONOS. It also describes various sensors used in remote sensing such as MSS, TM, HRV, LISS, PAN, and WiFS. The document discusses the basic principles, components, and applications of remote sensing from satellites for land resources survey, environmental monitoring, and other purposes.
This document discusses remote sensing platforms and sensors. It describes the three main categories of remote sensing platforms: ground-based, airborne, and satellite (space-borne). It provides details on each type of platform, including examples. The document also discusses remote sensing systems and their characteristics, focusing on spatial, spectral, temporal, and radiometric resolution. It provides information on imaging systems and scanning systems, such as whiskbroom and pushbroom scanning. Finally, it discusses Landsat satellites as an example of resource satellites.
Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is a remote sensing method that uses pulsed laser light to image objects and measure distances. It can be used for applications such as autonomous vehicles, forest planning and management, river surveying, and oil and gas exploration. The document discusses the history, principles, components, types, concepts and applications of LiDAR technology.
Remote sensing involves the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with targets of interest from a distance. There are seven key elements in the remote sensing process: (1) an energy source, (2) interaction with the atmosphere, (3) interaction with the target, (4) recording by a sensor, (5) transmission and processing, (6) interpretation and analysis, and (7) application of the information gathered. The quality of data collected depends on factors like the sensor-target distance and spatial resolution, which varies across the sensor's field of view. Remote sensing provides large-scale coverage efficiently but requires specialized training and has some limitations compared to field data collection.
LiDER (Light Detection and Ranging) is an active remote sensing method that uses lasers to measure variable distances to objects on Earth. It can penetrate low density materials like trees. A LiDER system sends out pulses of light and measures the return time to create 3D representations of surfaces. Key components include laser scanners, high precision clocks, GPS, and IMUs. It has many applications like mapping terrain, vegetation analysis, and disaster assessment.
The document discusses remote sensing satellites. It begins by defining remote sensing as obtaining information about an object through analysis of data acquired from a distance without physical contact. There are two broad categories of remote sensing based on platforms: aerial and satellite. Satellite remote sensing has advantages like continuous data acquisition and broad area coverage. Remote sensing systems are classified based on the radiation source as passive or active, and based on spectral regions as optical, thermal infrared, or microwave. Key resolutions for remote sensing include spatial, spectral, temporal, and radiometric. Common applications are land cover mapping, change detection, flood monitoring, and more. Major satellite missions discussed are Landsat, SPOT, and IKONOS.
Side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) forms microwave images of terrain by transmitting radar beams from the side of an aircraft. SLAR uses the Doppler effect to measure target velocity and provides resolution determined by pulse length and antenna beam width. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an advanced version of SLAR that records frequency differences from multiple antenna positions to synthesize higher resolution images, as if from a larger antenna, by processing returned signals over time. SAR allows for high-resolution imaging of terrain from aircraft or spacecraft.
Side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) forms microwave images of terrain by transmitting radar beams from the side of an aircraft. SLAR uses the Doppler effect to measure target velocity and provides images with ground range resolution determined by pulse length and antenna beam width. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an advanced version of SLAR that records frequency differences from targets as the antenna moves, allowing it to synthesize longer apertures and achieve higher resolution images. SAR has applications for sensor operations, command and control, intelligence training, and research.
1. The document describes the concept for a future generation of intelligent Earth observing satellites that would provide real-time satellite imagery and data to end users.
2. Key elements of the proposed system include a network of low Earth orbit satellites linked to geostationary satellites, with on-board processing and high-speed data transmission to allow direct downlinking of imagery and data to users.
3. The system is designed around user needs, with components like handheld receivers and mobile antennas allowing real-time access to satellite data, as well as user software to process and display the data.
This document discusses various remote sensing platforms and sensors. It provides information on:
1. Airborne platforms like balloons and aircraft that are used to acquire aerial imagery and photographs. Aircraft provide regional coverage and flexibility but are affected by weather.
2. Spaceborne platforms like geo-stationary and sun-synchronous satellites. Geo-stationary satellites like GOES and INSAT are used for weather and communication due to low spatial resolution. Sun-synchronous satellites like LANDSAT, SPOT, and IRS provide global coverage with high resolution for resource surveys.
3. Different types of sensors including passive sensors like photographic and multispectral systems, and active sensors like radar. Advanced sensors include push
This document discusses laser ranging and LIDAR systems. It provides an overview of satellite laser ranging (SLR) which uses lasers to precisely measure distances to satellites. It then describes the key components and workings of LIDAR systems, including lasers, scanners, inertial measurement units, GPS, and how they are used to map terrain from aircraft. Sources of error in LIDAR measurements are also reviewed. The document concludes by outlining applications of LIDAR in fields such as surveying, mining, forestry, and transport.
Remote sensing involves obtaining information about objects without physical contact. It works by recording electromagnetic energy reflected or emitted from objects using sensors on platforms like satellites and aircraft. The data collected is then analyzed to provide information about the object. Common uses of remote sensing include monitoring agriculture, natural resources, and weather patterns from space.
Remote sensing is the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance (typically from satellite or aircraft).
Special cameras collect remotely sensed images, which help researchers "sense" things about the Earth.
Remote Sensing platforms and types of RS.pptxaaravpatel9794
There are three main types of remote sensing platforms: ground-based, airborne, and spaceborne. Ground-based platforms provide detailed surface information but have a small coverage area. Airborne platforms like airplanes and helicopters can operate at varying altitudes for very high resolution images but are affected by weather. Spaceborne platforms on satellites provide global coverage but have lower resolution as they operate from outside the Earth's atmosphere. The document then discusses different classifications of remote sensing based on the platform, energy source, imaging media, spectral region, and number of spectral bands collected.
A STUDY OF INFRA-RED IMAGING SENSORS AND INSTRUMENTS ON GEO-STATIONARY SATELL...Aasheesh Tandon
This deals with the different types of imaging sensors, its constituents, thermal control systems, satellite communication, sensor detector assemblies, sensor design.
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Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Remote Sensing Data Acquisition,Scanning/Imaging systems
1.
2. Group Members:
• Hussnain Tariq
• M Danyal Rustam
• Rahma Hassan
• Sibgha Saleem
• Amara Sattar
(8)
(9)
(14)
(25)
(26)
BS Semester 5th
Department of space science
University of the Punjab, Lahore
3. 1-RS Data Acquisition:
1.1 Parts of RS data acquisition
1.2 Types of Remote sensing Platforms
1.3 Types of Remote sensing Sensors
1.4 Difference between Photograph and Image
1.5 Scanning in RS
2- Data collection(scanning/imaging) Techniques :
2.1 Techniques for scanning(Along and Across Track scanning )
3. Types of Scanning/Imaging systems:
3.1 Passive imaging systems :
Multispectral,Hyperspectral and Thermal scanning/ imaging systems
3.2 Active imaging systems:
RADAR, LIDAR
Contents
5. 1-RS DATA ACQUISITION
Data Acquisition is the process of detecting signals that measure real world conditions
and converting the resulting samples into digital numeric values that can be manipulated
by a computer.
6. Platform:
The base/Carrier on which remote sensors are placed to acquire information
about the earth’s surface is called Platform e.g satellite, space shuttle, aircraft,
drone, helicopter, and balloon etc.
Sensor:
A sensor is a device that gathers energy and converts into the signals, then in
an image form, suitable for obtaining information about object under
investigation e.g Camera ,MSS, TM, ETM, ETM+, ASTER, MODIS, etc.
1.1 Parts of RS Data Acquisition:
7. 1.2 Types of Remote Sensing Platforms :
1: Ground level platforms:
o Very close to the ground
o Cranes, Hand-held
o Up to 50m
2: Aerial platforms:
o Low altitude
o High altitude
o Balloons , Drones , jet aircrafts
o Up to 50 km
3: Space borne platforms:
o Space shuttle
o Polar orbiting satellites
o Geo stationary satellites
o Up to 36000km
8. 1.3 Types of Remote Sensing Sensors:
(1) Active Sensors:
o Use an artificial source for energy.
o Can Work in both day and night in
all weather conditions.
Example:
LIDAR, Radar
(2) Passive sensors:
o Use a natural source of energy.
Example:
Sun
9. 1.5 Difference Between Photograph & Image
o Photograph is single click based.
o By developing a photograph we obtain a record of its detected
signals.
o The term photograph is reserved for images that were
detected as well as recorded on film
o Image is used for any pictorial representation of image data .
o Photograph is restricted to the visible and near-infrared regions.
o While Image is extended to thermal infrared.
10. o Scanning systems can be used on both aircraft and satellite
platforms and have essentially the same operating
principles.
1.6 Scanning in remote sensing
o Scanning is a process of sweeping over the terrain to build
up and produce a two-dimensional image of the surface.
o Scanner is a device that scans documents and converts
them into digital data.
12. 2.1 Techniques for scanning
There are two major methods of the scanning.
a)Across Track(Whiskbroom)
b)Along Track (push broom)
Example: SPOT and IKONOS
Example: Landsat
Along track scanning
Across track scanning
13. o It scan the earth in a series of lines having rotating mirror.
o The lines are perpendicular to the direction of motion of the
sensor platform i.e. across the swath.
o As the platform moves forward over the earth, successive
swath scans build up a 2-Dimensional image of the earth’s
surface.
o The distance from the sensor to the target increase towards
the edges of the swath, the ground resolution cells also
become larger and introduces geometric distortion to the
images.
Whiskbroom
a) Across Track
14. Instantaneous field of view(IFOV)
The cone angle β(IFOV) formula:
D / H = β
• Change in Viewing angle and Ground cell resolution
• Change in height and Ground cell resolution
16. Figure :Ground sampling distance concept
IFOV Instantaneous Field of View
GSD Ground Sampling Distance
Scanner’s ground resolution cell/element(IFOV
projected onto ground ) and system’s spatial resolution.
IFOV and GSD
17. Advantages Of Across Track Scanning
o It has fewer sensor detectors to keep calibrated as compared to other types of sensors.
o It has wide swath width.
o The Earth surface is scanned systematically line by line as it moves forward.
Disadvantages Of Across Track Scanning
o The moving parts make this type of sensor expensive.
o The moving mirrors create spatial distortions.
o This scanner has complex mechanical system than push broom scanner.
18. b) Along Track
o Also known as “Push broom scanning ”.
o Uses the forward motion of the platform to build
up a two dimensional image.
o It uses linear array of detectors oriented normal
to flight path.
o Records multispectral image data along a swath
beneath an aircraft.
o A complete line is recorded at a time.
20. Advantages of Along Track Scanning
o Linear array of detectors provides the opportunity to have longer dwell time(more
gathered energy ).
o Finer spatial and spectral resolution and Radiometric Resolution.
o Detectors last longer because they have no moving parts.
o Excellent geometrical properties.
o Each pixel has its own detector.
Disadvantages of Along Track Scanning
o Each spectral band requires it own linear array .
o Don't have a rotating mirror for varying angles.
22. 3.1 Types of Scanning/Imaging systems(Passive):-
In Remote Sensing we have following
types of the scanning systems.
1. Multispectral scanning/Imaging System
2. Hyperspectral scanning/Imaging System
3. Thermal scanning/Imaging System(emitted)
Hyperspectral image
Multispectral image
Thermal image
25. Radar (Radio detection and ranging):
• Detection system
• Uses radio waves
• Determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects
• Radio waves (pulsed or continuous) from the
transmitter reflect off the object and return to the
receiver, giving information about the object's
location and speed
RADAR IMAGING SYSTEM
26. Principle of Imaging Radar system:
The main system of an imaging radar
includes:
• Transmitter
• Receiver
• Antenna
• Recorder
Basic principle of the RadarRadar transmits a pulse Measures reflected echo (backscatter
28. Radar Images:
• Radar images are composed of
many dots, or picture elements.
• Radar is also an important source
of raster image data about the
Earth's surface
• ERS-1,ERS-2,Envisat,Sentinel-1
• JERS-1,Radarsat-1,Radarsat-2
Imaging different types of surface with radar
SIR-B image ,northern Florida
30. Advantages of Radar:
• All day free
• All weather free
• Used in both space and air
Disadvantages of Radar:
• It cannot resolve the type of the object.
• It cannot differentiate the color of the object
• It can be expensive if used in small areas especially if it is one time use
32. LIDAR (Light detection
and ranging system)
• Lidar technology is used to
provide elevation data.
• Lidar instrument consists of:
1. system controller
2. transmitter
3. receiver.
Elevation data points
(mass points)
Antenna
orientation
33. Digital Surface
Model (DSM)
• This Lidar derived digital
surface model is of UC Santa
Barbara.
• DEM is often used as a generic term for DSMs and
DTMs.
• DSM digitally represents elevation of all objects.
(ground + building)
• DTM digitally represents ground elevation of a
surface. (only ground)
35. Various displays of Last-Return LIDAR masspoints.
(a) Unedited
last-return
masspoints.
(b) IDW Digital
surface models
(DSM) overlaid with
masspoints.
(c) Shaded-relief of
IDW model overlaid
with masspoints.
(d) Unedited Last-
return masspoints
overlaid on
orthophoto.
36. LIDAR data of the Savannah River site
obtained on October 10,2004.
37.
38. RS Data Acquisition
Detection of electromagnetic energy.
• Sensors
• Platforms
Device for detection Sensor
Passive sensor Active sensor
• Hyper spectral
• Multispectral
• Thermal
• RADAR (Radio waves)
• LIDAR (Laser light)
39. References :
Wikipedia
From our syllabus(slides)
https://grindgis.com/remote-sensing/active-and-passive-remote-sensing
http://www.ni.com/data-acquisition/what-is/.
Data acquisition and integration 6., 6 Remote Sensing
Veronese Wojtaszek Malgorzata (2010). Nyugat-magyarországi Egyetem
Lillasand T. M.,Kiefer R. W.,Chip man W. J.:
Remote Sensing and Interpretation., John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,2007.
http://www.edc.uri.edu/nrs/classes/NRS409/RS/Lectures/HowRemoteSensonWork.pdf
Remote sensing of environment by Jensen
http://nature.berkeley.edu/~penggong/textbook/chapter3/html/home3.htm
http://www.slideshare.net/pabitramani/scanners-image-resolution-orbit-in-remote-
sensing-pk-mani