This power point is made by collecting illustrations from different sources in order to make a complete presentation. it has been made in the pretext of veterinary medicine

1.  Types of fractures
 Shaft – diaphysis and
2 extremities ,
epiphysis
 Marrow cavity

2.  Def : fracture
 Complete/
incomplete break –
continuity – bone /
cartilage or both,
with or without
displacement of
fracture fragments
 Assoc. soft tissue
damage

3.  Type of Fracture:
2. Cause, mild/
severe
3. Bone involved:
Young / old /
cortical / cancellous
4. Site of fracture
5. Temperament of
animal

4. Etiology:
• Extrinsic – trauma
and forces – act on
bone
c. Direct trauma:
Automobile accident
(80 %)
Fall from a height
Usually comminuted/
multiple type

5. a. Indirect : arises during
running , jumping or falling of
an animal
Forces like bending ,
torsional , compressive and
shearing are transmitted –
weak link within the bone

6. Bending forces
 When it overcomes
– elastic limit of a
bone- cortex
opposite to force –
breaks – additional
force- complete
fracture
 Oblique or
transverse fractures
 Steps into a hole
while running

7. Torsional force
 Bone is twisted
along its ling axis.
 Result – one end is
fixed and other is
forced to rotate
 Long / short spiral
fracture

8. Compressive forces
 One end is fixed – other is forced
towards fixed end – compacted /
compression fracture

9. Shearing
 Force transmitted
along long axis –
transferred to a portion
of the same bone –
peripheral to the axis
 Fracture line – parallel
to direction of applied
force
 Eg: fracture of bony
prominences

10. Intrinsic causes
 Cause Inside body
 Related to violent m.
contraction/ local or systemic
diseases
c. Muscular contraction: Skeletal m.
– violently – chip off – bone –
attachment insertion/ origin)
Avulsion fractures
Immature animals – common
Acromion , greater trochanter, tibial
tuberosity, calcaneal of fibular
tarsal

11.  B. Pathological: local /
systemic dis. – bones –
abnormal/ weak –
fracture with wt.
 Bone tumours, cysts,
osteoporosis, bone
infections, rickets ,
osteoporosis by
prolonged fixations

12. Classification
1. Basis of comminucation of the site to the
environment: Simple (closed)
Compound (open)
Simple: no wound at surface
no communication
Compound: open wound
communication
prone to infection

13.  2. Extent of fracture:
 complete
 Incomplete
 Incomplete:
 1. green stick – cortex
opp. To bending
breaks and under the
force remains intact
 Immature animals –
elastic nature of bone

14.  2. Fissure fracture;
Direct trauma –
incomplete fracture
 3. Depression
fracture; A small
portion of cortex –
depressed into its
parent bone – Maxilla
and frontal bones

15. Complete fractures
 Complete loss of
bone continuity
and bone – div. –
2 or more
fragments
 On the basis of
direction of the
fracture lines:
3. Transverse- result
of bending force

16. 2.Oblique – Bending +
axial compression –
diagonal to long axis
3. Spiral : Frac. Line
spirals the long axis
of bone(torsion,
twisting/ rotational
forces)

17. 4. Comminuted: 2 or more
fracture lines
interconnect each other
at one point.(butterfly
fracture)
5. Multiple fracture: 2 or
more – frac. Lines –
donot interconnect –
div. the bone into 3 or
more fracture
fragments. – severe
soft tissue injuries-
healing time is more

18. 6. Impacted fracture:
cortical end is
impacted into
cancellous – usually
at junction of
diaphysis and
metaphysis of a
long bone

19. 7. Compression
fracture: Cancellous
bone collapses –
compresses upon
itself- eg. Frac. Of
vertebral bodies –
spine trauma

20. 8. Avulsion fracture:
Part of the bone is
torn away

21. Basis of anatomical
location
n Diaphyseal
fracture: 1/3rd,
2/3rd or distal 3rd
n Metaphyseal
fracture: Distal /
proximal
n Epiphyseal:
Distal / proximal

22. 4. Condylar : frac.
Lines pass
through condyles
or between
condyles
Eg; distal end of
humerus / femur
Further classified as
medial/ lateral
/.intercondylar/
supracondylar

23.  5. Articular: frac. Of
subchondral bone
 6. fracture dislocation:
results into a joint
instability – luxation of
joint eg: Montegia
fracture of olecranon
process and dislocation of
elbow joint.