This document discusses fractures and dislocations, including:
- Signs and symptoms of fractures like pain, deformity, and loss of function
- Types of fractures such as complete, incomplete, open, comminuted, spiral, and stress fractures
- Emergency care for fractures including splinting, immobilization, and controlling bleeding
- Diagnosis using x-rays, CT scans, or MRIs to identify fracture type and location
- Treatment options like casting, internal fixation surgery, traction, and exercise
- Factors that can delay or prevent fracture healing like infection, movement, and poor blood supply
- The role of the radiographer in obtaining quality images to aid in diagnosis and monitoring healing
fracture introduction, aetiology, complete and incomplete fractures, traumatic and pathologic fractures, simple and compound fractures, patterns of fractures and types of displacement
fracture introduction, aetiology, complete and incomplete fractures, traumatic and pathologic fractures, simple and compound fractures, patterns of fractures and types of displacement
what is a sprain and what is the strain, define sprain and grading of sprain, strain and grading of strain, symptoms, causes, treatment, RICE protocol, exercise, prevention, healing of sprain and strain
classification of soft tissue injuries. gustilo anderson classification, tscheren classification, hanover fracture scale and ao soft tissue grading system, types of wounds. orthopedic open fracture classification for management of soft tissue injuries
what is a sprain and what is the strain, define sprain and grading of sprain, strain and grading of strain, symptoms, causes, treatment, RICE protocol, exercise, prevention, healing of sprain and strain
classification of soft tissue injuries. gustilo anderson classification, tscheren classification, hanover fracture scale and ao soft tissue grading system, types of wounds. orthopedic open fracture classification for management of soft tissue injuries
fracture is the breakdown in the continutity of the bone alignment this has many types as the fracure this topic include its definition , etiology, pathophysiology, clinical menisfestation, diagnosis and its treatment which can be used by nursing students for taking care of the patient suffering from fracture and for learning for their examination and knowledge purpose
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. TALK PLAN
Signs or Symptoms of a Fracture
Types of fracture and dislocations
Emergency care for fracture patient
Diagnosis of fracture
Treatment of fracture
Physiology of fracture healing
Role of Radiographer
3. FRACTURE
i. Bones form the skeletal frame work of the body and
supports the body against gravity.
ii. It helps in movement and activities.
iii. Bones protect some body parts.
iv. Bone marrow produces blood products.
v. When outside forces are applied to bone it has the potential
to fail. Fractures occur when bone cannot withstand those
outside forces
vi. A bone fracture (sometimes abbreviated FRX or Fx or Fx or #
4. Description of Location of #
• Which bone?
• Thirds (long bones)
• Proximal, middle, distal third
• Anatomic orientation
• E.g. proximal, distal, medial,
lateral, anterior, posterior
• Anatomic landmarks
• E.g. head, neck, body / shaft,
base, condyle
• Segment (long bones)
• Epiphysis, physis, metaphysis,
diaphysis
Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Diaphysis
(Shaft)
Physis
Articular
Surface
5. Signs or Symptoms of a Fracture
• Pain and tenderness
• Loss of function
• A wound (with bone sticking out)
• Deformity
• Unnatural movement
• Shock
• Swelling and bruising
6. Emergency Care For Fractures
& Dislocations
• Administer O2
• Control any bleeding & dress open wounds
• Check distal pulse
• Apply slight traction—if splinting long bones in arms and
legs If injury to a joint
• DO NOT apply traction
• Splint in the position found
• Apply splint above & below the fracture
• Re-check distal pulses after splinting
• Control swelling with ice pack & elevation if distal pulse is
present and strong
• Maintain body temperature
7. Diagnosing Bone Fractures
• X-rays of injured area
• Some fractures are
difficult to see in an x-
ray, so a CT scan, MRI,
or other bone scans are
used
8. COMPLETE
• bone is completely
broken into 2 or more
fragments.
• -eg:
• transverse fracture
• oblique fracture
• spiral fracture
• impacted fracture
• comminuted fracture
• segmental fracture
INCOMPLETE
• bone is incompletely
divided and the
periosteum remains in
continuity.
• -eg:
• greenstick fracture
• torus fracture
• stress fracture
• compression
fracture.
Types of Fractures
11. Open Fractures
An open fracture is a broken bone
that penetrates the skin. This is an
important distinction because
when a broken bone penetrates
the skin there is a need for
immediate treatment, and an
operation is often required to clean
the area of the fracture.
The risk of infection, there are
more often problems associated
with healing when a fracture is
open to the skin.
12. Comminuted fracture
• Comminuted fracture -
a fracture in which the
bone breaks into more
than two fragments;
usually caused by
severe forces
13. Spiral Fracture
• Fracture where at least one part of the bone has been twisted
Spiral fracture of femur
18. Compression Fractures
• Compression Fracture usually
occurs in the vertebrae.
• When the front portion of
vertebrae in the spine collapses
due to Osteoporosis which causes
bones to become brittle and
susceptible to fracture , with or
without trauma.
• An x-ray of the spine can reveal
the bone injury , however
sometimes a CT scan or MRI will
be used to insure that no damage
is done to the spinal cord.
19. Hairline Fracture
• A very thin crack or break in the bone
Hairline fracture of the foot
20. Stress Fracture
• Stress fracture - fracture without being
visibly broken; microscopic fissures in
bone that forms without any evidence
of injury to other tissues; caused by
repeated strenuous activity (ex:
running)
22. Depression Fracture
A depressed skull fracture is a break in a cranial
bone (or "crushed" portion of skull) with
depression of the bone in toward the brain.
The brain can be affected directly by damage to
the nervous system tissue and bleeding.
The brain can also be affected indirectly by
blood clots that form under the skull and then
compress the underlying brain tissue (subdural
or epidural hematoma).
23. Pathologic Fracture
• A type of fracture that is a
secondary result of another
illness or chronic condition
that weakens the bones of the
skeletal system
• The x-ray to the right shows
thinning of the femurs,
resulting in a fracture of the
proximal end of the right bone
• x-ray showing pathological
fracture right humorous due
to bone cyst
24.
25. Pediatric Supra-condylar
fracture
Supracondylar fractures of the elbow are one
of the most common fractures in children
Radiographer with a significant challenge.
In addition to the normal difficulties
associated with imaging children, the
radiographer must consider that the
patient may be in severe pain
26. Scaphoid Fracture
History
FOOSH
Dull, deep, ache in radial side
of wrist
occur most commonly from a
fall on the outstretched hand
early (first week) may appear
negative
An X-ray a couple of weeks
later may then more clearly
reveal the fracture. In
questionable cases, MRI scan,
CT scan, or bone scan
27. Colle`s and smith`s fracture
• Fig : -
Describe by : - Abraham colle`s - 1814.
It is not just fracture lower end of radius but
a fracture dislocation of the inferior
radioulnar joint .
Occurs about 2.5 cm above the carpal
extremity of the radius .
A Smith's fracture, also sometimes known
as a reverse Colles' fracture is a fracture of
the distal radius. It is caused by a direct
blow to the dorsal forearmor falling onto
flexed wrists, as opposed to a Colles'
fracture which occurs as a result of falling
onto wrists in extension.
29. BENNETT’S FRACTURE
• Intra-articular
fracture/dislocation of base of
1st metacarpal
• Small palmar fragment
continues to articulate with
trapezium
• Mechanism: forced abduction
of thumb
• Treatment: open reduction
and internal fixation
30. Salter – Harris
I – S = Slipped . Slipped growth plate
II – A = Above . The fracture lies above the growth plate (metaphyseal)
III – L = Lower . The fracture is lower than (below) the growth plate ( epiphyseal)
IV – T = Through. The fracture through the growth plate including the
( metaphysis and epiphysis )
V – R = Rammed . The growth plate has been rammed or ruined ( the physis
suffers a compression injury )
31.
32. Associated Complications:
Visceral injury
• Fractures around the trunk are
often complicated by visceral
injury.
– E.g. Rib fractures
pneumothorax / spleen trauma /
liver injuries.
– E.g. Pelvic injuries bladder or
urethral rupture / severe
hematoma in the retro-
peritoneum .
• Rx: Surgery of visceral injuries
33. HOW FRACTURES HEAL?-Physiology
When bone breaks, so do the blood vessels
that supply the bone
1) a clot forms in the damaged area
2) blood vessels and cells invade the clot and
produce a fibrous network and cartilage
between broken bones (callus)
3) osteoblasts enter callus and begin forming
cancellous bone
4) Cancellous bone is remodeled to form
compact and cancellous bone; repair is
complete
• Healing by callus
• Healing without callus
34. Treatment of Fractures
• There are two main types of
treatments:
– External fixation - casts
– Internal fixation - surgery
• Wires - used on small
fractures
• Plates - hold two lengths of
bone together with screws
• Nails or rods - placed in
centers of long bones and
held in place with screws
• Screws - most common
method; used by self or with
other items
36. Cast Splintage
External fixation
• Methods:
– Plaster of Paris
– Fibreglass
• Especially for distal limb # and for most children #
• Disadvantage: joint encased in plaster cannot
move and liable to stiffen
• Can be minimized:
– Delayed splintage (traction initially)
– Replace cast by functional brace after few weeks
38. CAUSES OF DELAYED UNION OR NON-
UNION OF THE FRACTURES
Distraction &
separation of the
fragments
Interposition of soft
tissues between the
fragments.
Excessive movement
at the fracture site
Poor local blood
supply
Severe damage to
soft tissues which
makes them
nearly/non-viable.
Infection
Abnormal bone.
39. Missed fractures
• Missed fractures occurs in
different reason . It could be that
the doctor is inexperienced with
bone fractures or the misread
radiograph or the failure to obtain
a radiograph.
• Poorly positioned or poorly taken
radiograph may also result in
diagnostic errors.
• Doctors use today diagnosing
fractures are CT, MRI, Bone scan .
Even a hairline fractures , stress
fractures can detected those
equipments
40. Exercise
• Prevention of edema
– active exercise and elevation
– Active exercise also stimulates the circulation.
Prevents soft-tissue adhesion and promotes
fracture healing.
• Preserve the joint movement
• Restore muscle power
• Functional activity
41. What is a dislocation?
• When the bones at a joint are no longer in proper contact.
• Can be caused by severe twisting or indirect force, or even a muscular
contraction
• Most frequently dislocated joints
– Shoulder
– Elbow
– Thumb
– Finger
– Jaw
– Knee
42. Signs and Symptoms of a Dislocation
• Deformity or abnormal appearance
• Pain and tenderness aggravated by movement
• Loss of normal function
• Joint may be locked in one position
• Swelling of the joint
43. General Treatment Principles
• Stop the activity.
• Survey the injured area.
• First Aid if qualified.
• Get help if not.
• Determine if additional medical attention is necessary.
44. RICE
• R - Rest
• I - Immobilize
• C - Cold
• E - Elevate
45. Shoulder Dislocation
• Take a past medical history (i.e. has
this happened before?)
• Clinical exam (check for circumflex
nerve function)
• X-ray to rule out possible fracture
(i.e. head of the humorous)
• Several methods for reduction
- Scapular rotation
- Traction/counter traction
47. Glenohumeral Reductions
• Hippocratic Method
1. Practitioner’s stockinged
foot is place in between the
patient’s chest wall and
axilla folds but not in the
axilla.
2. Steady traction is
maintained while the
patient gradually relaxes.
3. Shoulder is slowly rotated
externally and abducted.
4. Gentle internal rotation
reduces the humeral head.
48. Posterior Elbow Dislocation
• Typical mechanism of an
elbow dislocation
1. A fall backward on the arm
with the elbow in a flexed
position and
2. The forearm supinated is the
most common mechanism.
3. The injury causes radius and
ulna to dislocate posterior to
the humerus.
4. There may also freq. Be an
associated fracture of the
radial head or
5. The coracoid process of the
ulna.
49. Patella Dislocation
• Mechanism of Acute
Dislocation
1. Typically, the patient bears
weight on the slightly flexed
knee
2. A sudden external rotation
or twisting load to the femur
causes the patella to slide
superiorly over the lateral
femoral condyle.
3. As the knee flexes, the
patella jumps over the lateral
condyle and the knee
collapses.
50. Role of Radiographer
Explain the procedure polarity and assist the pt’s to get
required position.
Maintain immobilization of the injured area while AP and
use horizontal beam for lateral radiograph.
Wise application of all radiographic skills while include
appropriate positioning , exposure factors ( as much as
possible high kv technique) , breathing technique.
Effective communication with referring physician to
achieve the best result.
Best Practices in Trauma Radiography Speed Efficiency in
producing quality images in the shortest possible time
Accuracy Optimum image quality
51. Continue…
Follow universal patient transfer protocol while patient in
transferred to avoid severity of the injury.
The rule for protecting the spine from further injury is to
immobilize it. These precautions are the standard of care
for handling a trauma patient suspected of spine injury.
Patient Preparation Use good communication skills with
appropriate touch and eye contact Trauma often causes
anxiety Check patient for potential artifacts Explain what
you are removing and why Secure all personal effects
using proper procedure for your facility
52. Tips to Remember
1) Updated in current radiographic imaging
standards the technologist is armed with the
understanding of what it is to have a high
suspicion for injury that translates into safe
quality patient care.
2) Radiology Technologist can make minimal
diagnosis
3) Update your skills…. More in Anatomy