Bone disease 1.pptx
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Dwarfism, bonydysplasia
This document provides an overview of dwarfism (bone dysplasias), including classification, causes, signs and symptoms, radiographic findings, and treatment for various types. It discusses proportionate vs disproportionate dwarfism and classifications based on location and source. Specific types covered include achondroplasia, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, chondrodysplasia punctata, Kniest syndrome, metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, and mucopolysaccharidoses. Treatment focuses on managing skeletal deformities and complications.
Achondroplasia, pseudoachondroplasia, hypochondroplasia
This document summarizes three conditions - Achondroplasia, Pseudoachondroplasia, and Hypochondroplasia. Achondroplasia is characterized by failure of normal cartilage growth, resulting in short stature and limb abnormalities. Pseudoachondroplasia involves irregular, fragmented epiphyses and flared metaphyses. Hypochondroplasia causes short stature through mild metaphyseal flare and narrowing of the lumbar spine.
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Neural tube defects a case series - copy
Neural tube defects are congenital malformations that occur due to defects during neural tube formation in early embryonic development. They can be open, where neural tissue is exposed, or closed, where neural tissue is confined but covered by dysplastic skin. Ultrasound and MRI are used for prenatal diagnosis and show findings characteristic of specific defects like anencephaly, encephalocele, myelomeningocele, or craniorachischisis. Management involves prenatal counseling and postnatal surgical intervention if needed.
Mandibular fractures
This document discusses mandibular fractures, including:
- The anatomy and common sites of fracture in the mandible.
- Various classification systems used to describe fracture location and complexity.
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Recommended
Dwarfism, bonydysplasia
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Achondroplasia, pseudoachondroplasia, hypochondroplasia
This document summarizes three conditions - Achondroplasia, Pseudoachondroplasia, and Hypochondroplasia. Achondroplasia is characterized by failure of normal cartilage growth, resulting in short stature and limb abnormalities. Pseudoachondroplasia involves irregular, fragmented epiphyses and flared metaphyses. Hypochondroplasia causes short stature through mild metaphyseal flare and narrowing of the lumbar spine.
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Mandibular fractures
This document discusses mandibular fractures, including:
- The anatomy and common sites of fracture in the mandible.
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Pott Disease
Pott's disease, or spinal tuberculosis, is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of the spine. It was first described by Percivall Pott in 1779. Key points:
1) India has a high prevalence of tuberculosis, with an estimated 2 million cases of spinal TB.
2) Spinal TB most commonly involves the thoracic spine, followed by the lumbar, cervical, and sacral regions.
3) Diagnosis is made through clinical history, physical exam, tuberculin skin test, imaging like x-rays, CT, and MRI showing vertebral body destruction and abscess formation.
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Perthes ’ disease
This document provides information about Perthes' disease, including:
- It is characterized by avascular necrosis of the femoral head in children.
- Risk factors include being male and between ages 5-10 years old.
- Imaging studies like x-rays are used to diagnose and monitor the stages of avascular necrosis, fragmentation, ossification, and remodeling.
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Duane retraction syndrome
This document discusses Duane retraction syndrome, an ocular motility disorder characterized by defective horizontal eye movement and narrowing of the eyelid when the eye adducts. It is usually unilateral and sporadic, though some familial cases are due to mutations in the CHN1 gene. There are four types described based on limitations of adduction and abduction. Duane syndrome can occur with other syndromes and limb abnormalities. Clinical features and differential diagnosis are provided. Surgical treatment depends on the type of strabismus and may include recession or resection of extraocular muscles.
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fdocuments.in_legg-calve-perthes-disease-2.ppt
This document provides information about Perthes disease, including:
- It is a self-limiting condition caused by ischemia and necrosis of the femoral head, most common in children aged 4-8.
- Historical figures who studied the condition include Legg, Calve, and Perthes.
- The disease involves four stages: ischemic, fragmentation, reparative, and remodeling.
- Treatment aims to restore mobility, contain the femoral head, and allow weight bearing, through methods like bracing or osteotomies.
- Prognosis depends on factors like age of onset, extent of involvement, and classification system used to assess deformity and congruence.
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This case report describes an 84-year-old female patient with cleidocranial dysplasia who presented with a dentigerous cyst. Cleidocranial dysplasia is a skeletal and dental developmental disorder. On examination, the patient exhibited features of cleidocranial dysplasia including short stature, maxillary hypoplasia, impacted supernumerary teeth, and bilateral clavicle hypoplasia, which was confirmed on radiographs. The patient underwent surgery to remove the supernumerary teeth and excise the dentigerous cyst. Follow-up after 12 months found no recurrence. This case highlights the association between cleidocranial dysplasia and dentigerous cyst
Displasia Cleidocraniana
This case report describes an 84-year-old female patient with cleidocranial dysplasia who presented with a dentigerous cyst. Cleidocranial dysplasia is a skeletal and dental developmental disorder. On examination, the patient exhibited features of cleidocranial dysplasia including short stature, maxillary hypoplasia, impacted supernumerary teeth, and bilateral clavicle hypoplasia, which was confirmed on radiographs. The patient underwent surgery to remove the supernumerary teeth and excise the dentigerous cyst. Follow-up after 12 months found no recurrence. This case highlights the association between cleidocranial dysplasia and dentigerous cyst
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http://yassermetwally.netCongenital deformities
Congenital talipes equino varus (CTEV), also known as clubfoot, is a congenital deformity of the foot where the foot is twisted inward and downward. The causes are mostly unknown but may be genetic, mechanical pressure in the womb, or issues with calf muscle development. Clinically, the foot appears smaller, turned inward and downward. Treatment depends on severity but may include manipulation, casting, soft tissue releases, tendon transfers and osteotomies. Splint
achondroplasia.pptx
Achondroplasia is the most common cause of dwarfism, occurring in 1/15,000-17,000 births. It is caused by a mutation in the FGFR3 gene that results in abnormal bone growth. Affected individuals have disproportionate short stature with a large head and short limbs. Complications can include foramen magnum stenosis, spinal stenosis, and bowed legs. Management involves surgery to address neurological or orthopedic issues and physical therapy.
Cranio-vertrable junction anamolies
This document discusses various bony and soft tissue anomalies of the craniocervical junction that can cause compression of the brainstem and spinal cord. It outlines different classification systems and measurement lines used to evaluate these anomalies on imaging. Common anomalies discussed include platybasia, basilar invagination, occipito-atlantal fusion, Arnold-Chiari malformation and syringomyelia. Clinical features and approaches to management are also summarized.
SCFE
This document discusses slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), beginning with its history and definitions. It describes the anatomy and pathophysiology, presenting typical age and sex distributions. Risk factors include growth hormones, sex hormones, and trauma. Clinical presentations range from pre-slip to acute/chronic stages. Radiographic findings and grading systems are outlined. Differential diagnoses and treatment approaches like pinning, osteotomies, and epiphysiodesis are summarized. Surgical techniques like the Dunn and Kramer procedures aim to reduce displacement and prevent further slipping through fixation.
Lecture occipital cervical fusion for rheumatoid arthritis
Dr. Smith
Anesthesia: Dr. Jones
Procedure:
The patient was brought to the OR in supine position, prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. A midline incision was made from the inion to C7. Subperiosteal dissection was performed down to the occiput and C7. Lateral fluoroscopy was used to identify the appropriate levels. A high-speed burr was used to perform a laminectomy from C1 through C6. Pedicle screws were placed bilaterally at C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 and C7 under fluoroscopic guidance. Occipital screws were placed bilaterally under the superior n
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis vamshi kiran feb 6/2013
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is a slippage of the femoral epiphysis that occurs most commonly in obese adolescent boys and girls during periods of growth. It can be acute, chronic, or acute on chronic with varying degrees of displacement. Diagnosis involves clinical suspicion and radiographic findings. Treatment depends on severity and chronicity but may include pinning, open reduction, bone peg epiphysiodesis, or osteotomy to prevent complications like avascular necrosis and osteoarthritis.
perthes disease
Legg - Calve - Perthes disease is a self-limiting disorder of the hip caused by reduced blood flow and necrosis of the femoral head. It most commonly affects boys ages 4-8 and is characterized by pain and limping. While the exact cause is unknown, factors such as blood clotting disorders, abnormal arterial or venous blood flow, growth delays, trauma, genetics, and environmental influences may play a role in reducing blood supply to the femoral head. Treatment aims to allow the femoral head to remodel itself through non-weight bearing or minimal weight bearing methods.
Spine disease e srs update version
This document provides an overview of common spinal diseases and abnormalities that can be evaluated radiologically. It describes the anatomy of the spine and then covers various conditions including spondylosis, spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis, infections like TB and spondylodiscitis, ankylosing spondylitis, sacroiliitis, scoliosis, vertebral hemangioma, multiple myeloma, bone metastases, hyperparathyroidism, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, achondroplasia, spina bifida, renal osteodystrophy, and cervical ribs. For each condition, it provides brief details on symptoms, radiological features, and characteristics visible on x-ray
spinal instability...pptx
This document provides information on fractures and luxations of the spine in animals. It discusses the intrinsic and extrinsic forces that affect the spine, the anatomy of vertebrae and spinal units, and common sites of fractures. It then describes general treatments for spinal injuries including medications, imaging, and splinting or casting. Surgical techniques for various types of spinal fractures and injuries are outlined, including fixation methods, decompression procedures, and treatment for specific conditions like cervical instability and intervertebral disc disease.
Ligament Injuries.pptx
The document provides information on ligament injuries, specifically cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs. It discusses the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Key points include:
- The cranial cruciate ligament limits cranial translation of the tibia and controls internal rotation of the tibia. Rupture can be caused by traumatic injury or degeneration.
- Diagnosis involves physical exam tests like the cranial drawer test and tibial compression test, as well as diagnostic imaging like radiography and arthroscopy.
- Surgical treatment options aim to stabilize the stifle joint and include intracapsular reconstruction, extracapsular reconstruction, imbr
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Duanes retraction syndrome ..
Duane's retraction syndrome involves congenital miswiring of the medial and lateral rectus muscles, causing limited eye movement. There are typically four types based on the pattern of limited adduction and/or abduction. Treatment may involve glasses, prisms, botulinum toxin injections, or surgery such as recession of the medial or lateral rectus muscles to improve eye alignment and positioning. Brown syndrome similarly involves a congenital or acquired restriction of eye elevation in adduction, believed to be caused by an abnormality of the superior oblique tendon. It is characterized by limited elevation in adduction and downshoot, and may cause a vertical eye misalignment.
Pott Disease
Pott's disease, or spinal tuberculosis, is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of the spine. It was first described by Percivall Pott in 1779. Key points:
1) India has a high prevalence of tuberculosis, with an estimated 2 million cases of spinal TB.
2) Spinal TB most commonly involves the thoracic spine, followed by the lumbar, cervical, and sacral regions.
3) Diagnosis is made through clinical history, physical exam, tuberculin skin test, imaging like x-rays, CT, and MRI showing vertebral body destruction and abscess formation.
Vertebral column associated pathology and radiographic appearance
The document provides information on the basic anatomy of the vertebral column, common vertebral pathologies, and their radiographic appearances. It describes the basic structure and composition of vertebrae and how they vary by region. It then discusses several common pathologies like ankylosing spondylitis, fractures, herniated discs, kyphosis, lordosis, metastases, osteoarthritis, and others. For each condition, it provides a definition and descriptions of associated radiographic findings to aid in diagnosis. The goal is to help readers understand vertebral anatomy and some key pathologies that can be identified on imaging studies.
Perthes ’ disease
This document provides information about Perthes' disease, including:
- It is characterized by avascular necrosis of the femoral head in children.
- Risk factors include being male and between ages 5-10 years old.
- Imaging studies like x-rays are used to diagnose and monitor the stages of avascular necrosis, fragmentation, ossification, and remodeling.
- Differential diagnosis depends on whether the condition is unilateral or bilateral.
- Treatment aims to prevent deformity through nonsurgical or surgical methods depending on the severity.
skeletal dysplasia ppt
This document summarizes imaging findings in skeletal dysplasias. It discusses over 20 different conditions classified into groups based on genetic and phenotypic characteristics. Key radiological features are provided for common dysplasias like achondroplasia and spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia. A skeletal survey approach is outlined to identify clues for diagnosis. Prenatal imaging and multidisciplinary evaluation are important for diagnosis and genetic counseling.
Duane retraction syndrome
This document discusses Duane retraction syndrome, an ocular motility disorder characterized by defective horizontal eye movement and narrowing of the eyelid when the eye adducts. It is usually unilateral and sporadic, though some familial cases are due to mutations in the CHN1 gene. There are four types described based on limitations of adduction and abduction. Duane syndrome can occur with other syndromes and limb abnormalities. Clinical features and differential diagnosis are provided. Surgical treatment depends on the type of strabismus and may include recession or resection of extraocular muscles.
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy
This document discusses the diagnosis and treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. It begins with a brief history of the condition and its early treatments. It then covers the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic imaging, and grading scales used to evaluate the severity of myelopathy. Key points include the natural degenerative processes that cause spinal canal narrowing, common symptoms like neck stiffness and leg weakness, and the use of MRI to identify cord/canal compression and signal changes indicative of edema or cystic necrosis. Surgical intervention aims to decompress the spinal cord through procedures like laminectomy or laminoplasty to relieve pressure on the spinal cord.
fdocuments.in_legg-calve-perthes-disease-2.ppt
This document provides information about Perthes disease, including:
- It is a self-limiting condition caused by ischemia and necrosis of the femoral head, most common in children aged 4-8.
- Historical figures who studied the condition include Legg, Calve, and Perthes.
- The disease involves four stages: ischemic, fragmentation, reparative, and remodeling.
- Treatment aims to restore mobility, contain the femoral head, and allow weight bearing, through methods like bracing or osteotomies.
- Prognosis depends on factors like age of onset, extent of involvement, and classification system used to assess deformity and congruence.
Artigo displasia cleido
This case report describes an 84-year-old female patient with cleidocranial dysplasia who presented with a dentigerous cyst. Cleidocranial dysplasia is a skeletal and dental developmental disorder. On examination, the patient exhibited features of cleidocranial dysplasia including short stature, maxillary hypoplasia, impacted supernumerary teeth, and bilateral clavicle hypoplasia, which was confirmed on radiographs. The patient underwent surgery to remove the supernumerary teeth and excise the dentigerous cyst. Follow-up after 12 months found no recurrence. This case highlights the association between cleidocranial dysplasia and dentigerous cyst
Displasia Cleidocraniana
This case report describes an 84-year-old female patient with cleidocranial dysplasia who presented with a dentigerous cyst. Cleidocranial dysplasia is a skeletal and dental developmental disorder. On examination, the patient exhibited features of cleidocranial dysplasia including short stature, maxillary hypoplasia, impacted supernumerary teeth, and bilateral clavicle hypoplasia, which was confirmed on radiographs. The patient underwent surgery to remove the supernumerary teeth and excise the dentigerous cyst. Follow-up after 12 months found no recurrence. This case highlights the association between cleidocranial dysplasia and dentigerous cyst
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http://yassermetwally.com
http://yassermetwally.netCongenital deformities
Congenital talipes equino varus (CTEV), also known as clubfoot, is a congenital deformity of the foot where the foot is twisted inward and downward. The causes are mostly unknown but may be genetic, mechanical pressure in the womb, or issues with calf muscle development. Clinically, the foot appears smaller, turned inward and downward. Treatment depends on severity but may include manipulation, casting, soft tissue releases, tendon transfers and osteotomies. Splint
achondroplasia.pptx
Achondroplasia is the most common cause of dwarfism, occurring in 1/15,000-17,000 births. It is caused by a mutation in the FGFR3 gene that results in abnormal bone growth. Affected individuals have disproportionate short stature with a large head and short limbs. Complications can include foramen magnum stenosis, spinal stenosis, and bowed legs. Management involves surgery to address neurological or orthopedic issues and physical therapy.
Cranio-vertrable junction anamolies
This document discusses various bony and soft tissue anomalies of the craniocervical junction that can cause compression of the brainstem and spinal cord. It outlines different classification systems and measurement lines used to evaluate these anomalies on imaging. Common anomalies discussed include platybasia, basilar invagination, occipito-atlantal fusion, Arnold-Chiari malformation and syringomyelia. Clinical features and approaches to management are also summarized.
SCFE
This document discusses slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), beginning with its history and definitions. It describes the anatomy and pathophysiology, presenting typical age and sex distributions. Risk factors include growth hormones, sex hormones, and trauma. Clinical presentations range from pre-slip to acute/chronic stages. Radiographic findings and grading systems are outlined. Differential diagnoses and treatment approaches like pinning, osteotomies, and epiphysiodesis are summarized. Surgical techniques like the Dunn and Kramer procedures aim to reduce displacement and prevent further slipping through fixation.
Lecture occipital cervical fusion for rheumatoid arthritis
Dr. Smith
Anesthesia: Dr. Jones
Procedure:
The patient was brought to the OR in supine position, prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. A midline incision was made from the inion to C7. Subperiosteal dissection was performed down to the occiput and C7. Lateral fluoroscopy was used to identify the appropriate levels. A high-speed burr was used to perform a laminectomy from C1 through C6. Pedicle screws were placed bilaterally at C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 and C7 under fluoroscopic guidance. Occipital screws were placed bilaterally under the superior n
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis vamshi kiran feb 6/2013
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is a slippage of the femoral epiphysis that occurs most commonly in obese adolescent boys and girls during periods of growth. It can be acute, chronic, or acute on chronic with varying degrees of displacement. Diagnosis involves clinical suspicion and radiographic findings. Treatment depends on severity and chronicity but may include pinning, open reduction, bone peg epiphysiodesis, or osteotomy to prevent complications like avascular necrosis and osteoarthritis.
perthes disease
Legg - Calve - Perthes disease is a self-limiting disorder of the hip caused by reduced blood flow and necrosis of the femoral head. It most commonly affects boys ages 4-8 and is characterized by pain and limping. While the exact cause is unknown, factors such as blood clotting disorders, abnormal arterial or venous blood flow, growth delays, trauma, genetics, and environmental influences may play a role in reducing blood supply to the femoral head. Treatment aims to allow the femoral head to remodel itself through non-weight bearing or minimal weight bearing methods.
Spine disease e srs update version
This document provides an overview of common spinal diseases and abnormalities that can be evaluated radiologically. It describes the anatomy of the spine and then covers various conditions including spondylosis, spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis, infections like TB and spondylodiscitis, ankylosing spondylitis, sacroiliitis, scoliosis, vertebral hemangioma, multiple myeloma, bone metastases, hyperparathyroidism, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, achondroplasia, spina bifida, renal osteodystrophy, and cervical ribs. For each condition, it provides brief details on symptoms, radiological features, and characteristics visible on x-ray
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The document provides information on ligament injuries, specifically cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs. It discusses the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Key points include:
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This document summarizes key concepts in radiology and radiation physics. It describes the discovery of x-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1898 and defines x-rays as gamma rays of electromagnetic radiation. It explains that the energy of electromagnetic radiation is inversely proportional to wavelength and that radiation with energy greater than 15 eV can cause ionization within cells. It also outlines the units used to quantify radiation exposure, dose, and dose equivalency, and discusses the interaction of radiation with matter through processes like the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering.
External fixation techniques
External fixation, also known as external coaption or limb splinting, provides temporary support and immobilization for fractures. It is commonly used as a bridge to surgery or definitive treatment. Key factors for application include properly aligning and immobilizing the fractured bones and surrounding joints to promote healing without disturbing fracture alignment. Common external fixation devices include splints, casts, slings and bandages which are applied based on the location and type of injury.
The concept of peripheral nerve repair
This document discusses nerve degeneration and regeneration. It describes Wallerian degeneration that occurs when a nerve fiber is severed from its cell body. The distal part of the nerve fiber undergoes changes with the axis cylinder and myelin sheath degenerating. Schwann cells proliferate and remove remnants. Attempts at repair include regeneration through Schwann cells forming a tube for new axis cylinders to grow through. Peripheral nerves can regenerate within 10-12 months but central nervous system nerves cannot.
Surgical instruments
1. The document discusses the importance of proper care and handling of surgical instruments to ensure good surgical outcomes and the longevity of the instruments.
2. It provides guidance on cleaning, drying, lubricating and maintaining surgical instruments to prevent corrosion, rusting, and malfunctions.
3. The document also lists and describes common types of surgical instruments that should be included in surgical packs, such as tissue forceps, hemostats, needle holders, and scissors, as well as specialized instruments used for teat and udder surgeries.
Caesarean section in cow
Caesarean section, also known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure where incisions are made through a woman's abdomen and uterus to deliver one or more babies. Indications for a C-section include uterine inertia, obstructive dystocia, rupture of the uterus, animal in compromised condition, twin pregnancy in mares, and incomplete cervical dilation. The ideal conditions for surgery include a clean area with minimal airborne contamination to prevent post-operative complications. The incision site varies by species, with dogs receiving a ventral midline incision and cattle receiving a left lower flank incision. During the procedure, the fetus is removed, the umbilical cord is ligated and
Management of fractures
The document discusses various methods for fracture fixation in animals, including external coaptation, splinting, casting, pinning, plating, and intramedullary nailing. The methods vary in their advantages and disadvantages depending on the location and type of fracture. Proper technique and design are important for achieving stability and preventing complications.
Tetrology of fallot
Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart defect with four abnormalities: 1) a ventricular septal defect, 2) pulmonary stenosis, 3) overriding aorta, and 4) right ventricular hypertrophy. This causes deoxygenated blood to bypass the lungs and mix with oxygenated blood, resulting in cyanosis. The severity depends on the degree of pulmonary stenosis and ventricular septal defect. Surgical repair involves relieving the stenosis and closing the VSD.
C section
1. Caesarean section, also known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure where an incision is made through the abdomen and uterus to deliver one or more fetuses.
2. Indications for a C-section include uterine inertia, fetal issues like malpresentation or oversized fetus, uterine rupture, and medical issues in the mother.
3. The procedure requires strict aseptic technique to prevent post-operative complications like infection. Incision sites vary by species, such as a ventral midline incision for dogs and left flank incision for cattle.
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- 4. DIAGRAM OF A TYPICAL SYNOVIAL JOINT
- 18. Herniation
- 19. Hansen type 2 Disc protrusion . Bulging of the dorsal annulus into the vertebral canal.
- 28. “Wobbler syndrome” is the term most commonly used to refer to a canine disorder of the cervical vertebrae and intervertebral discs resulting in cervical canal stenosis and spinal cord compression.
- 34. Hemi-laminectomy Dorsal-laminectomy Dorsal spinous process is removed
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- 60. Caudo darsal Cranio dorsal
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