A submerged floating tunnel, also known as submerged floating tube bridge, suspended tunnel, or Archimedes bridge, is a proposed design for a tunnel that floats in water, supported by its buoyancy. The tube would be placed underwater, deep enough to avoid water traffic and weather, but not so deep that high water pressure needs to be dealt with—usually 20–50 m is sufficient. Cables either anchored to the Earth or to pontoons at the surface would prevent it from floating to the surface or ...
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Tunnels in water are by no means new in civil engineering.
Since about 1900, more then 100 immersed tunnels have been constructed.
Bridges are the most common structures used for crossing water bodies.
In some cases immersed tunnels also used which run beneath the sea or river bed.
The concept of submerged floating tunnels is based on well-known technology applied to floating bridges and offshore structures, but the construction is mostly similar to that of immersed tunnels: One way is to build the tube in sections in a dry dock; then float these to the construction site and sink them into place, while sealed; and, when the sections are fixed to each other, the seals are broken. Another possibility is to build the sections unsealed, and after welding them together, pump the water out.
The ballast used is calculated so that the structure has approximate hydrostatic equilibrium (that is, the tunnel is roughly the same overall density as water), whereas immersed tube tunnels are ballasted more to weight them down to the sea bed. This, of course, means that a submerged floating tunnel must be anchored to the ground or to the water surface to keep it in place (which of these depends on which side of the equilibrium point the tunnel is)
Submerged Floating Tunnel by Shantanu PatilShantanu Patil
Tunnels in water are by no means new in civil engineering. Since about 1900, more then 100 immersed tunnels have been constructed. Bridges are the most common structures used for crossing water bodies. In some cases immersed tunnels also used which run beneath the sea or river bed. But when the bed is too rocky ,too deep or too undulating submerged floating tunnels are used .
The Submerged Floating Tunnel concept was first conceived at the beginning of the century, but no actual project was undertaken until recently. As the needs of society for regional growth and the protection of the environment have assumed increased importance, in this wider context the submerged floating tunnel offers new opportunities. The submerged floating tunnel is an innovative concept for crossing waterways, utilizing the law of buoyancy to support the structure at a moderate and convenient depth .The Submerged floating Tunnel is a tube like structure made of Steel and Concrete utilizing the law of buoyancy .It supported on columns or held in place by tethers attached to the sea floor or by pontoons floating on the surface. The Submerged floating tunnel utilizes lakes and waterways to carry traffic under water and on to the other side, where it can be conveniently linked to the rural network or to the underground infrastructure of modern cities.
Tunnels in water are by no means new in civil engineering.
Since about 1900, more then 100 immersed tunnels have been constructed.
Bridges are the most common structures used for crossing water bodies.
In some cases immersed tunnels also used which run beneath the sea or river bed.
The concept of submerged floating tunnels is based on well-known technology applied to floating bridges and offshore structures, but the construction is mostly similar to that of immersed tunnels: One way is to build the tube in sections in a dry dock; then float these to the construction site and sink them into place, while sealed; and, when the sections are fixed to each other, the seals are broken. Another possibility is to build the sections unsealed, and after welding them together, pump the water out.
The ballast used is calculated so that the structure has approximate hydrostatic equilibrium (that is, the tunnel is roughly the same overall density as water), whereas immersed tube tunnels are ballasted more to weight them down to the sea bed. This, of course, means that a submerged floating tunnel must be anchored to the ground or to the water surface to keep it in place (which of these depends on which side of the equilibrium point the tunnel is)
Submerged Floating Tunnel by Shantanu PatilShantanu Patil
Tunnels in water are by no means new in civil engineering. Since about 1900, more then 100 immersed tunnels have been constructed. Bridges are the most common structures used for crossing water bodies. In some cases immersed tunnels also used which run beneath the sea or river bed. But when the bed is too rocky ,too deep or too undulating submerged floating tunnels are used .
The Submerged Floating Tunnel concept was first conceived at the beginning of the century, but no actual project was undertaken until recently. As the needs of society for regional growth and the protection of the environment have assumed increased importance, in this wider context the submerged floating tunnel offers new opportunities. The submerged floating tunnel is an innovative concept for crossing waterways, utilizing the law of buoyancy to support the structure at a moderate and convenient depth .The Submerged floating Tunnel is a tube like structure made of Steel and Concrete utilizing the law of buoyancy .It supported on columns or held in place by tethers attached to the sea floor or by pontoons floating on the surface. The Submerged floating tunnel utilizes lakes and waterways to carry traffic under water and on to the other side, where it can be conveniently linked to the rural network or to the underground infrastructure of modern cities.
Tube like structure made up from steel & concrete under water bodies called submerged Floating Tunnel. Advantages of this structure is less energy consumption, reduces air & noise pollution. This structure is under the water so ships can easily pass over it.
Connecting opposite shores of a lake, sea or river, has always been one of
the major tasks to be faced by Civil Engineering, it being a fundamental need
for the development of the areas surrounding a waterway. Nowadays, this
issue is still topical and of great importance, as it is proved by the numerous
large infrastructures which have been built or planned to be built in the last
years all over the world, such as, for instance the Channel Tunnel, linking the
shores of France with the ones of the United Kingdom, the Immersed Tunnel
under construction in the Bosporus Strait (Turkey) or the Suspension Bridge
designed to connect Calabria and Sicily in the Messina Strait (Italy).
Numerous other important and noticeable cases could be mentioned, however
the aforementioned ones probably represent the most advanced examples of
the structural solutions which are traditionally most widely used to link areas
divided by the presence of waterways: Cable Supported Bridges (i.e.
Suspension or Cable stayed Bridges), Underground Tunnels and Immersed
Tunnels.
An underwater tunnel is a passage, gallery, or roadway beneath a body of water. Underwater tunnels are used for highway traffic, railroads, and subways; to transport water, sewage, oil, and gas; to divert rivers around dam sites while the dam is being built; and for military and civil defence purposes.
Modern underwater tunnelling begins by constructing an immersed tube within a pre-dug trench on the river or sea floor. To do this, pre-fabricated sections of steel tube are floated into position and strategically sunk into the trench.
The complexity of the design issues related to these classic technological solutions, increases as the distance to be covered grows up, so that the
crossing of long span waterways can be, in many cases, very difficult and
sometimes impossible. Moreover, the traditional systems feature some
disadvantages which in some cases are of great importance, leading to the
necessity to find alternative technical solutions.
Necessity/advantage of a tunnel, Classification of Tunnels,
Size and shape of a tunnel, Alignment of a Tunnel, Portals and Shafts,
Methods of Tunneling in Hard Rock and Soft ground, Mucking, Lighting
and Ventilation in tunnel, Dust control, Drainage of tunnels, Safety in
tunnel construction.
Soil nailing is a technique used to reinforce and strengthen existing ground.Soil nailing consists of installing closely spaced bars into a slope or excavation as construction proceeds from top down.It is an effective and economical method of constructing retaining wall for excavation support, support of hill cuts, bridge abutments and high ways.This process is effective in cohesive soil, broken rock, shale or fixed face conditions.
In this presentation i have gone through about various prospects and challenges that have been faced at the time of installation,its types,method of installation &its application.
Different modes of water distribution and their mechanism
Characteristics of a good pipe material and its types
Manufacturing methods, properties, advantages and disadvantages of different types of pipe materials
Pipe material selection
Pipe networks and joints
Types of joints in pipe network and their specifications
Steps involved in laying of pipelines
8.1 Pipe Materials
8.1.1 Requirements of Good Pipe materials
8.1.2 Types of Pipe Materials
8.2 Pipe Joints
8.3 Laying of Pipes
Shotcrete normally has a greater compressive strength then cast in place concrete due to lower water to cement ratio.
The guniting is the most effective process of repairing concrete work which has been damaged due to inferior work or other reasons. It is also used for providing an impervious layer.
Immersed tube tunnel is an alternative to bridges and bored tunnels for the crossing of harbors/rivers. Different strategies were considered for the construction of the immersed tunnels in India from different projects around the world during the project.
Tube like structure made up from steel & concrete under water bodies called submerged Floating Tunnel. Advantages of this structure is less energy consumption, reduces air & noise pollution. This structure is under the water so ships can easily pass over it.
Connecting opposite shores of a lake, sea or river, has always been one of
the major tasks to be faced by Civil Engineering, it being a fundamental need
for the development of the areas surrounding a waterway. Nowadays, this
issue is still topical and of great importance, as it is proved by the numerous
large infrastructures which have been built or planned to be built in the last
years all over the world, such as, for instance the Channel Tunnel, linking the
shores of France with the ones of the United Kingdom, the Immersed Tunnel
under construction in the Bosporus Strait (Turkey) or the Suspension Bridge
designed to connect Calabria and Sicily in the Messina Strait (Italy).
Numerous other important and noticeable cases could be mentioned, however
the aforementioned ones probably represent the most advanced examples of
the structural solutions which are traditionally most widely used to link areas
divided by the presence of waterways: Cable Supported Bridges (i.e.
Suspension or Cable stayed Bridges), Underground Tunnels and Immersed
Tunnels.
An underwater tunnel is a passage, gallery, or roadway beneath a body of water. Underwater tunnels are used for highway traffic, railroads, and subways; to transport water, sewage, oil, and gas; to divert rivers around dam sites while the dam is being built; and for military and civil defence purposes.
Modern underwater tunnelling begins by constructing an immersed tube within a pre-dug trench on the river or sea floor. To do this, pre-fabricated sections of steel tube are floated into position and strategically sunk into the trench.
The complexity of the design issues related to these classic technological solutions, increases as the distance to be covered grows up, so that the
crossing of long span waterways can be, in many cases, very difficult and
sometimes impossible. Moreover, the traditional systems feature some
disadvantages which in some cases are of great importance, leading to the
necessity to find alternative technical solutions.
Necessity/advantage of a tunnel, Classification of Tunnels,
Size and shape of a tunnel, Alignment of a Tunnel, Portals and Shafts,
Methods of Tunneling in Hard Rock and Soft ground, Mucking, Lighting
and Ventilation in tunnel, Dust control, Drainage of tunnels, Safety in
tunnel construction.
Soil nailing is a technique used to reinforce and strengthen existing ground.Soil nailing consists of installing closely spaced bars into a slope or excavation as construction proceeds from top down.It is an effective and economical method of constructing retaining wall for excavation support, support of hill cuts, bridge abutments and high ways.This process is effective in cohesive soil, broken rock, shale or fixed face conditions.
In this presentation i have gone through about various prospects and challenges that have been faced at the time of installation,its types,method of installation &its application.
Different modes of water distribution and their mechanism
Characteristics of a good pipe material and its types
Manufacturing methods, properties, advantages and disadvantages of different types of pipe materials
Pipe material selection
Pipe networks and joints
Types of joints in pipe network and their specifications
Steps involved in laying of pipelines
8.1 Pipe Materials
8.1.1 Requirements of Good Pipe materials
8.1.2 Types of Pipe Materials
8.2 Pipe Joints
8.3 Laying of Pipes
Shotcrete normally has a greater compressive strength then cast in place concrete due to lower water to cement ratio.
The guniting is the most effective process of repairing concrete work which has been damaged due to inferior work or other reasons. It is also used for providing an impervious layer.
Immersed tube tunnel is an alternative to bridges and bored tunnels for the crossing of harbors/rivers. Different strategies were considered for the construction of the immersed tunnels in India from different projects around the world during the project.
Underground Construction provides construction, technical and management services to its customers. The company specializes in power, communications, airport fueling and heavy engineering. Since laying its first pipe in 1936, Underground Construction has completed thousands of projects throughout the United States.
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Self-curing concrete is achieved by means of replacing a part of aggregate by lightweight aggregate or adding chemical admixtures. The self-curing process of concrete takes place from inside to outside, thus reducing the autogenous shrinkage and self-desiccation, especially for the high-performance concrete with relatively low water/binder ratio.
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Trenchless construction. Trenchless construction includes such construction methods as tunneling, microtunneling (MTM), horizontal directional drilling (HDD) also known as directional boring, pipe ramming (PR), pipe jacking (PJ), moling, horizontal auger boring (HAB) and other methods for the installation of pipelines and cables below the ground with minimal excavation.
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A stressed ribbon bridge (also stress-ribbon bridge or catenary bridge) is a tension structure (similar in many ways to a simple suspension bridge). The suspension cables are embedded in the deck which follows a catenary arc between supports. Unlike the simple span, the ribbon is stressed in traction, which adds to the stiffness of the structure (simple suspension spans tend to sway and bounce).
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The process of self-healing of cracks or self-filling up of cracks by the help of bacterial reaction in the concrete after hardening is known as Self-Healing Concrete. It can be observed that small cracks that occur in a structure of width in the range of 0.05 to 0.1mm gets completely sealed in repetitive dry and wet cycles.
The typical deflection diagrams shown in figures 1 and 2 indicate that all the high strength concrete beams had adequate ductility and Structural Behaviour of High Strength Concrete Beams 135 showed substantial deflections at failure. The ulti- mate deflections shown in Table 3 were measured prior to failure as near to collapse as possible.
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Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is a lightweight, precast, foam concrete building material suitable for producing concrete masonry unit (CMU) like blocks. Composed of quartz sand , calcined gypsum , lime , cement , water and aluminum powder , AAC products are cured under heat and pressure in an autoclave .
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The bundled tube structure meant that "buildings no longer need be boxlike in appearance: they could become sculpture." Hybrids. Hybrids include a varied category of structures where the basic concept of tube is used, and supplemented by other structural support(s).
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marble slurry dust as cement additive , The research on the use of marble dust in concrete , , disadvantages of marble dust and quarry dust additive in concrete; Chat Now; disadvantage of using quarry dust in concrete
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Computer Ethics: Ethics is a set of moral principles that govern the behavior of a group or individual. Therefore, computer ethics is set of moral principles that regulate the use of computers. Some common issues of computer ethics include intellectual property rights (such as copyrighted electronic content), privacy concerns, and how ...
CIVIL SEMINAR REPORT :USE OF GEOGRIDS IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT. Geogrids can also prevent aggregate penetration into the subgrade, depending on the ability of the geogrid to confine and prevent lateral displacement of the base/sub-base. However, the geogrid does not prevent intrusion of subgrade soils up into the base/sub-base course,...
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Waste water purification using cnstructed wetlandsAglaia Connect
Constructed Wetlands Treatment of Municipal Wastewater (PDF) (166 pp, 1.6 MB, About PDF) This document describes using constructed wetlands as a functional part of wastewater management. This document is not intended to be guidance or a support document for a specific regulatory program.
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
2. CONTENTS
• SUBMERGED FLOATING TUNNEL
• TRANSATLANTIC TUNNEL
• REASON FOR FLOATING
• CONSTRUCTION OF TUNNEL
• COMPONENTS OF TUNNEL
• PROBLEMS TO BE FACED
• CONCLUSION
• REFERANCES
3. The Submerged Floating Tunnel
• The Submerged floating Tunnel is a tube like structure of
Steel or Concrete made to through buoyancy and
supported on columns or held in place by tethers
attached to the sea floor or by pontoons floating on the
surface.
• The Submerged floating tunnel utilizes lakes and
waterways to carry traffic under water and on to the other
side, where it can be conveniently linked to the rural
network or to the underground infrastructure of modern
cities.
4. • In recent times, the needs of society for regional growth
and the protection of the environment have assumed
increased importance. In this wider context the
submerged floating tunnel offers new opportunities.
• The submerged floating tunnel is an innovative concept
for crossing waterways, utilizing the law of buoyancy to
support the structure at a moderate and convenient
depth.
5. • The beauty of the bridge is that it takes over
to the other side. The beauty of the bridge is
also the aesthetic impression.
• Sometimes it might be best if the bridge was
not there, because of the environmental
impact a bridge may have, such as noise,
pollution and disruption to the scenery. But
then you cannot get across – to the other
side.
9. TRANSATLANTIC TUNNEL
• A Transatlantic tunnel is a theoretical tunnel
which would span the Atlantic Ocean between
North America and Europe and would carry
some sort of mass transit—trains are envisioned
in most proposals. Using advanced
technologies, speeds of 300 to 5,000 mph (500
to 800 km/h) are envisioned.
10. Yellow - New York -
Greenland, Great
Britain & Norway
Red -
direct to
London.
11. • Plans for such a tunnel have not progressed beyond the
conceptual stage, and no one is actively pursuing such a
project.
• The main barriers to constructing such a tunnel are
cost—as much as $12 trillion and the limits of current
materials science.
• A Transatlantic Tunnel is 215 times longer than the
longest current tunnel and would cost perhaps 3000 times
as much.
12. REASON FOR FLOATING
• Floating tunnel is the totally new concept and never
before use even for very small length.
• It can be observed that depth from place to place on a
great extent. The max depth is up to 8 km. also at
certain sections. (avg. Depth 3.3 km)
• The two more alternatives are available for
constructions are bridge above water level or tunnel
below ground level.
13. But as we seen,
the depth is up to 8 km it is impossible to construct
concrete columns of such height.
Secondly,
If we go for 2nd option,
the pressure below 8km from sea surface is nearly about
500 times than atmospheric pressure so one can not
survive in such a high pressure zone.
14. • Therefore, floating tunnel is finalised which is at a depth
30m from sea level At which there is no problem of high
pressure. This is sufficient to go any big ship to pass over
it without any obstruction.
20. COMPONENTS OF TUNNEL
Following are the main components of this Tunnel
• Gasket/shell
• Sea anchors
• Utility conduits and service port
• Vacuum pumps
• Maglev train
• Guide ways
21. GASKET/SHELL
• As the tunnel is situated at a depth of 30m, it should be
perfectly water tight and secondly it should resist the
salty sea water and thirdly it should be withstand against
hydrostatic forces coming on it.
• Therefore it is made of 4 layers. Outermost layer is
constructed of aluminium to resist the salty sea water.
Second and third layer is made of the foam to float the
tunnel easily in water. Fourth layer is of concrete which
gives strength to the tunnel.
22. • As the length of tunnel is very large, it is not possible to
construct the tunnel at situ. Therefore it is made up of
54000 precast units. These units are casted on shore
and transported to place where they have to fix the units
with two large floating platforms.
23. SEA ANCHORS
• As the tunnel is in the Atlantic Ocean, it should have to
face high current velocity in Atlantic Ocean.
• The tunnel should not deflect much with water current.
Therefore it anchored to the sea bed with the help of steel
anchors.
24. The procedure is as follows
• First, ropes are attached to a block and this block is
inserted in sea bed water come out from top and
forms a hydrostatics seal which holds the block
firmly in sea bed.
25. VACUUM PUMP
• The train is running with such a thrilling speed of 5000
mph in the tunnel. The air resistance is too high on such a
high speed. Therefore to reduce it and increase the speed
of train, vacuum is created in tunnel.
• But creating vacuum in such a long tunnel is very difficult
task. With available equipments, 100 propellers of most
powerful boing jet are require to evacuate the air
continuously for 15 days. The vacuum pumps are installed
throughout the length of tunnel to maintain the vacuum in
it.
26. SERVICE PORT
• The tunnel is powered by electrically which should be
available for entire length of tunnel. These electrical wires
are carried out through utility conduits.
• The two service ports are provided in tunnel, one above and
other below the track conduit. These are provided for
communication and access for repair works.
27.
28. MAGLEV TRAIN
• These are magnetically elevated trains. These trains do
not run over the track but floats slightly above the track.
• Thus we can achieve practically zero tractive resistance
between train and track.
• Further this train will pass though vacuum, which
increase the speed of train.
• The sensation of flying at 400mph with no engine noise or
vibration will make the journey through the tunnel a
unique experience.
• Special rotating and pivoting seats are provided to further
reduce the effect of gravitational force.
29.
30.
31. CHALLENGES TO BE FACED
• Cost: - Due to lots of material and
machinery involved in project, estimated
cost is nearly 1.2 Thousand crore dollars.
• Fire: - It is difficult to rescue people if fire
will break out in train and also to face the problems
due to the smoke of fire.
32. • Collision: - If in case of collision of two
trains took place , it is very
difficult to rescue the people.
• No Stoppage: - It is very difficult to stop
the train travelling on
such a high speed.
34. CONCLUSION
• The tunnel will set new trends in transportation
engineering and which shows with the advances in
technology we can reduce the time required for travelling
and make the transportation more effective.
• By hiding the traffic under water, the beauty of landscape
is maintained and valuable land is available for other
purposes. Benefits can be obtained with respect to energy
consumption, air pollution and reduced noise emission.
35. • For wide and deep crossings the submerged floating
tunnel may be the only feasible fix link , replacing
present days ferries and providing local communities
with new opportunities for improved communication and
regional development.