The process of self-healing of cracks or self-filling up of cracks by the help of bacterial reaction in the concrete after hardening is known as Self-Healing Concrete. It can be observed that small cracks that occur in a structure of width in the range of 0.05 to 0.1mm gets completely sealed in repetitive dry and wet cycles.
Self healing concrete are those concrete which heals the crack itself .How the technology is changing the concrete Industry and how can we get the benefit is described here.
concrete is widely used around the world. the consumption rate of cement of a country gives the development rate of the country. hence concrete is used in most of the construction works. concrete tends to crack when there is air voids etc. this ill further corrode the reinforcement and cause in destruction of the structure. bio concrete is a type of concrete hat will help in closing those cracks by itself.
Self healing concrete are those concrete which heals the crack itself .How the technology is changing the concrete Industry and how can we get the benefit is described here.
concrete is widely used around the world. the consumption rate of cement of a country gives the development rate of the country. hence concrete is used in most of the construction works. concrete tends to crack when there is air voids etc. this ill further corrode the reinforcement and cause in destruction of the structure. bio concrete is a type of concrete hat will help in closing those cracks by itself.
Formation of cracks in concrete is a common phenomenon that allows many chemicals, water to seep inside leading to decrease in durability, including progressive drop in concrete strength. The maintenance and repair of structural concrete is very complex phenomenon. Self-healing concrete, using bacteria at the time of mixing, is an impressive solution to overcome these kinds of adverse effects. It is an economical way is to prepare concrete of better quality. The study was carried out to investigate the concrete performance by adding bacteria “Bacillus subtilis”. This Self-Healing concrete is also known as as Bio-concrete. Bacteria was induced directly in the concrete mix along with calcium lactate i.e., an organic precursor producing calcium carbonate crystals that block cracks and pores in the concrete. Samples were made with different quantities of bacteria and results showed significant increase in compressive strength of concrete and decrease in permeability. The concrete micro-structure was observed under SEM which also confirmed the experimental results obtained.
Self-healing concrete is the special type of concrete invented by a group of microbiology researchers under the head of henk jonkers. Bio concrete is also called as BACTERIAL CONCRETE or self-healing concrete. Its specially made to increase the lifespan or the durability of concrete structure by the self-healing action of that concrete
Cracking is a common phenomenon in concretes which may prove fatal to the structures by allowing water and various chemicals into the concrete decreasing its strength and making it less servicable. In order to make the cracks heal autonomously, we have developed so many processes. These processes have been explained in this presentation with experimental investigations. For the full-text report, mail me at manaruchimohapatra@gmail.com
A crisp and concise presentation on bendable concrete.
In this presentation introduction, ingredients, uses, advantages, disadvantages, environment friendliness of ECC are explained.
With the effective use of smart art the content is presented in an innovative way
Formation of cracks in concrete is a common phenomenon that allows many chemicals, water to seep inside leading to decrease in durability, including progressive drop in concrete strength. The maintenance and repair of structural concrete is very complex phenomenon. Self-healing concrete, using bacteria at the time of mixing, is an impressive solution to overcome these kinds of adverse effects. It is an economical way is to prepare concrete of better quality. The study was carried out to investigate the concrete performance by adding bacteria “Bacillus subtilis”. This Self-Healing concrete is also known as as Bio-concrete. Bacteria was induced directly in the concrete mix along with calcium lactate i.e., an organic precursor producing calcium carbonate crystals that block cracks and pores in the concrete. Samples were made with different quantities of bacteria and results showed significant increase in compressive strength of concrete and decrease in permeability. The concrete micro-structure was observed under SEM which also confirmed the experimental results obtained.
Self-healing concrete is the special type of concrete invented by a group of microbiology researchers under the head of henk jonkers. Bio concrete is also called as BACTERIAL CONCRETE or self-healing concrete. Its specially made to increase the lifespan or the durability of concrete structure by the self-healing action of that concrete
Cracking is a common phenomenon in concretes which may prove fatal to the structures by allowing water and various chemicals into the concrete decreasing its strength and making it less servicable. In order to make the cracks heal autonomously, we have developed so many processes. These processes have been explained in this presentation with experimental investigations. For the full-text report, mail me at manaruchimohapatra@gmail.com
A crisp and concise presentation on bendable concrete.
In this presentation introduction, ingredients, uses, advantages, disadvantages, environment friendliness of ECC are explained.
With the effective use of smart art the content is presented in an innovative way
Cracks in concrete are inevitable and are one of the inherent weaknesses of concrete. Water and other salts seep through these cracks, corrosion initiates, and thus reduces the life of concrete. So there was a need to develop an inherent biomaterial, a self - repairing material which can remediate the cracks and fissures in concrete. Bacterial concrete is a material, which can successfully remediate cracks in concrete. This technique is highly desirable because the mineral precipitation induced as a result of microbial activities is pollution free and natural. As the cell wall of bacteria is anionic, metal accumulation (calcite) on the surface of the wall is substantial, thus the entire cell becomes crystalline and they eventually plug the pores and cracks in concrete. This paper discusses the plugging of artificially cracked cement mortar using Bacillus Pasteurii bacteria combined with sand as a filling material in artificially made cuts in cement mortar which was cured in urea and Calcium chloride medium. The effect on the compressive strength and stiffness of the cement mortar cubes due to the mixing of bacteria is also discussed in this paper. It was found that use of bacteria improves the stiffness and compressive strength of concrete. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to document the role of bacteria in microbiologically induced mineral precipitation. Rod like impressions were found on the face of calcite crystals indicating the presence of bacteria in those places.
In this study, bacterial concrete is to be prepared under grade of concrete OPC 43.The design mix proportioning also carried under IS code provision. Testing of specimens are carried at 7 days ,14 days and 28 days of curing by Compression Testing Machine and Universal Testing Machine for corresponding specimens. The Compressive Strength and Flexural Strength of Bacterial Concrete are found.
Comparitive study on Improvement on the Concrete Cracks by using Bacillus Pas...ijsrd.com
Cracks are one of the naturally weaknesses of concrete and they are irreversible. Bacillus Sphaericus and Bacillus Pastuerii are common soil bacterium induce the precipitation of calcite exhibited its positive potential in selectively consolidating simulated fractures in the consolidation of sand. A comparative study on effect of crack repair by different bacteria on compression, flexural and durability tested on mortar cubes and concrete beams. The effect of different depth of crack on the compression, flexural and durability of concrete was studied. It was found that all the increase in depth of crack reduce the strength of cubes and beams.
Improvement on the concrete cracks by using Bacillus pastueriiijsrd.com
Cracks in concrete are irreversible and are one of the naturally weaknesses of concrete. Bacillus Pasteruii, a common soil bacterium induce the precipitation of calcite exhibited its positive potential in selectively consolidating simulated fractures in the consolidation of sand. A compression, flexural and durability tested on mortar cubes and concrete beams treated with bacteria were studied. The effect of different depth of crack on the compression, flexural and durability of concrete was studied. It was found that all the increase in depth of crack reduce the strength of cubes and beams.
The present case sudy is about the upcoming marine structures and methods to deal with the deterioration of structures with the help of bacterial injection in concrete.
Self healing matrix formed by the bacteria excreates calcium components to heal concrete
The objective of the present investigation is to obtain the influence of facultative bacteria (Bacillus Cereus) on the strength of concrete made with and without bacteria. Three different cell concentrations (102,107, 1010 cells/ml) of bacteria are used in making the concrete mixes. In making concrete, one control specimen is prepared and three more mixes are also prepared by voluntarily replacing of 10, 20 and 30 litres of bacterial nutrient medium with water. Split Tensile strength test is performed at the age of 7, 14 and 28 days. Test results indicate that inclusion of Bacillus Cereus in concrete enhances the compressive strength. Maximum 25.64% increase in compressive strength is observed with 107 cells/ml of bacteria. The improvement in strength takes place due to microbiologically induced calcite precipitation (MICP). MICP is a layer of highly impermeable calcite deposition on the surface of already existing concrete layer. The effect of MICP is quantified by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis and visualized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
Nanotechnology ("nanotech") is manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale. The earliest, widespread description of nanotechnology[1][2] referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabrication of macroscale products, also now referred to as molecular nanotechnology. A more generalized description of nanotechnology was subsequently established by the National Nanotechnology Initiative, which defines nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers. This definition reflects the fact that quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale, and so the definition shifted from a particular technological goal to a research category inclusive of all types of research and technologies that deal with the special properties of matter which occur below the given size threshold. It is therefore common to see the plural form "nanotechnologies" as well as "nanoscale technologies" to refer to the broad range of research and applications whose common trait is size. Because of the variety of potential applications (including industrial and military), governments have invested billions of dollars in nanotechnology research. Through 2012, the USA has invested $3.7 billion using its National Nanotechnology Initiative, the European Union has invested $1.2 billion, and Japan has invested $750 million.[3]
Nanotechnology as defined by size is naturally very broad, including fields of science as diverse as surface science, organic chemistry, molecular biology, semiconductor physics, energy storage,[4][5] microfabrication,[6] molecular engineering, etc.[7] The associated research and applications are equally diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly,[8] from developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to direct control of matter on the atomic scale.
Scientists currently debate the future implications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology may be able to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications, such as in nanomedicine, nanoelectronics, biomaterials energy production, and consumer products. On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as any new technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials,[9] and their potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday scenarios. These concerns have led to a debate among advocacy groups and governments on whether special regulation of nanotechnology is warranted.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
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2. INTRODUCTION :
• Concrete is a material which is the most widely used building
material in the world.
• Natural processes such as weathering, faults, land subsidence,
earthquakes, and human activities creates cracks in concrete
structures.
• Concrete expands and shrinks with changes in moisture and
temperature and this tendency to shrink and expands causes
cracks in concrete.
3. • We do not like cracks in concrete because cracks
form an open pathway to the reinforcement and can
lead to durability problems like corrosion of the steel
bars.
• These cracks should be repaired because they can
reduce the service life of structure.
• In case of historical monuments cracks spoils the
appearance of structure.
• Remediation of already existing cracks has been
subject of research for many years.
4. • The various product such as structural epoxy, resins,
epoxy mortar, and other synthetic mixtures are used as
filling material but they are not environmentally friendly
not even safe for human health.
• Here are some four possible mechanisms given for self
healing of concrete which are as under :
1.) Formation of material like calcite
2.) Blocking of the path by sedimentation of Particles
3.) Continued hydration of cement particles
4.) Swelling of the surrounding cement matrix.
6. BACTERIAL CONCRETE :
• The "Bacterial Concrete" is a concrete which can be made by
adding bacteria in the concrete that are able to constantly
precipitate calcite, this phenomenon is called microbiologically
induced calcite precipitation.
• It is process by which living organisms form an inorganic
solids.
• It is same process as we people are producing teeth and
bones.
7. • “Bacillus Pasteruii ” is a common soil bacterium, which
can continuously precipitate a new impermeable calcite
layer over the surface of concrete.
• Favorable condition does not exist in concrete because
of its alkaline nature, pH value of concrete is very high.
• In extreme alkaline environment pH of 12 in not
favorable for growth of this bacteria, its optimum pH
for growth is 9, but bacteria has an ability to produce
such material to maintain pH.
8. HOW DOES BACTERIA REMEDIATE
CRACKS ?
• As we have seen in previous slides “Bacillus pasteurii”
have an ability to precipitate calcite in environment.
• This process of microbiologically induced calcium
carbonate precipitation is having a complex biochemical
reactions.
• B. Pasteurii produces urea which catalyzes to produce
CO2 and ammonia, due to the ammonia pH of concrete
9. • There is a medium of nutrient urea and CaCl2 is used to
grow the bacteria and also to control the pH.
• After this process in surroundings ions Ca2+ And
CO3
2- precipitate as CaCO3.
• This following equations summarize the whole process:
Ca2+ + Cell Cell-Ca2+
Cl- + HCO3
- + NH3 NH4Cl + CO3
2-
2+ 2-
13. (1) EFFECT OF BACTERIA TO
VARIOUS DEPTH OF
CRACKS ON STIFFNESS• Beam size of 152×25.4×25.4 mm
• Cured for 28 days and keep exposed to air for 3 months
• Artificial cracks of depth 3.2mm and 9.5mm were cut on
beam
• For each depth of crack made 10 specimen among them
5-were filled with bacteria
5- without bacteria kept as it is
• Tested using one point loading system
14. • From the results graph of load and deflection were drawn
from the slope of that curve stiffness is calculated.
• In results it is obviously deeper cuts have shown lower
stiffness value than shallower cuts
• In beams where bacteria were provided showed more
effective remediation of cracks than other without bacteria
• Stiffness of beams which were having bacteria showed
increase in stiffness by 24% and 14% in beams with
having depth 3.2mm and 9.5mm respectively.
15. COMPARISON OF STIFFNESS VALUE
FOR DIFFERENT CRACK DEPTHS:
30
32
34
36
38
40
3.175 9.525
with bacteria
without bacteria
Stiffness
(N/mm)
Depth of crack (mm)
16. (2) EFFECT OF BACTERIA TO
VARIOUS DEPTHS OF CRACK ON
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH:• cube size 50.8×50.8×50.8 mm
• Cured for 28 days kept exposed to air for 3 months
• Cracks of depth 12.7mm, 19.05mm, 25.4mm were made
• For each crack depth 10 Specimen were made among them
5- with bacteria and
5-without bacteria
17. COMPARISON OF COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH OF CUBES WITH
VARIOUS CRACK DEPTH:
0
10
20
30
40
50
12.7
19
25.4
with bacteria
without bacteria
Compress-
ive strength
in(Mpa)
Depth of crack(mm)
18. • Result showed increase in compressive strength of
specimen with bacteria but in crack of depth
25.4mm it showed more significant result that its
compressive increased by 80%
19. (3)EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT
CONCENTRATION OF BACTERIA ON
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH:
• Same specimen were made as it was in previous
experiment
• Cracks of depth 3.2mm and 25.4 mm were made
• Total 9 specimen were made for each crack
• Added bacteria of following concentration:
4.3× 108 cells/ml of water
20. COMPARISON OF COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH OF CONCRETE MADE WITH
VARIOUS CONCENTRATION OF
BACTERIA:
0
10
20
30
40
50
4.3*10^8 8.6*10^8 4.3*10^9 without
bacteria
Compressive
strength
in(Mpa)
specimens
21. • In result specimen which were treated with bacteria
showed higher compressive strength.
• From results at concentration of 8.6× 108 cells/ml
found increase maximum compressive strength and
this concentration is taken as optimum
concentration.
• Reason why higher concentration did not give
higher compressive strength may be because
greater population of bacteria did not have enough
nutrients to share.
22. (4)EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT
CONCENTRATION OF BACTERIA ON
ALKALI AGGREGATE REACTIVITY :
• Size of beam- 285.75×25.4×25.4mm
• 20 specimen were made, among them 16 were
made with different concentration of bacteria and 4
without bacteria
• specimen were placed in moist cabinet for 24 hrs
and cured for 7 days, and then transferred into
plastic container having tap water at 800 C for 24
hrs
23. • Readings were taken at every 3,5,7,11 and 14 days
• Reading were taken on length comparator to measure the
expansion occurred due to alkali aggregate reaction
• From result it showed that beam without bacteria were
having more expansion as compare to other having
different concentration of bacteria.
• The reason in having less expansion is due to formation of
calcite on the surface and in internal part of concrete.
24. COMPARISON OF MEAN EXPANSION
OF CONCRETE MADE WITH AND
WITHOUT BACTERIA SUBJECTED TO
ALKALI ATTACK:
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
3 days 7 days 11 days 14 days
control
1*10^6
1*10^7
8.6*10^8
1*10^9
Mean
expansion (%)
Age(days)
25. (5)EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT
CONCENTRATION OF BACTERIA ON
SULFATE ATTACK RESISTANCE :• Same size of beams as used in previous example
• Total 20 specimen were made among them 16 made with
bacteria and 4 made without bacteria it were cured for 7
days.
• Specimen were than placed in sodium sulfate solution
26. COMPARISON OF MEAN EXPANSION
OF CONCRETE MADE WITH AND
WITHOUT BACTERIA SUBJECTED TO
SULFATE ATTACK:
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63
control
1*10^6
8.6*0^8
1*10^9
Mean
expansion(%)
Immersion age
(days)
27. (6)EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT
CONCENTRATION OF BACTERIA ON
FREEZE AND THAW ACTION:• Size of beam- 285.75×76.2×76.2mm
• Total 12 specimen were made having different
concentration among them 9 were made with bacteria and
3 were made without bacteria, they were cured for 7 day.
• For freezing and thawing effect temperature was lowered to
4.40 to -17.80 C and raising it from -17.80 to 4.40. the
specimen were removed in thawing phase only.
• Results were taken at every 30 cycles. In following graph
28. COMPARISON OF WEIGHT CHANGE OF
CONCRETE MADE WITH AND WITHOUT
BACTERIA SUBJECTED FREEZE AND
THAW ACTION:
0
20
40
60
80
100
control 1*10^6 1*10^7 8.6*10^8
0 cycles
210 cycles
Weight change (%)
Mix designation
29. SCANNING ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY INVESTIGATION:
• This analysis is done due to the following reasons:
• To give visual documentation of extent of mineral precipitation
in various region within the cement mortar
• to confirm the elemental composition of the mineral
precipitation
• To identify microscopic evidence supporting the precipitation of
bacteria in mineral precipitation
30. MAGNIFIED IMAGE OF HEXAGONAL
SHAPED CALCITE CRYSTAL WHICH
INDICATES FULL GROWTH OF
CRYSTALS:
34. COMPARISON OF % ELEMENTS IN
SURFACE-1 AND SURFACE-2 :
ELEMENT SURFACE-1
(%)
SURFACE-2
(%)
Na 0.3 0.5
Mg 0.05 0.6
Al 7.1 0.2
Si 25.9 1.0
S 0 0
Cl 0.2 0
K 15.2 0
Ca 8.4 68.8
Fe 0.3 0
O 42.5 29.2
35. CONCLUSION :
• It was found that beams with micro crack remediated with
bacterial concentration of 8.6× 108 cells/ml of water
regained 80% of its original strength.
• Higher concentration reduced the regaining strength of
concrete.
• It was found that specimen with bacteria improved its
permeability and resistance to alkaline environment,
sulfate attack and freeze- thaw action.
36. • Thus we can say that crack remediated with bacteria can
improve the strength and durability of structure.
• This all observation were done in America this results we
cannot directly considered valid for our country because of
difference in temperature, humidity, type of concrete, control
on various parameters such as type of concrete mix, etc.
• In India porosity and permeability of concrete should be
studied because they are the main causes of distress in
many structures.
37. • If this method once studied in Indian environment then it
can be used in crack remediation in many structures
having more importance and containing hazardous
material.
• In India Nuclear Power Corporation has started working
on the research of bacterial concrete for using it in
nuclear power plant.
38. REFERENCES:
• Ramachandran, S.K., Ramakrishnan, V., and Bang, S.S.,
“Remediation of Concrete using Microorganisms”, ACI
Materials Journal, v.98, No.1, pp. 3-9, Jan-Feb 2001.
• Ramakrishnan, V., Ramesh Panchalan., and Bang, S.S.,
“Bacterial Concrete- A Self Remediating Biomaterial”
Proceedings of 10th International Congress on the Polymers
in Concrete, Hawaii, May 2001.
• A Text book of concrete technology by M.S.SHETTY…
• http://www.tudelft.nl/live/pagina.jsp?id=8691221d-ebab-
4841-97cb-1cfacad3a4bc&lang=nl
• http://www.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_i
d=13570058