Trenchless construction. Trenchless construction includes such construction methods as tunneling, microtunneling (MTM), horizontal directional drilling (HDD) also known as directional boring, pipe ramming (PR), pipe jacking (PJ), moling, horizontal auger boring (HAB) and other methods for the installation of pipelines and cables below the ground with minimal excavation.
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Vibro replacement stone columns are a ground improvement technique to improve the load bearing capacity and reduce the settlement of the soil. On many occasions, it is noted that the local soil is, by nature, unable to bear the proposed structure, so the use of ground improvement techniques may be necessary. Use of stone columns is one such technique. The stone column consists of crushed coarse aggregates of various sizes. The ratio in which the stones of different sizes will be mixed is decided by design criteria
Trenchless Technology is the the science science of installing, repairing and renewing underground pipes, ducts and cables using techniques which minimize or eliminate the need for excavation.
It is basically basically making a tunnel below the surface and installing service lines like water or gas pipes, pipes, electric or tele communication cables etc.,with out any disruption to the public .
Dewatering is the removal of water from solid material or soil by wet classification, centrifugation , filtration, or similar solid-liquid separation processes, such as removal of residual liquid from a filter cake by a filter press as part of various industrial processes.
- The Caissons is used for the purpose of placing a foundation in correct position under water.
- Three types of Caissons
1) Open Caisson
2) Box Caisson
3) Pneumatic Caisson
Bearing capacity of shallow foundations by abhishek sharma ABHISHEK SHARMA
elements you should know about bearing capacity of shallow foundations are included in it. various indian standards are also used. Bearing capacity theories by various researchers are also included. numericals from GATE CE and ESE CE are also included.
PILE FOUNDATIONS. This layer cannot support the weight of the building, so the loads of the building have to bypass this layer and be transferred to the layer of stronger soil or rock that is below the weak layer. When a building has very heavy, concentrated loads, such as in a high rise structure, bridge, or water tank.
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Vibro replacement stone columns are a ground improvement technique to improve the load bearing capacity and reduce the settlement of the soil. On many occasions, it is noted that the local soil is, by nature, unable to bear the proposed structure, so the use of ground improvement techniques may be necessary. Use of stone columns is one such technique. The stone column consists of crushed coarse aggregates of various sizes. The ratio in which the stones of different sizes will be mixed is decided by design criteria
Trenchless Technology is the the science science of installing, repairing and renewing underground pipes, ducts and cables using techniques which minimize or eliminate the need for excavation.
It is basically basically making a tunnel below the surface and installing service lines like water or gas pipes, pipes, electric or tele communication cables etc.,with out any disruption to the public .
Dewatering is the removal of water from solid material or soil by wet classification, centrifugation , filtration, or similar solid-liquid separation processes, such as removal of residual liquid from a filter cake by a filter press as part of various industrial processes.
- The Caissons is used for the purpose of placing a foundation in correct position under water.
- Three types of Caissons
1) Open Caisson
2) Box Caisson
3) Pneumatic Caisson
Bearing capacity of shallow foundations by abhishek sharma ABHISHEK SHARMA
elements you should know about bearing capacity of shallow foundations are included in it. various indian standards are also used. Bearing capacity theories by various researchers are also included. numericals from GATE CE and ESE CE are also included.
PILE FOUNDATIONS. This layer cannot support the weight of the building, so the loads of the building have to bypass this layer and be transferred to the layer of stronger soil or rock that is below the weak layer. When a building has very heavy, concentrated loads, such as in a high rise structure, bridge, or water tank.
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No hay dos canales iguales. ¡Los canales pueden variar en tamaño desde una pequeña zanja de riego revestida de concreto hasta enormes canales principales donde el ancho superior es tan ancho como un campo de fútbol! En consecuencia, los equipos de canal están diseñados a medida para adaptarse a sus necesidades actuales y futuras. Donde hay largos tramos de canales a construir o donde habrá un programa continuo de construcción de canales en su área de mercado, los equipos de canal mecanizado de alta producción tienen sentido económico.
Directional Boring or Horizontal Directional Drilling has replaced all the traditional drilling methods. It has several benefits and has found its way into applications like waterways, roadways, and more. This technique is time-saving and requires less resources comparatively. This piece explains how the entire drilling process is performed while highlighting its benefits as well.
Shotcrete or sprayed concrete (Gunite®) is concrete or mortar conveyed through a hose and pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a surface, as a construction technique. It is typically reinforced by conventional steel rods, steel mesh, or fibers.
Shotcrete is usually an all-inclusive term for both the wet-mix and dry-mix versions. In pool construction, however, shotcrete refers to wet mix and gunite to dry mix. In this context, these terms are not interchangeable.
Shotcrete is placed and compacted at the same time, due to the force with the nozzle. It can be sprayed onto any type or shape of surface, including vertical or overhead areas.
Underground Construction provides construction, technical and management services to its customers. The company specializes in power, communications, airport fueling and heavy engineering. Since laying its first pipe in 1936, Underground Construction has completed thousands of projects throughout the United States.
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Self-curing concrete is achieved by means of replacing a part of aggregate by lightweight aggregate or adding chemical admixtures. The self-curing process of concrete takes place from inside to outside, thus reducing the autogenous shrinkage and self-desiccation, especially for the high-performance concrete with relatively low water/binder ratio.
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A stressed ribbon bridge (also stress-ribbon bridge or catenary bridge) is a tension structure (similar in many ways to a simple suspension bridge). The suspension cables are embedded in the deck which follows a catenary arc between supports. Unlike the simple span, the ribbon is stressed in traction, which adds to the stiffness of the structure (simple suspension spans tend to sway and bounce).
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The process of self-healing of cracks or self-filling up of cracks by the help of bacterial reaction in the concrete after hardening is known as Self-Healing Concrete. It can be observed that small cracks that occur in a structure of width in the range of 0.05 to 0.1mm gets completely sealed in repetitive dry and wet cycles.
The typical deflection diagrams shown in figures 1 and 2 indicate that all the high strength concrete beams had adequate ductility and Structural Behaviour of High Strength Concrete Beams 135 showed substantial deflections at failure. The ulti- mate deflections shown in Table 3 were measured prior to failure as near to collapse as possible.
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Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is a lightweight, precast, foam concrete building material suitable for producing concrete masonry unit (CMU) like blocks. Composed of quartz sand , calcined gypsum , lime , cement , water and aluminum powder , AAC products are cured under heat and pressure in an autoclave .
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A submerged floating tunnel, also known as submerged floating tube bridge, suspended tunnel, or Archimedes bridge, is a proposed design for a tunnel that floats in water, supported by its buoyancy. The tube would be placed underwater, deep enough to avoid water traffic and weather, but not so deep that high water pressure needs to be dealt with—usually 20–50 m is sufficient. Cables either anchored to the Earth or to pontoons at the surface would prevent it from floating to the surface or ...
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The bundled tube structure meant that "buildings no longer need be boxlike in appearance: they could become sculpture." Hybrids. Hybrids include a varied category of structures where the basic concept of tube is used, and supplemented by other structural support(s).
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marble slurry dust as cement additive , The research on the use of marble dust in concrete , , disadvantages of marble dust and quarry dust additive in concrete; Chat Now; disadvantage of using quarry dust in concrete
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Computer Ethics: Ethics is a set of moral principles that govern the behavior of a group or individual. Therefore, computer ethics is set of moral principles that regulate the use of computers. Some common issues of computer ethics include intellectual property rights (such as copyrighted electronic content), privacy concerns, and how ...
CIVIL SEMINAR REPORT :USE OF GEOGRIDS IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT. Geogrids can also prevent aggregate penetration into the subgrade, depending on the ability of the geogrid to confine and prevent lateral displacement of the base/sub-base. However, the geogrid does not prevent intrusion of subgrade soils up into the base/sub-base course,...
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Waste water purification using cnstructed wetlandsAglaia Connect
Constructed Wetlands Treatment of Municipal Wastewater (PDF) (166 pp, 1.6 MB, About PDF) This document describes using constructed wetlands as a functional part of wastewater management. This document is not intended to be guidance or a support document for a specific regulatory program.
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
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Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Application
• Advantages
• Limitation
• Trenchless technology method
• Investigations
• Prospect of adopting trenchless technology in India
• Case study of San Diego Regional Airport Authority Fiber-Reinforced
CIPP (Cured in Place Pipe) Project
3. Introduction to topic
• Digging of open trenches is a common practice for laying
of almost all underground utility services.
• Cities with growing population have road congestion,
vehicular traffic jams, pollution problem etc.
• If streets are excavated for laying pipes and cables the
situation will more difficult.
• If it happens in rainy season it involves dewatering.
• To overcome this problem Trenchless Technology is the
best solution.
4. Definition
• Trenchless technology can be defined as an innovative
process of installing utilities, rehabilitating and
reconstructing the existing underground utilities without
digging the ground or minimum digging.
• It also means no demolition of buildings, dislocation of
traffic, or disruption of existing sub surface cable or pipe
network.
5. Application
• Gas pipeline
• Oil pipeline
• Water pipeline
• Sewer pipeline
• Electric power lines and cables
• Data communication cables
• Telecommunication cables
6. Advantages of trenchless
1) No Digging -
• The only digging involve for the access shaft located some 200M
spacing.
• Even this shaft can be covered up with steel plates over which the
traffic can flow during busy day time. During lean time traffic period
the shafts can be open up & the work can carry out.
• Therefore the disturbance to traffic is minimum or negligible.
2) Trenching below the structure -
• It can be used to lay the services below the valuable property and
existing structure like building and shades.
3) Across the River or Lake -
• It is very use full for laying the service line of gas line below the river
or lake.
7. Cont.
4) Time required -
• Trenchless excavation is much faster than a
conventional excavation which may also necessity extra
time for shoring, strutting, dewatering, backfilling etc. All
of these can be avoided in Trenchless excavation.
• Trenchless technology required about 1 to 3 days where
traditional digging required about 1 to 4 weeks.
5) Site space requirement -
• At crossing trenchless technique requires 30 m2 to 80
m2 area whereas traditional excavation requires @ 300
m2
8. Limitation
1) If the underground strata consist of both soil and
hard material like rock or boulders different type of
machine will be required which may inconvenient
and uneconomical.
2) Ground obstacle like existing services, old pipe
lines etc. May create a problem
3) Precise control of gradient and alignment are
sometime difficult to achieve, and large tolerance
should be acceptable with certain machine and in
certain ground condition.
9. cont.
4) Equipment for trenchless technology are presently not
manufactured in India, additional time has to allowed
while planning the work.
5) The machine operator should have extensive experience
in this work.
10. TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY
METHODS
• Trenchless technology methods system have been categorized
in to two groups
1) New installation
• Micro tunneling
• Horizontal directional drilling
• Short drive system
• Guided drilling
2) Rehabilitation and Renovation
• Pipe bursting
• Pipe eating
• Slip lining
• Lining Formed in Place
• Spray-On Lining
• Localized Repair
• Chemical Stabilization
11. MICRO TUNNELING
• Suitable for pipe dia. less than 1000mm and sewerage
work where surface disruption should be minimum.
• The only excavation required from the service is for drive
and receptions shafts. Soil may be removed from the face
by an auger running through the newly installed pipeline.
• water or bentonite may be used to convert the soil into
slurry at the cutting face. The slurry then pumped to the
surface
12.
13. HORIZONTAL DIRECTIONAL
DRILLING
• Horizontal drilling systems are widely used for
installing pressure pipes under major obstacles
such a large rivers and airports runways.
• A small rotating and steerable drill bit is launched
from the surface at an angle 10-15 and is used to
drill 90mm mud filled diameter hole
14. Cont.
• During the drilling operation a 125mm diameter washer
pipe is drilled over the pilot string and following some
100mm behind the head. Alternate drilling then continues
on the pilot string is removed and the bore is enlarged by
a rotating barrel reamer attached to and pulled back by
the washer, drilling mud being used to llushed away the
cuttings and to support the reamed hole. Subsequent
caming continues until required diameter is achieved.
• The product pipe is then attached to the reaming head
and pulled through the bore drives of more than 1.5km
and of up to 1200mm diameter have been carried out.
15.
16. Investigations
• Geophysical survey
• Boring and sampling
• Measurement of ground water table
• Test pits and trenches
• Penetration tests
• Special analysis of surface wages
• Examination and investigation of existing structure
• Laboratory testing
17. Prospect of adopting trenchless
technology in India
• India offers a huge market for adoption of trenchless
technology.
• Leading equipment manufacturers world wide are eager
to enter in India
• Our metro pollution cities viz. Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai,
and Bangalore are congested and have out grown their
master plan, limits.
• This was caused immediate need for rehabilitation,
renovation of existing old water supply and sewage
pipeline and also new installation.
18. Cont.
• the number of project using trenchless technology are:
• MTNL (telephone dept.) New Delhi was awarded works
of laying of cable for 185 km by using trenchless method
• Similar telephone cable laying works is being done in the
city of Calcutta, Hyderabad and Mumbai.
• Rehabilitation work is also progressing in the city of
Mumbai for sewage pipe line.
19. Agencies..
• The trenchless technology industry is represented by several
industry associations in addition to standing committees within
almost every water and sewer related industry association.
• The North American Society for Trenchless Technology
(NASTT) was established in 1990.
• The Indian Society for Trenchless Technology or IndSTT is the
apex organization to promote Trenchless Technology in India.
It was established in 1995 with its head office at New Delhi.
• The International Society for Trenchless Technology,
established in 1986, has 25 active national trenchless
technology societies associated with it.
• National building Construction corp. (NBCC) is now actively
engaged in the promotion of trenchless (NO-DIG) technology.
20. Role of INDSTT (Indian society of
trenchless technology)
• Established in 1995
Activities of INDSTT:
a) To build awareness programme
b) Publication of quarterly journal –No dig India
c) Organize interactive seminars in major cities & regions
d) Membership drive
e) Back up information to and from the various users,
manufacturers and contractors
21. In Gujarat
The number of project using trenchless
technology in Gujarat
• road junction at narol chowk
• Kaveri river crossing (rocky strata) with water
• Kosamba ukai unlined canal
• Rupen river crossing
• Road crossing near khirai village
22. CASE STUDY
San Diego Regional Airport Authority
Fiber-Reinforced CIPP (Cured in Place
Pipe) Project
23. Case Study
• Airport with the construction of a new 10-gate terminal,
engineers for the San Diego County Regional Airport
Authority identified nearly 1,700 ft of a 96-in. sanitary
sewer trunk main that runs 25 ft directly below the site of
the planned terminal.
• 20-year-old concrete pipe was not originally designed to
handle the loading of an airport terminal or the aircraft that
would be landing on the runways and apron adjacent to it
• The challenge was to increase the load-bearing capacity
of this critical pipe without digging it up while also
maximizing the pipe’s flow capacity
24. Case Study
• The authority considered three trenchless options for the
project including slip lining, traditional cured-in-place pipe
(CIPP) and composite-reinforced CIPP
• The pipe rehabilitation thickness was specified not to exceed
1.26 in
• This ruled out the use of slip lining technology as it would have
reduced the pipe thickness by nearly 12 in
• Traditional CIPP technology was also eliminated as an option
on this project because it would require a minimum liner
thickness of 2.07 in. at the designed load-bearing capacity
• With the fiber-reinforced CIPP liner, it was possible to achieve
the prescribed load-bearing capacity and reduce traditional
CIPP thickness by approximately 40 percent to 1.26 in.,
thereby meeting the airport authority’s flow and strength
criteria.
25. Case Study
• Charles King Co., the general contractor for the project,
brought in Insituform as the lining subcontractor.
• Insituform pioneered the traditional CIPP felt and resin
approach, and introduced its iPlus Composite CIPP
process which was used in this project.
26. Case Study
• Because there were no properly located manholes at the
site, a single access point was constructed from which
two CIPP installations in opposite directions were staged:
one 300 ft in length and the other 1,393 ft in length
• It took more than 5.8 full tankers – to impregnate the
1,700-ft-long fiber-reinforced CIPP tube.
• More than 638,000 gal of water were required to cure the
finished pipe
• The Project was completed in 4 days
27.
28. Step 1: The iPlus
infusion tubes are "wet
out" using a controlled
resin impregnation
system that fully
saturates the tube with
thermosetting resin.
30. Step 3: Air is used
to inflate the tube
and steam is used
to cure the resin
and form a tight-
fitting, joint less
and corrosion-
resistant
replacement pipe.
31.
32. Reasons for lack for popularity
• New technology- Engineers do not have knowledge.
• Lack of awareness
• No guidelines and codes available
• Direct project cost is high
• Essential to have in depth knowledge of sub surface
condition