Coconut shell as coarse aggregate in the concreteAglaia Connect
Using same mix design, coconut shell concrete was prepared by replacement of conventional crushed coarse aggregate (CA) with waste coconut shell (CS). Coconut shell replaced conventional aggregate by 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% respectively (by volume) and the effect on compressive strength and density of concrete was observed.
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over view of coconut shell as coarse aggreagateMUKUNDA BUSI
just give a over view of coconut shell as a coarse aggregate in the concrete
and importance of the use of these seemingly products into a concrete and reduce the waste and protect enviornment
The high cost of materials for anyconventional
building is a major factor that affects the housing delivery
worldwide. This has necessitated research for alternative cost
effective materials in construction. The paper aims at analyzing
characteristic compressive and tensile strength of coconut shells
of concrete produced. By partial replacement using crushed,
granular coconut shells as a substitute for conventional coarse
aggregate in M20 grade concrete. The cube and cylinder are
casted, tested then physical and mechanical properties are
determined. In this studies, three different concrete mixes with
different the combination of natural material content namely
0%, 25%, 50%. Three samples specimen will be prepare for each
concrete mixes. The parameters will be tested are compressive
strength, tensile strength.
This paper analyzed an investigation on the behavior of
concrete specimens produce from coconut shell aggregate. A total
of 36 specimens with varying percentage of replacement were
casted and tested. The attempt is made to prove in all respect the
serviceability and durability, experimental study is satisfying and
can be implemented in rural areas by considering all technical
aspect
This presentation includes in how many ways plastic can be used in soil stabilization. It covers how a waste material can be used without any additional increase in cost.
The vacuum dewatering process basically improves strength, durability, and other properties of concrete by reducing the water-cement ratio immediately after the mix is placed, usually in floors and other flatwork. A Bridgeport, Connecticut vacuum dewatering demonstration, although it involved no new ...
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Coconut shell as coarse aggregate in the concreteAglaia Connect
Using same mix design, coconut shell concrete was prepared by replacement of conventional crushed coarse aggregate (CA) with waste coconut shell (CS). Coconut shell replaced conventional aggregate by 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% respectively (by volume) and the effect on compressive strength and density of concrete was observed.
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2018
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics pdf
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
seminar topic for civil engineering pdf
over view of coconut shell as coarse aggreagateMUKUNDA BUSI
just give a over view of coconut shell as a coarse aggregate in the concrete
and importance of the use of these seemingly products into a concrete and reduce the waste and protect enviornment
The high cost of materials for anyconventional
building is a major factor that affects the housing delivery
worldwide. This has necessitated research for alternative cost
effective materials in construction. The paper aims at analyzing
characteristic compressive and tensile strength of coconut shells
of concrete produced. By partial replacement using crushed,
granular coconut shells as a substitute for conventional coarse
aggregate in M20 grade concrete. The cube and cylinder are
casted, tested then physical and mechanical properties are
determined. In this studies, three different concrete mixes with
different the combination of natural material content namely
0%, 25%, 50%. Three samples specimen will be prepare for each
concrete mixes. The parameters will be tested are compressive
strength, tensile strength.
This paper analyzed an investigation on the behavior of
concrete specimens produce from coconut shell aggregate. A total
of 36 specimens with varying percentage of replacement were
casted and tested. The attempt is made to prove in all respect the
serviceability and durability, experimental study is satisfying and
can be implemented in rural areas by considering all technical
aspect
This presentation includes in how many ways plastic can be used in soil stabilization. It covers how a waste material can be used without any additional increase in cost.
The vacuum dewatering process basically improves strength, durability, and other properties of concrete by reducing the water-cement ratio immediately after the mix is placed, usually in floors and other flatwork. A Bridgeport, Connecticut vacuum dewatering demonstration, although it involved no new ...
vacuum dewatering system
vacuum dewatering pump
vacuum dewatering box
wellpoint pump systems
dewatering pump system
dewatering pump
dewatering wellpoint
small wellpoint dewatering systems
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
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civil engineering seminar topics 2018
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics pdf
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seminar topic for civil engineering pdf
Cracks in concrete are inevitable and are one of the inherent weaknesses of concrete. Water and other salts seep through these cracks, corrosion initiates, and thus reduces the life of concrete. So there was a need to develop an inherent biomaterial, a self - repairing material which can remediate the cracks and fissures in concrete. Bacterial concrete is a material, which can successfully remediate cracks in concrete. This technique is highly desirable because the mineral precipitation induced as a result of microbial activities is pollution free and natural. As the cell wall of bacteria is anionic, metal accumulation (calcite) on the surface of the wall is substantial, thus the entire cell becomes crystalline and they eventually plug the pores and cracks in concrete. This paper discusses the plugging of artificially cracked cement mortar using Bacillus Pasteurii bacteria combined with sand as a filling material in artificially made cuts in cement mortar which was cured in urea and Calcium chloride medium. The effect on the compressive strength and stiffness of the cement mortar cubes due to the mixing of bacteria is also discussed in this paper. It was found that use of bacteria improves the stiffness and compressive strength of concrete. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to document the role of bacteria in microbiologically induced mineral precipitation. Rod like impressions were found on the face of calcite crystals indicating the presence of bacteria in those places.
In this study, bacterial concrete is to be prepared under grade of concrete OPC 43.The design mix proportioning also carried under IS code provision. Testing of specimens are carried at 7 days ,14 days and 28 days of curing by Compression Testing Machine and Universal Testing Machine for corresponding specimens. The Compressive Strength and Flexural Strength of Bacterial Concrete are found.
High volume fly ash concrete is a concrete where a replacement of about 35% or more of cement is made with the usage of fly ash.
Fly ash concrete is an eco-friendly construction material in which fly ash replaces a part of Portland cement.
basic knowledge about performance and characteristics of fly ash based concrete. this was my first presentation....so hard core civil engineers might consider me a layman!... anyway its a good way to start knowing gist and basics.
STUDY ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF COCONUT SHELL CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Concrete is the premier construction material around the world and is most widely used in all types of construction works, including infrastructure, low and high-rise buildings, and domestic developments. It is a man-made product, essentially consisting of a mixture of cement, aggregates, water and admixture(s). Inert granular materials such as sand, crushed stone or gravel form the major part of the aggregates. Traditionally aggregates have been readily available at economic prices and of qualities to suit all purposes. But, the continued extensive extraction use of aggregates from natural
resources has been questioned because of the depletion of quality primary aggregates and greater awareness of environmental protection.
Cracks in concrete are inevitable and are one of the inherent weaknesses of concrete. Water and other salts seep through these cracks, corrosion initiates, and thus reduces the life of concrete. So there was a need to develop an inherent biomaterial, a self - repairing material which can remediate the cracks and fissures in concrete. Bacterial concrete is a material, which can successfully remediate cracks in concrete. This technique is highly desirable because the mineral precipitation induced as a result of microbial activities is pollution free and natural. As the cell wall of bacteria is anionic, metal accumulation (calcite) on the surface of the wall is substantial, thus the entire cell becomes crystalline and they eventually plug the pores and cracks in concrete. This paper discusses the plugging of artificially cracked cement mortar using Bacillus Pasteurii bacteria combined with sand as a filling material in artificially made cuts in cement mortar which was cured in urea and Calcium chloride medium. The effect on the compressive strength and stiffness of the cement mortar cubes due to the mixing of bacteria is also discussed in this paper. It was found that use of bacteria improves the stiffness and compressive strength of concrete. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to document the role of bacteria in microbiologically induced mineral precipitation. Rod like impressions were found on the face of calcite crystals indicating the presence of bacteria in those places.
In this study, bacterial concrete is to be prepared under grade of concrete OPC 43.The design mix proportioning also carried under IS code provision. Testing of specimens are carried at 7 days ,14 days and 28 days of curing by Compression Testing Machine and Universal Testing Machine for corresponding specimens. The Compressive Strength and Flexural Strength of Bacterial Concrete are found.
High volume fly ash concrete is a concrete where a replacement of about 35% or more of cement is made with the usage of fly ash.
Fly ash concrete is an eco-friendly construction material in which fly ash replaces a part of Portland cement.
basic knowledge about performance and characteristics of fly ash based concrete. this was my first presentation....so hard core civil engineers might consider me a layman!... anyway its a good way to start knowing gist and basics.
STUDY ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF COCONUT SHELL CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Concrete is the premier construction material around the world and is most widely used in all types of construction works, including infrastructure, low and high-rise buildings, and domestic developments. It is a man-made product, essentially consisting of a mixture of cement, aggregates, water and admixture(s). Inert granular materials such as sand, crushed stone or gravel form the major part of the aggregates. Traditionally aggregates have been readily available at economic prices and of qualities to suit all purposes. But, the continued extensive extraction use of aggregates from natural
resources has been questioned because of the depletion of quality primary aggregates and greater awareness of environmental protection.
Comparative Analysis of Coconut shell Concrete to Traditional ConcreteIJRTEMJOURNAL
It is found that so many wastes which can be used in traditional concrete like e-wastes, rubber
tyre waste, glass waste etc. The coconut shell is also a main waste which can be used in traditional concrete.
Generally, coconut shells are used in traditional concrete in the form of viz., coconut shell aggregate and
coconut shell fiber. This paper describes coconut shells are used as replacement of coarse aggregates. The
compressive and flexural strength test where taken on 10%, 20% and 30% replacement of coarse aggregate to
coconut shells. It is observed that the compressive strength of concrete is reduced in some extent and the
flexural strength also reduced as replacement of coconut shell is increased, but the 10% replacement is possible
to use in construction work and 20% and 30% replacement are possible to use for less important construction
work under some conditions.
It is found that, workability of concrete is increased than traditional concrete as percentage replacement is
increased. Total cost of concrete is get reduced by replacement of coarse aggregate to coconut shells. The
volume of concrete is also increased as replacement is increased, hence, the total quantity of concrete required
is getting reduced and the cost is again getting reduced. This paper supports the “SWACHHA BHARAT
ABHIYAN” carried by our Hon. Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
Finally, this paper concluded that, the Coconut Shell is possible to use for construction work as coarse
aggregate under some conditions economically. It is majorly used for construction of small huts, watchman
cabin, farm house in forest areas and small houses etc.
Comparative Analysis of Coconut shell Concrete to Traditional ConcreteCompara...IJRTEMJOURNAL
It is found that so many wastes which can be used in traditional concrete like e-wastes, rubber
tyre waste, glass waste etc. The coconut shell is also a main waste which can be used in traditional concrete.
Generally, coconut shells are used in traditional concrete in the form of viz., coconut shell aggregate and
coconut shell fiber. This paper describes coconut shells are used as replacement of coarse aggregates. The
compressive and flexural strength test where taken on 10%, 20% and 30% replacement of coarse aggregate to
coconut shells. It is observed that the compressive strength of concrete is reduced in some extent and the
flexural strength also reduced as replacement of coconut shell is increased, but the 10% replacement is possible
to use in construction work and 20% and 30% replacement are possible to use for less important construction
work under some conditions.
It is found that, workability of concrete is increased than traditional concrete as percentage replacement is
increased. Total cost of concrete is get reduced by replacement of coarse aggregate to coconut shells. The
volume of concrete is also increased as replacement is increased, hence, the total quantity of concrete required
is getting reduced and the cost is again getting reduced. This paper supports the “SWACHHA BHARAT
ABHIYAN” carried by our Hon. Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
Finally, this paper concluded that, the Coconut Shell is possible to use for construction work as coarse
aggregate under some conditions economically. It is majorly used for construction of small huts, watchman
cabin, farm house in forest areas and small houses etc.
Underground Construction provides construction, technical and management services to its customers. The company specializes in power, communications, airport fueling and heavy engineering. Since laying its first pipe in 1936, Underground Construction has completed thousands of projects throughout the United States.
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Self-curing concrete is achieved by means of replacing a part of aggregate by lightweight aggregate or adding chemical admixtures. The self-curing process of concrete takes place from inside to outside, thus reducing the autogenous shrinkage and self-desiccation, especially for the high-performance concrete with relatively low water/binder ratio.
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Trenchless construction. Trenchless construction includes such construction methods as tunneling, microtunneling (MTM), horizontal directional drilling (HDD) also known as directional boring, pipe ramming (PR), pipe jacking (PJ), moling, horizontal auger boring (HAB) and other methods for the installation of pipelines and cables below the ground with minimal excavation.
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A stressed ribbon bridge (also stress-ribbon bridge or catenary bridge) is a tension structure (similar in many ways to a simple suspension bridge). The suspension cables are embedded in the deck which follows a catenary arc between supports. Unlike the simple span, the ribbon is stressed in traction, which adds to the stiffness of the structure (simple suspension spans tend to sway and bounce).
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The process of self-healing of cracks or self-filling up of cracks by the help of bacterial reaction in the concrete after hardening is known as Self-Healing Concrete. It can be observed that small cracks that occur in a structure of width in the range of 0.05 to 0.1mm gets completely sealed in repetitive dry and wet cycles.
The typical deflection diagrams shown in figures 1 and 2 indicate that all the high strength concrete beams had adequate ductility and Structural Behaviour of High Strength Concrete Beams 135 showed substantial deflections at failure. The ulti- mate deflections shown in Table 3 were measured prior to failure as near to collapse as possible.
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Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is a lightweight, precast, foam concrete building material suitable for producing concrete masonry unit (CMU) like blocks. Composed of quartz sand , calcined gypsum , lime , cement , water and aluminum powder , AAC products are cured under heat and pressure in an autoclave .
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A submerged floating tunnel, also known as submerged floating tube bridge, suspended tunnel, or Archimedes bridge, is a proposed design for a tunnel that floats in water, supported by its buoyancy. The tube would be placed underwater, deep enough to avoid water traffic and weather, but not so deep that high water pressure needs to be dealt with—usually 20–50 m is sufficient. Cables either anchored to the Earth or to pontoons at the surface would prevent it from floating to the surface or ...
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The bundled tube structure meant that "buildings no longer need be boxlike in appearance: they could become sculpture." Hybrids. Hybrids include a varied category of structures where the basic concept of tube is used, and supplemented by other structural support(s).
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marble slurry dust as cement additive , The research on the use of marble dust in concrete , , disadvantages of marble dust and quarry dust additive in concrete; Chat Now; disadvantage of using quarry dust in concrete
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Computer Ethics: Ethics is a set of moral principles that govern the behavior of a group or individual. Therefore, computer ethics is set of moral principles that regulate the use of computers. Some common issues of computer ethics include intellectual property rights (such as copyrighted electronic content), privacy concerns, and how ...
CIVIL SEMINAR REPORT :USE OF GEOGRIDS IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT. Geogrids can also prevent aggregate penetration into the subgrade, depending on the ability of the geogrid to confine and prevent lateral displacement of the base/sub-base. However, the geogrid does not prevent intrusion of subgrade soils up into the base/sub-base course,...
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Waste water purification using cnstructed wetlandsAglaia Connect
Constructed Wetlands Treatment of Municipal Wastewater (PDF) (166 pp, 1.6 MB, About PDF) This document describes using constructed wetlands as a functional part of wastewater management. This document is not intended to be guidance or a support document for a specific regulatory program.
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water Industry Process Automation and Control Monthly - May 2024.pdf
Coconut shell as coarse aggregate in the concrete
1. Seminar report 2019-20 Coconut shell as coarse aggregate in the concrete
1
1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is widely used as structural material in the world today. The high demand for
concrete in construction drastically reduces the natural stone deposits such as gravel and granite
and this has damaged the environment thereby causing ecological imbalance. Normal concrete
contains four components, cement, crushed stone, river sand and water. The crushed stone and
sand are the components that are usually replaced with lightweight aggregates. The use of
alternative aggregate has become necessity for the construction industry because of the
economic, environmental and technological benefits derived from their use.
Further, with increased population and modern living habits, production of waste material
is increasing at fast pace and its disposal has become a genuine problem. To resolve the problem,
solution is either to minimize the waste at production level or to utilize the waste materials for
some positive activity. In view of these issues, reuse of various types of waste materials for
concrete production has been investigated and reported such as fly ash ,industrial slag ,waste
plastic ,over burnt bricks ,coconut shell ,oil palm shell , waste rubber tyres ,Waste glass ,
recycled coarse aggregate,papercrete etc.
Lightweight aggregate concrete can be used produced using a variety of lightweight
aggregate. Lightweight aggregate can be originated from natural materials like pumice, the
thermal treatment of natural raw materials like clay slate or shale. The other byproduct may
include fly ash. The required properties will have bearing on the best type of lightweight
aggregate used. the benefits of using lightweight aggregate concrete includes reduction in dead
load, improved thermal properties, improved fire resistance and reduction in formwork.
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2. COCONUT SHELL
Coconut is grown in more than 93 countries. India is the third largest, having cultivation
on an area of about 1.78 million hectares for coconut production. Annual production is about
7562 million nuts with an average of 4248 nuts per hectare .coconut industry in India accounts
for over a quarter of the world's total coconut oil output and is set to grow further with the global
increase in demand. However, it is also the main contributor to the nation's pollution problem as
a solid waste in the form of shells, which involves an annual production of approximately 3.18
million tones. It also presents serious disposal problems for local environment, is an abundantly
available agricultural waste from local coconut industries. In developing countries, where
abundant coconut shell waste is discharged, these wastes can be used as potential material or
replacement material in the construction industry. This will have the double advantage of
reduction in the cost of construction material and also as a means of disposal of wastes.
Fig. 1 Coconut Shell
(Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org)
Fig. 2 Crushed Coconut Shell
(Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org)
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2.1 Coconut shell Processing
The coconut shell was sun dried for two months before being crushed in the quarry. This
is to ensure that the moisture content is reduced to the barest minimum. The crushed Coconut
shell material was later transported to the laboratory where they were thoroughly cleaned and
washed, then allowed to dry under ambient temperature. The coconut shells were available in
various shapes, such as curved, flaky, elongated, roughly parabolic and other irregular shapes as
shown in Plate v. Plate VI is the sizes obtained after crushing. In order to ascertain the properties
of coconut shell aggregate the following tests was carried out which includes the specific gravity,
bulk density, particle size distribution, aggregate impact value, aggregate crushing value,
aggregate abrasion value, porosity/water absorption capacity, elongation index and flakiness
index.
Table 1. Chemical composition of Coconut Shell
(Source: Asian Journal of Science and Technology)
2.2 Mechanical properties of Coconut shell
2.2.1 Specific gravity
The specific gravity of an aggregate is of importance in the calculation of the quantity of
aggregate required for a given volume of concrete. The specific gravity adopted in this research
is the apparent specific gravity. The apparent specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of the
aggregate dried in an oven at 100 to 110°c for 24 hours to the mass of water occupying a volume
equal to that of the solid including the impermeable pores. Apparent specific gravity of an
aggregate depends on the specific gravity of the minerals of which the aggregate is composed
and also on the amount of voids. The British standard BS 1330: part 2: 1995 stipulates the
procedure for determining the specific gravity of an aggregate. It also gave the specific gravity of
majority of natural aggregate to be between 2.6 and 2.7.
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The results showed that coconut shell has an average specific gravity of 1.31. The
average specific gravity value of 1.31 for coconut shell aggregate is about 50 percent lower than
the specific gravity of naturally occurring aggregate as stated above. This implies that more
aggregate is needed for concrete mix.
Table 2. Coconut shell specific gravity values
(Source: Asian Journal of Science and Technology)
2.2.2 Bulk density
The bulk density gives information in respect of shape and grading of the aggregate. This
is test was performed in accordance to BS 812: Part 2: 1990. The coconut shell bulk density
ranges from 622kg/m3 to 639.48kg/m3.This value is within the limit specified for light weight
aggregate. The result shows that coconut shell aggregate have about 50% less weight compare
with that of both fine and normal stone aggregate making it light weight aggregate.
Table3. Coconut shell aggregate bulk density results
(Source: Asian Journal of Science and Technology)
2.2.3 Particle size distribution analysis
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The sieve analysis is conducted to determine the particle size distribution in a sample of
aggregate, often referred to as gradation. A good aggregate particle size distribution implies that
a sample of aggregates contains all standard fractions. That is aggregate in required proportion,
such that the sample contains minimum voids. The essence of particle size distribution analysis
is to have well graded aggregate which have direct influence on producing workable concrete.
The particle size distribution analysis was carried to ensure that the resulting concrete is
workable, since good grading of aggregates is one of the factors in producing good concrete. The
single aggregate size used in the analysis is reflected, as the highest percentage of the aggregate
passing fell between sizes 14-20mm.
Table 4. Particle size distribution- coconut shell aggregate (16mm)
(Source: Asian Journal of Science and Technology)
2.2.4 Impact value
The aggregate impact value test was done in accordance with BS 812: Part 112: 1990.
The aggregate Impact value can be described as a standard hammer falling 15 times under its
own weight upon the aggregate in a cylindrical container. This results in fragmentation in
manner similar to that produced by the pressure of the plunger in aggregate crushing value. The
British standard (BS 812: Part 112:1990 and BS 882: 1992) specified maximum value of 25
percent when the aggregate is to be used in heavy duty floors; 30 percent when the aggregate is
to be used in concrete for wearing surfaces and 45 percent when it is to be used in the other
concrete. Resistance to wear is an important property of concrete used in pavements, and in floor
surfaces subjected to heavy traffic. The impact values for coconut shell aggregate ranges from
1.29 to 1.32 percent. This means that coconut shell aggregate is resistance to wear. Hence it can
be used for all types of light weight concrete. The average impact value for Coconut shell
aggregate is 1.32 percent which is far less than 25 percent allowed in BS 812: Part 112:1990 and
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BS 882: 1992. The Coconut shell aggregate impact value indicates that it can also be used as
construction material.
Table 5. Coconut shell aggregate impact value results
(Source: Asian Journal of Science and Technology)
2.2.5 Crushing value
This test was carried out in accordance with BS 812: Part 110: 1990.The test of aggregate
crushing value is a measure of aggregate resistance to pulverization. The British standard code of
practice BS 812: part 110: 1990 specified that aggregate crushing value should not be more than
45% for aggregate used for concrete other than for wearing surfaces and 30% for concrete used
for wearing surface such as runways, roads and air field pavement.
The crushing value of coconut shell aggregate ranges from 1.153% to 1.169%. Hence the
coconut shell aggregate can be used for other concrete work other than the ones mentioned
above. The average of coconut shell aggregate crushing value is 1.16% which is lower than 30%
maximum specified in the code. Therefore, the coconut shell aggregate crushing value shows
that the material can be used as alternative coarse aggregate in construction.
Table 6. Coconut shell aggregate crushing value results
(Source: Asian Journal of Science and Technology)
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2.2.6 Abrasion value
The abrasion value test on aggregate particles was done as prescribed by BS 812: part
113:1990. The aggregate abrasion value is defined in terms of the percentage loss in mass on
abrasion. The aggregate sample is subjected to abrasion in a standard machine, the grinding lap
being turned 500 revolutions. High aggregate abrasion value denotes a low resistance to
abrasion. The aggregate abrasion test is of great importance if the aggregate is to be used for road
construction, warehouse floors and pavement constructions. The code specified that for
aggregates to be used for above type of construction should have max abrasion value between
30% - 50%.
The coconut shell abrasion value ranges between 2.19 to 2.26 percent. While the average
abrasion value is 2.23% this is far less than 30%. Hence the coconut shell aggregate is a suitable
material for construction as it satisfied the abrasion provision in the code. The implication of this
result is that coconut shell aggregate have high resistance to wear.
Table 7. Coconut shell aggregate abrasion value results
(Source: Asian Journal of Science and Technology)
2.2.7 Porosity /water absorption capacity
The standard procedures for assessing the porosity and water absorption of aggregate is
prescribed in BS 812: Part 2: 1975 and BS 812: part 109: 1990. The presence of internal pores in
the aggregate particles and the characteristics of these pores are of paramount importance in the
study of its properties.
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The porosity of aggregate, the permeability and the absorption influences such properties
of aggregate as the bond between it, the hydrated cement paste, the resistance of concrete to
freezing and thawing as well as its chemical stability and resistance to abrasion. Since aggregate
represents three quarters of the volume of concrete, it is clear that the porosity of aggregate
materially contributes to the overall porosity of concrete. The water absorption of aggregate is
determined by measuring the increase in mass of an oven dried sample when immersed in water
for 24 hours. The ratio of the increase in mass to the mass of the dried sample expressed as a
percentage is termed absorption. The value of coconut shell absorption capacity ranges from
23.65% to 23.80%. While the average coconut shells absorption capacity is approximately 24%.
This value is within the range for absorption capacity of light weight aggregates as stipulated by
Portland cement association, which is between 5% and 30%. Hence the coconut shell aggregate
can also be used or classified as light weight aggregate.
Table 8: Coconut shell aggregate water absorption capacity results
(Source: Asian Journal of Science and Technology)
2.2.8 Elongation index
The test was carried out in accordance with BS 812 section 105.2: 1990.Although BS 812
section 105.2: 1990 has no recognized limits but this result is acceptable for a light weight
aggregate. The result shows that coconut shell aggregate have approximately 27%. Although,
there are no recognized limits laid down, the presence of elongated particles in excess of 10 to
15% of the mass of coarse aggregate is generally considered undesirable.
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Table 9. Coconut shell aggregate Elongation index result
(Source: Asian Journal of Science and Technology)
2.2.9 Flakiness index
The flakiness index of an aggregate is the percentage by weight of particles whose least
dimension (thickness) is less than three fifths of their mean dimension. The coconut shell
flakiness index test ranges from 86.09% to 86.16% .The result shows that coconut shell
aggregate is a flaky material, based on BS 882:1992 which limits the flakiness index of the
coarse aggregate to 50% for natural gravel and 40% for crushed coarse aggregate.
Table 10. Coconut shell aggregate flakiness index results
(Source: Asian Journal of Science and Technology)
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3. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
The test was carried out for M20 grade concrete, the mix which has characteristic
strength of 20MPa. Mix design was done as prescribed by Indian standards. Tests, as prescribed
by Indian Standards, were performed to determine the properties of the ingredients. The study
was carried out in two phases. In the first part, mix design of M20 grade of control concrete (i.e.
concrete with no coconut shell) was carried out for maximum permissible w/c ratio of 0.55.
Then, CA was replaced by CS in the proportions (i) 10%, (ii) 20%, (iii) 30% and (iv) 40% by
volume respectively, keeping w/c ratio and quantity of other ingredients constant. 7 days and 28
days compressive strength and density of concrete was obtained for these concrete mixes.
3.1. Material used
In this study, the materials used were Ordinary Portland Cement, Potable Water, Natural
Sand, and Crushed Coarse Aggregates. Waste coconut shell was used as a partial replacement of
conventional crushed coarse aggregate. Details of materials used are provided in following
section.
3.1.1. Ordinary Portland cement
Ordinary Portland cement of 53 grades was used in this study. Tests for cement were
carried out according to standards.
3.1.2. Fine aggregate - Natural sand
Various tests were conducted on natural sand as per standards to find the properties of
natural sand.
3.1.3. Crushed coarse aggregates
Crushed coarse aggregate (CA) of two types with respect to particle sizes were used for
the experimental work. Two were mixed in proportion of (2:3) to satisfy the grading requirement
of 20mm size nominal aggregate. The aggregates were tested in accordance with standards to
know their properties.
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3.2. Mix design of M20 grade concrete
M20 mix design was carried out for control mix (i.e. without coconut shell) according to
Indian standards. Detailed procedure of mix design is provided in Annexure A. The concrete mix
was designed for slump of 60 mm. Using same mix design, coconut shell concrete was prepared
by replacement of conventional crushed coarse aggregate (CA) with waste coconut shell (CS).
Coconut shell replaced conventional aggregate by 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% respectively (by
volume) and the effect on compressive strength and density of concrete was observed.
Table 11 Quantities of ingredients per m3 of concrete.
(Source: Performance of coconut shell as coarse aggregate in concrete, Construction
and Building Materials)
3.3. Testing of concrete
7 days and 28 days compressive strength of concrete was obtained by compression
testing machine. Compressive load was increased till the specimens were broken. Cubes were
used for finding out the compressive strength of various concrete mixes. The compression test
was carried on concrete mixes according to standards. Weight of the specimens was taken before
compression testing to find the density.
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4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Mix design was carried out for M20 grade control concrete (i.e. without coconut shell).
Cubes of control concrete were prepared according to this mix design. In order to investigate the
effect of replacing partially the conventional aggregate (CA) by coconut shell (CS), cubes of
coconut shell concrete were also casted. Same proportion of ingredients was maintained for
coconut shell concrete also except replacing partially (by volume) the CA with CS.
Table 12 Compressive strength of concrete with different quantity of coconut shell.
(Source: Performance of coconut shell as coarse aggregate in concrete, Construction
and Building Materials)
4.1 Effect of Coconut Shell On Compressive Strength Of Concrete
Compressive strength of cube for different ratios of CA and CS; taking quantity of
ingredients (except coarse aggregate) corresponding to M20 grade of control concrete
.Compressive strength of coconut shell concrete is decreasing gradually with increase in quantity
of coconut shell. Gain in strength after 7 days is significantly higher for coconut shell concrete
than that for control concrete. Table 9 shows the decrement in compressive strength due to
increasing percentage of coconut shell. It can be observed that the decrement in the 28 days
compressive strength of coconut shell concrete is lesser than the decrement in compressive
strength at 7 days. Results also indicate that coconut shell concrete gain less strength initially (7
days) but shows rapid strength gain at later stage.
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Table 13 Effect of coconut shell quantity on compressive strength.
(Source: Performance of coconut shell as coarse aggregate in concrete, Construction
and Building Materials)
4.2. Effect Of Coconut Shell On Concrete Density
Cubes of concrete prepared for control concrete and with different percentages of CA
replacement by CS were weighed just before testing them for compressive strength. The density
of concrete was evaluated to investigate the effect of the replacement. The results show that
density decreases with increase in percentage of coconut shell. Decrease is about 7.5% for
replacement of 40%. The reason for decrease in density owes to relatively low specific gravity of
coconut shell.
Table 14: Effect of coconut shell quantity on density of concrete
(Source: Performance of coconut shell as coarse aggregate,Construction and
Building Materials)
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4.3. Effect Of Coconut Shell On Cement Content
Water/cement ratio variation for different coconut shell concretes, as estimated from trial
mixes. As shown in the Table, increase in percentage of coconut shell contents requires gradual
reduction in water/cement ratio so as to maintain the desired target mean compressive strength.
For M20 grade concrete, no additional cement was required for 5% replacement of CA by CS. In
case of 10% replacement, additional quantity of cement required was only 3.6%. However, for
25% replacement, additional cement content of 81.6kg per m3 of concrete was required to save
271.9 kg of conventionalcoarseaggregateperm3 of concrete and at the same time getting added
advantage of disposing 115.4 kg of waste coconut shell.
Table 15: Change in quantities of coarse aggregate, cement and CS per m3 concrete
(Source: Performance of coconut shell as coarse aggregate in concrete,
Construction and Building Materials)
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Fig. 3. Variation of cement; CA and CS content per m3 of M20 grade concrete.
(Source: Performance of coconut shell as coarse aggregate in concrete, Construction and
Building Materials)
5. FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
Our study had many limitations, of which the time was a major concern. The durability
properties of coconut shell concrete are to be rested before practically applying our project.
Durability tests on CSC which may take around a year to complete can be conducted as a future
work. The strength properties of CSC depend on the aggregate properties of coconut shells and
its individual strength characteristics. Experiments on impact value, crushing value etc can be
done in order to analyze the strength properties of coconut shells. When CSC is used along with
reinforcement, the surface bonding between coconut shell aggregates and steel comes into play.
Therefore study about bond properties of these can be useful. Furthermore the action of coconut
shell aggregates in cement matrix is also an area requiring future research. We can also study
about the use of coconut shell aggregates along with other non-conventional aggregates like
palm kernel shells, coir pith, volcanic debris, etc
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6. CONCLUSION
Use of coconut shell in cement concrete can help in waste reduction and reduction in
pollution. The need of the hour is to encourage such a use of the wastes as construction material
in low cost housing. The construction industries have identified many artificial and natural
lightweight aggregate that have replaced conventional aggregates thereby reducing the size of the
members in the structure. Replacement of conventional aggregate by waste coconut shell
(keeping quantity of other ingredients unchanged) results into decrease in compressive strength.
40% replacement resulted in about 22% reduction in the 28 days strength. Addition of coconut
shell shows low strength development at early age but later it shows rapid strength development.
The ratio of 7 days to 28 days strength ranges from 0.87 (for concrete without CS) to 0.42 (for
concrete with 40% CS). 3. Replacement of conventional aggregate by waste coconut shell makes
the concrete lighter. Reduction in concrete density is about 7.5% for 40% replacement. 4.
Strength obtained for conventional concrete can be maintained for waste coconut shell concrete
also by reducing the W/C ratio. The required reduction in W/C ratio for achieving same strength
is more for increased waste coconut shell contents thereby increasing the cement consumption.
Workability of concrete is increases as the replacement increases. Specific gravity of the
concrete reduces as the replacement of coarse aggregate increases. The density of concrete is
decreases as the replacement increases. Density of concrete should not be less than 2000 kg/cum
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