The document discusses several alternate wall technologies: - Glass Fiber Reinforced Gypsum Panels (GFRG) which are strong load-bearing panels made of gypsum reinforced with glass fiber. They provide more floor space and lower construction costs than conventional methods. - Concrete Insulated Walls which use insulating concrete forms that are filled with concrete to create strong, energy efficient walls. - Ferrocement walls which are a type of thin reinforced concrete wall reinforced with layers of wire mesh and rebar that saves on materials. - Straw bale walls which provide excellent insulation using straw bales stacked and plastered over for a renewable and low-impact building material. - Rammed earth walls constructed by compact

1. Alternate Wall
Technologies
Group-6
1. Tejas
2. Shritej
3. Sonal
4. Sushmitha
5. Samyabrato
6. Rohitha

2. Glass Fiber Reinforced Gypsum Panels
• Glass fibre reinforced gypsum (GFRG) panel or Rapid wall is a modern building element
• A GFRG panel is basically calcined gypsum plaster, reinforced with glass fibre which when filled
with reinforced concrete in an appropriate proportion becomes strong enough to act as a load
bearing and shear wall.
• GFRG panels are originally white in color (due to gypsum) and have a smooth finished surface.
• Size- 12m length, 3m height, and 124mm thickness.
• Each panel has 48 modular holes of 230 mm * 94mm * 3m dimension.
• The weight of one panel is 1440 kg.

3. Construction Method
• The construction process up to the plinth level remains similar as in the conventional method. No
special foundation is required for the installation of GFRG panels.
• Concrete belts are built at the plinth area with protruding iron rods which are meant to strengthen
the interlocking with the cells of the panel.
• GFRG panels are placed at the appropriate positions using mechanical means, preferably a crane,
and external supports are provided to maintain the verticality. Necessary cuts for doors, windows,
sanitary fittings, vents etc. are made as per the design.
• The hollow cavities are filled with concrete and reinforcement as per the requirement to
strengthen the panels.
• Generally, concrete is filled in every third cavity of the panel and the remaining cavities can be
filled with waste materials like quarry dust.
• Finally, waterproofing treatment is carried out for the roofs and floors of the building.

5. Structural Drawings

6. Structural Drawings

7. Advantages
• Rapid Construction
• More carpet area for the same built-up area
• Less construction cost
• Less building weight
• One can construct 8 to 10 storeyed buildings
using GFRG Panels
• It gives a smooth finishing
• Less included the energy and carbon footprint
• GFRG Panel made building gives better
thermal comfort
Disadvantages
• It requires more space for the movement of a
crane during the construction time
• Construction method less cost-effective since
the design of the GFRG Panel is complicated.
• Highly experienced and skilled labor is needed
• During the transportation and erection
process, the GFRG Panel should be handled
carefully.
• To cut the GFRG Panel at the site, it requires
specific machinery.
• Can’t be used for the construction of walls in
circular or in curve shape.

8. CONCRETE INSULATED WALL
• Insulating concrete form or insulated
concrete form (ICF) is a system
of formwork for reinforced
concrete usually made with a
rigid thermal insulation that stays in place
as a permanent interior and exterior
substrate for walls, floors, and roofs.
• The forms are interlocking modular units
that are dry-stacked (without mortar) and
filled with concrete. The units lock
together and create a form for the
structural walls or floors of a building.
• Common applications for this method of
construction are low-rise buildings, with
property uses ranging from residential to
commercial to industrial. These systems
are strong and energy efficient.

9. CONSTRUCTION METHODS:
• STEP 1- Formwork is placed for
footings
STEP 2- Place concrete in formwork.
Care should be taken when consolidating
concrete to eliminate voids or
honeycombing.
• STEP 3- Level the footing and
Place vertical reinforcements
• STEP 4 - Starting at a
corner, begin stacking
wall
• STEP 5 - Place horizontal
reinforcing
• STEP 6 - After two or three
courses have been placed, trim
as needed so walls are leveled.

10. • STEP 7 – pour the
concrete, continue
pouring until the concrete
reaches the desired level
STEP 8 -When topping the wall
leave extra concrete until all
consolidation is completed.
• STEP 9 -Make sure top of
wall is clean and flat. Wipe
away debris and splatter.

11. SECTIONAL VIEW:

12. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Stronger walls
• Stabilizes temperature and reduces sound
• Improved concrete curing time
• Allows you to install plumbing and wiring
• Does not work that well in low temperatures
• Higher costs from specialized labor
• Indoor humidity problems
• Future remodeling could be challenging

13. FERRO CEMENT
What is ferro cement wall?
• Ferrocement is a type of thin wall reinforced concrete construction where
hydraulic cement is reinforced with layers of continuous and relatively small
diameter mesh
• It saves cement and steel in the construction of structures, so it is used in
residential buildings. Ferrocement is utilized for making overhead water tanks
for domestic purposes.
• The tank is lightweight and can be transported easily.

14. CLADDING FINISHING MATERIAL
METHOD OF WALL FINISHING FIBER CEMENT BOARD
CONSTRUCTION METHOD
Ferrocement or ferro-cement is a system of construction using reinforced
mortar or plaster (lime or cement, sand, and water) applied over an "armature"
of metal mesh, woven, expanded metal, or metal-fibers, and closely spaced thin
steel rods such as rebar.

15. CONSTRUCTION METHOD

16. CONSTRUCTION METHOD
SECTIONS

17. ADVANTAGES
•Basic raw materials are readily
available in most countries.
•Fabricated into any desired shape.
•Low labor skill required.
•Ease of construction, low weight
and long lifetime.
•Low construction material cost.
•Better resistance against
earthquake.
DISADVANTAGES
•Structures made of it can be punctured by
collision with pointed objects.
•Corrosion of the reinforcing materials due to
the incomplete coverage of metal by mortar.
•It is difficult to fasten to Ferrocement with
bolts, screws, welding and nail etc.
•Large no of labors required.
•Cost of semi-skilled and unskilled labors is
high.
•Tying rods and mesh together is especially
tedious and time consuming

18. PROPERTIES OF FERROCEMENT
•Highly versatile form of reinforced
concrete.
•It's a type of thin reinforced concrete
construction, in which large amount of
small diameter wire meshes uniformly
throughout the cross section.
•Mesh may be metal or suitable material.
•Instead of concrete Portland cement
mortar is used.
•Strength depends on two factors quality
of sand/cement mortar mix and quantity of
reinforcing materials used
APPLICATION

19. STRAW-BALE
AS ALTERNATE MATERIAL FOR WALL OR BUILDING ENVOLOPE
INTRODUCTION :
Straw bale walls are constructed with vapour-permeable
materials, which allow water vapor to passively diffuse
through them. Examples include lime-based renders, clay
plasters and high-density wood fiber boards.
Straw is a natural and renewable material
with excellent insulation properties. Compared to
other types of insulation alternatives, straw bales have
a much lower environmental impact.

20. CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
The main construction techniques for straw
bale buildings are load bearing and infill wall
systems. Load bearing panels, consisting of
stacked straw bales and plaster skins, exploit
the structural capacity of the plaster/straw
composite.
Since the structural resistance of the
straw is lower than plaster, the majority
of load is carried by the plaster.
The render plays a significant structural
role, increasing resistance and improving
stiffness (limiting movement) as well as
protecting the straw from decay and
enhancing fire resistance.

21. CLADDING AND FINISHING
BioLime next generation lime plasters complement straw
bale construction, providing a highly durable coating system
that properly allows straw bales to breathe, achieving truly
sustainable results.

22. SECTIONAL VIEWS:

23. CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNIQUES

24. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1. They use a fast growing and renewable agricultural
by-product that is otherwise wasted.
2. They contain fewer toxins than conventional
materials.
3. They have a high insulation factor that lowers the cost
of heating and cooling.
4. The homes can be easily customized to the owner’s
needs, both practical and creative.
5. The cost per square foot is reasonable, and
depending on the building methods chosen, can be
very economical.
1. If straw bale building codes are not part of your
local codes, it may be a bit more work to get your
plans approved.
2. Straw bale walls need to be kept dry as moisture is
detrimental to not only straw, but to many building
materials. Moisture entering the bales from the roof
above is to be avoided at all cost. If the walls of your
straw bale home are kept dry
3. Areas of extreme humidity and rain my not be
appropriate for straw bale construction.
4. Due to the thickness of the walls (usually around 18-
20 inches), more of your overall square footage will
be unusable due to it being within the wall space.

25. Rammed earth construction
• Rammed earth walls are constructed by ramming a
mixture of selected aggregates, including gravel,
sand, silt, and a small amount of clay, into place
between flat panels called formwork. Modern
technology replaces the pole with a mechanical
ram.

26. • Rammed earth walls are
constructed by ramming a mixture
of gravel, sand, silt and a small
amount of clay into place between
flat panels called formwork.
• As the ratio of wall thickness to
wall height should be between 1: 8
and 1: 12 .
• External walls upto 300mm,
internal 200 mm
• rammed earth adds a small
amount of cement (typically 5–
10%) to increase strength and
durability.
• Rammed earth provides excellent
thermal mass but limited
insulation.
• Rammed earth is very strong in
compression and can be used for
multistorey loadbearing
construction.

27. Construction process:
• Rammed earth construction is the process of ramming a
mixture of aggregates, like gravel, sand, silt and clay into a
formwork to create walls. When the earth is dry the
formwork is removed to reveal solid monolithic walls.

29. • Costs: The cost of a professional
rammed earth building is
comparable to other more
conventional good quality
masonry construction. It can be
more than twice as expensive as
a rendered 200mm wide
autoclaved aerated concrete
block wall.
• Concrete life span: 50-80
years,rammed earth with quality
control is estimated to sustain
upto 1000+ years.
• Climate control, fire resistant,
breathable, low environmental
impact.

30. • Advantages:
• Fire Protection. Earth
doesn't burn.
• Thermal Mass. The
external walls of our
rammed earth buildings
are a minimum of 300mm
(1 ft) thick, providing
excellent protection from
extremes in climate.
• Noise Reduction.
• Strong and Durable.
• Low Maintenance.
• Load Bearing.
• Pest Proof.
• Disadvantages:
• Soil selection is critical. Not any
soil can be used. If using it from
your own site, you’ll have to
figure out what to do with the
large holes.
• the labor costs can be expensive.
Count on it costing 5-15% more
than a conventional home.
• Due to the difficulty in designing
the forms, circular shapes are
usually out. Most rammed earth
construction is box shaped.
• The building design should plan
for services well in advance to
minimise logistical challenges,
with conduits located carefully
not to affect the surface finishes
of walls.