Ascaris lumbricoides, commonly known as the large roundworm, is the most prevalent intestinal nematode parasite of humans. It inhabits the small intestine and can cause complications like intestinal obstruction. The adult female worm is 20-35cm long and lays hundreds of thousands of eggs per day that are passed in feces. When ingested, the eggs hatch in the intestines releasing larvae that penetrate the intestinal wall, travel to the lungs, and are then swallowed making their way back to the small intestine where they mature into adult worms.
Avian Influenza (AI) is a viral influenza of birds including chickens, turkeys, guinea fowls, and other avian species.
There are three main types of Influenza (A,B & C).
Influenza Type-A
Multiple species
Influenza Type-B
Human
Influenza Type-C
Human & swine
Theileriosis Presented by Ahmed Abdulkadir Hassan
4th year student, college of veterinary medicine,
University of Bahri.
kadle010@gmail.com
khartoum, Sudan.
Sarcocystis is a genus of protozoan parasites that infect the muscles of intermediate hosts such as mammals and birds. It was first discovered in 1843. The parasites have an indirect life cycle involving a transport host and a definitive carnivore host. In the carnivore, the parasites mature and release oocysts that infect transport hosts when consumed. In muscles of transport hosts, sarcocysts form that can infect carnivores, completing the cycle. Most infections are asymptomatic, but some species can cause illness in horses and humans who act as accidental intermediate hosts. No effective treatments exist beyond preventative hygiene measures.
Rabies is a fatal viral disease that affects the nervous system of humans and other mammals. It is caused by the rabies virus, which is bullet-shaped and can be transmitted via bites or scratches from infected animals. Dogs are the primary carrier of the virus and transmission from dogs accounts for over 95% of all human rabies cases. The virus causes inflammation of the brain and spinal cord and symptoms vary depending on the infected animal but may include changes in behavior, aggression, paralysis, and death within days if left untreated. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of brain tissues or isolation of the virus. Vaccination is effective for both pre-exposure and post-exposure prevention in humans and animals.
This document summarizes various pathologies that can affect the respiratory system. It begins by discussing various diseases that can cause inflammation in different parts of the respiratory tract, such as epistaxis (nose bleeding), rhinitis (inflammation of the nasal mucosa), sinusitis (inflammation of the sinuses), laryngitis (inflammation of the larynx), and tracheitis (inflammation of the trachea). It then discusses pathologies that can affect the lungs, such as different types of pneumonia (suppurative bronchopneumonia, fibrinous bronchopneumonia, interstitial pneumonia, and embolic pneumonia), pulmonary edema, atelectasis, and pulmonary emphysema. It provides descriptions
ICAWC 2013 - Sarcoptic and Demodectic Mange - David GrantDogs Trust
Demodectic and sarcoptic mange are parasitic skin diseases caused by mites. Canine demodicosis is caused by Demodex canis mites and generally presents in young dogs, though some cases occur in older dogs. It is not contagious between dogs. Canine scabies is caused by Sarcoptes scabiei mites and is highly contagious between dogs. It causes severe itching that escalates over time. Both diseases can be diagnosed via skin scrapings and treated with licensed products. Canine demodicosis can be difficult to cure and require multiple treatments, while canine scabies usually responds well to treatment with high cure rates.
Prevalence of canine leptospirosis has increased in recent years.
As many as 8.2% of dogs are shedding leptospires, some asymptomatically.49
Weather changes, population growth, and habitat encroachment have all increased human and canine exposure to pathogens and their carriers.
Transmission of leptospirosis can occur through direct contact or indirectly through environmental exposure.
Leptospires enter the body through mucous membranes in the mouth, eyes, or nose, or through abraded or water-softened skin.
Leptospires multiply in a host animal's bloodstream.
Leptospires move from the bloodstream to the kidneys and other tissues to continue reproducing.
Leptospires pass from the kidneys into the urine; then are shed back into the environment.
Other dogs, wild animals, or people can become infected through direct or indirect contact.
clinical signs
Fever
Lethargy
Weight loss
Anorexia
Depression
Acute renal failure
Jaundice
Abdominal discomfort
Vomiting and diarrhea
Blood in urine is uncommon, but may occur
Respiratory distress
Dogs at risk
Dogs at risk for developing leptospirosis include those with
Access to ponds, lakes, streams, or standing water
Exposure to urine from other infected animals, including:
Other dogs in shelters or other pet care facilities
Wildlife (e.g. rodents, racoons, opossum, deer), either through direct contact with urine or through contaminated water
Morbidity threats
As leptospirosis progresses, it can result in
Leptospiremia
Leptospires can multiply in the bloodstream and spread to many tissues and organs
Vascular damage/thrombocytopenia
Can lead to kidney failure and interfere with liver function
Contributes to coagulatory abnormalities and hemorrhages
Severe kidney and liver damage
Acute renal failure occurs in dogs with severe clinical signs
Acute hepatic dysfunction or chronic hepatitis have been caused by specific serovars
Ascaris lumbricoides, commonly known as the large roundworm, is the most prevalent intestinal nematode parasite of humans. It inhabits the small intestine and can cause complications like intestinal obstruction. The adult female worm is 20-35cm long and lays hundreds of thousands of eggs per day that are passed in feces. When ingested, the eggs hatch in the intestines releasing larvae that penetrate the intestinal wall, travel to the lungs, and are then swallowed making their way back to the small intestine where they mature into adult worms.
Avian Influenza (AI) is a viral influenza of birds including chickens, turkeys, guinea fowls, and other avian species.
There are three main types of Influenza (A,B & C).
Influenza Type-A
Multiple species
Influenza Type-B
Human
Influenza Type-C
Human & swine
Theileriosis Presented by Ahmed Abdulkadir Hassan
4th year student, college of veterinary medicine,
University of Bahri.
kadle010@gmail.com
khartoum, Sudan.
Sarcocystis is a genus of protozoan parasites that infect the muscles of intermediate hosts such as mammals and birds. It was first discovered in 1843. The parasites have an indirect life cycle involving a transport host and a definitive carnivore host. In the carnivore, the parasites mature and release oocysts that infect transport hosts when consumed. In muscles of transport hosts, sarcocysts form that can infect carnivores, completing the cycle. Most infections are asymptomatic, but some species can cause illness in horses and humans who act as accidental intermediate hosts. No effective treatments exist beyond preventative hygiene measures.
Rabies is a fatal viral disease that affects the nervous system of humans and other mammals. It is caused by the rabies virus, which is bullet-shaped and can be transmitted via bites or scratches from infected animals. Dogs are the primary carrier of the virus and transmission from dogs accounts for over 95% of all human rabies cases. The virus causes inflammation of the brain and spinal cord and symptoms vary depending on the infected animal but may include changes in behavior, aggression, paralysis, and death within days if left untreated. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of brain tissues or isolation of the virus. Vaccination is effective for both pre-exposure and post-exposure prevention in humans and animals.
This document summarizes various pathologies that can affect the respiratory system. It begins by discussing various diseases that can cause inflammation in different parts of the respiratory tract, such as epistaxis (nose bleeding), rhinitis (inflammation of the nasal mucosa), sinusitis (inflammation of the sinuses), laryngitis (inflammation of the larynx), and tracheitis (inflammation of the trachea). It then discusses pathologies that can affect the lungs, such as different types of pneumonia (suppurative bronchopneumonia, fibrinous bronchopneumonia, interstitial pneumonia, and embolic pneumonia), pulmonary edema, atelectasis, and pulmonary emphysema. It provides descriptions
ICAWC 2013 - Sarcoptic and Demodectic Mange - David GrantDogs Trust
Demodectic and sarcoptic mange are parasitic skin diseases caused by mites. Canine demodicosis is caused by Demodex canis mites and generally presents in young dogs, though some cases occur in older dogs. It is not contagious between dogs. Canine scabies is caused by Sarcoptes scabiei mites and is highly contagious between dogs. It causes severe itching that escalates over time. Both diseases can be diagnosed via skin scrapings and treated with licensed products. Canine demodicosis can be difficult to cure and require multiple treatments, while canine scabies usually responds well to treatment with high cure rates.
Prevalence of canine leptospirosis has increased in recent years.
As many as 8.2% of dogs are shedding leptospires, some asymptomatically.49
Weather changes, population growth, and habitat encroachment have all increased human and canine exposure to pathogens and their carriers.
Transmission of leptospirosis can occur through direct contact or indirectly through environmental exposure.
Leptospires enter the body through mucous membranes in the mouth, eyes, or nose, or through abraded or water-softened skin.
Leptospires multiply in a host animal's bloodstream.
Leptospires move from the bloodstream to the kidneys and other tissues to continue reproducing.
Leptospires pass from the kidneys into the urine; then are shed back into the environment.
Other dogs, wild animals, or people can become infected through direct or indirect contact.
clinical signs
Fever
Lethargy
Weight loss
Anorexia
Depression
Acute renal failure
Jaundice
Abdominal discomfort
Vomiting and diarrhea
Blood in urine is uncommon, but may occur
Respiratory distress
Dogs at risk
Dogs at risk for developing leptospirosis include those with
Access to ponds, lakes, streams, or standing water
Exposure to urine from other infected animals, including:
Other dogs in shelters or other pet care facilities
Wildlife (e.g. rodents, racoons, opossum, deer), either through direct contact with urine or through contaminated water
Morbidity threats
As leptospirosis progresses, it can result in
Leptospiremia
Leptospires can multiply in the bloodstream and spread to many tissues and organs
Vascular damage/thrombocytopenia
Can lead to kidney failure and interfere with liver function
Contributes to coagulatory abnormalities and hemorrhages
Severe kidney and liver damage
Acute renal failure occurs in dogs with severe clinical signs
Acute hepatic dysfunction or chronic hepatitis have been caused by specific serovars
This document describes a post-mortem examination of a 21-day-old broiler chicken that showed signs of ascites. The post-mortem lesions included congested muscles and organs, fluid-filled cavities, and a cirrhotic liver. The chicken was treated with medications to address liver, kidney and toxin issues. Ascites can be caused by factors like hypoxia, toxins, poor ventilation and respiratory diseases. Preventative measures include improving ventilation, controlling diseases, and reducing stress on fast-growing chickens.
Trypanosoma is a protozoan parasite that causes sleeping sickness in humans. It has a complex life cycle involving transmission between mammalian hosts and tsetse fly vectors. In humans, the parasite initially causes fever and lymphadenopathy before invading the central nervous system and potentially causing coma or death if left untreated. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of blood or tissue samples and serological tests. Treatment depends on the stage of infection, with drugs targeting the early acute stage or late central nervous system involvement.
This document discusses arboviruses, which are viruses transmitted by arthropods like mosquitoes and ticks. It defines arboviruses and provides their classification. The major families of arboviruses are Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae, Reoviridae, and Arenaviridae. Some important arboviruses and the diseases they cause include dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile virus and chikungunya. Diagnosis involves virus isolation, antigen detection, genome detection and serology. Major vectors are mosquitoes and ticks.
Canine distemper is a highly contagious viral disease that affects multiple carnivore species. It is characterized by fever, respiratory and gastrointestinal issues, and neurological complications. While vaccination has reduced cases, it remains a major disease. The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets and infected bodily fluids. Puppies and unvaccinated dogs are most at risk. Treatment focuses on supportive care, though the virus can cause lasting issues in survivors. Widespread vaccination is important to control the disease.
Strangles is a highly contagious upper respiratory infection of horses caused by Streptococcus equi bacteria. It spreads easily through nasal discharge of infected horses. Clinical signs include fever, enlarged lymph nodes in the throat that can abscess and rupture, and nasal discharge that starts clear but becomes thick and pus-filled. Treatment focuses on supportive care with NSAIDs to reduce fever and encourage drainage of abscesses. Strict isolation of infected horses and thorough disinfection of equipment is important to control the spread. Vaccination can help prevent infection.
Feline panleukopenia, also known as feline infectious enteritis, is caused by the feline panleukopenia virus, a parvovirus that infects the rapidly dividing cells of the intestinal crypts and bone marrow. It causes severe diarrhea, dehydration, anemia and can be fatal. The virus is highly contagious and commonly affects young kittens. Diagnosis involves a low white blood cell count and virus detection. Treatment focuses on supportive care like fluid therapy. Vaccination is the primary prevention and control method.
BSE, also known as mad cow disease, is a fatal prion disease affecting cattle that can be transmitted to humans. It was first identified in the UK in 1986 and over 180,000 cases were reported there between 1987-2007. The infectious agent is a misfolded prion protein that is not destroyed by cooking and can spread between individuals through contaminated food or animal feed. While there is no treatment or vaccine, prevention methods include banning cattle feed containing meat and bone meal and surveillance testing.
Rabies is a fatal viral disease that causes inflammation of the brain. It is most commonly transmitted through bites or scratches from rabid animals like dogs, bats, and wildlife. The rabies virus infects the central nervous system and causes disease in the brain, which if left untreated results in nearly 100% mortality. Prevention involves vaccinating domestic animals, avoiding contact with wildlife, and seeking medical care after potential exposures. Rabies remains a serious public health problem globally, with most human deaths occurring in Africa and Asia through dog-mediated transmission.
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection in pigs, pork and raw pork handlers in...ILRI
Presentation by Angella Musewa, Kristina Roesel, Damalie Nakanjako, Delia Grace, Ronald Ssenyonga, Joan Nangendo, Ismael Kawooya, Joseph Erume at the first joint conference of the Association of Institutions for Tropical Veterinary Medicine and the Society of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Berlin, Germany, 4–8 September 2016.
This document describes ascariasis, caused by the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. It is most common in children in tropical areas with poor sanitation. The worms live in the small intestine and the female can lay up to 200,000 eggs daily that are passed in feces. When eggs are ingested, they hatch in the intestines releasing larvae that migrate through organs before maturing in the lungs and being swallowed to the intestines. Heavy infections can cause malnutrition, obstruction, and other complications. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in stool or worms. Treatment includes mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate. Prevention relies on proper sanitation and hygiene.
This document provides an introduction to helminthology, the study of parasitic worms. It defines key helminth terminology and discusses the classification, characteristics, life cycles and examples of the three main classes of helminths: nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes. Nematodes are roundworms, cestodes are tapeworms, and trematodes are flukes. The document highlights some important helminth infections including ascariasis, trichuriasis, hookworm infections, and hymenolepiasis and their effects on human health. It also discusses the life cycles and pathogenic stages of intestinal nematodes like whipworm, hookworms, and roundworm.
Newcastle Disease is caused by a paramyxovirus that infects the respiratory and intestinal tracts of chickens. It spreads to other organs via the bloodstream, causing infection of the lungs, intestines, and central nervous system. Clinical signs include respiratory symptoms, nervous signs, digestive issues, and sudden death. Gross lesions include hemorrhages in multiple organs, tracheitis, diphtheritic inflammation of the throat and esophagus, necrosis of lymphoid tissues, and congestion in organs like the liver and lungs. Histopathological examination reveals epithelial necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, neuronal degeneration, and lymphoid tissue destruction in affected organs.
This document provides information on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), also known as mad cow disease. It discusses that BSE is a fatal neurological disease affecting cattle that results in a spongy appearance of the brain. The disease first emerged in the UK in 1986 and has since spread to several other countries. Cattle primarily become infected through consuming protein supplements containing meat and bone meal from infected animals. The document also provides details on the clinical signs, transmission, diagnosis, control and prevention of BSE.
This document discusses feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) in cats, which includes cystitis, urolithiasis, urethral obstruction, and uremia. FLUTD most commonly occurs in male cats ages 1-5 years old. Risk factors include a lack of neutering, low fluid intake, genetics, and diet. Symptoms include crying or licking during urination, frequent or bloody urination, and pain. Treatment involves relieving pain, dissolving or removing any bladder stones, administering antibiotics and diuretics, and changing diet to help prevent recurrence.
This document summarizes turkey intestinal coccidiosis. It is caused by Eimeria species that infect the intestinal tract. Clinical signs include decreased appetite, droopy appearance, and bloody diarrhea. Lesions include thickening and congestion of the intestines. Diagnosis involves finding oocysts in feces. Treatment involves anticoccidial drugs in feed or water. Control relies on sanitation, separating age groups of turkeys, and anticoccidial medication.
This document summarizes equine endocrine disorders including equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) and equine Cushing's disease (equine pars pituitary intermedia dysfunction or PPID). EMS is characterized by insulin resistance, obesity, and laminitis. It commonly affects ponies, Morgans, and other breeds aged 10-20. Clinical signs include laminitis, reproductive issues, and regional fat deposits. Testing includes insulin/glucose ratios and oral sugar tests. Treatment focuses on weight loss through diet, exercise, and limiting carbohydrates. PPID is a pituitary gland dysfunction causing high cortisol levels. It mainly affects horses over 15 and clinical signs vary but include long hair coat, increased drinking,
This document provides information on the presentation "Cestodes" including:
- Cestodes, also known as tapeworms, are flat, ribbon-shaped endoparasites that live in the digestive tracts of vertebrates. They have an indirect life cycle requiring an intermediate host.
- The document covers the morphology, classification, life cycles, and pathogenic effects of important tapeworm species like Diphyllobothrium latum and Ligula intestinalis.
- Tapeworm infections can cause inflammation, tissue damage and pathology in the intestines and other organs of fish hosts. This can lead to problems like reduced growth, organ damage, and sometimes mortality.
Hydro-pericardium means water in pericardium (the membrane surrounding the heart filled with water)
Also called as Angara, Hydro pericardium pulmonary edema, hepato nephrosis complex or inclusion body hepatitis etc.
First observed in Pakistan in 1987-88.
Caused by Adenovirus strain K31/89
Broilers, layers as well as breeder birds are susceptible birds.
Birds shed virus in feces which is source of infection
This document discusses meat hygiene and inspection. It covers the importance of meat hygiene in protecting consumers from diseases that can be transmitted through meat. It also discusses the design and key areas of abattoirs, including separating clean and dirty operations. Finally, it outlines the procedures for ante-mortem and post-mortem inspection of cattle, buffaloes, and camels to check for diseases and ensure meat is fit for human consumption. This includes examining various organs and tissues for conditions like tuberculosis, parasites, and infections.
This document provides guidance on sampling methods for different animal diseases. It discusses the appropriate samples, packaging, and transport needed for accurate diagnosis of various conditions. Specific guidance is given for sampling blood, serum, swabs, feces, tissues, and other specimen types. Common diseases that can be diagnosed from different sample types are also outlined. The overall message is that collecting samples following these standards will provide veterinary laboratories the best opportunity for accurate diagnosis.
This document describes a post-mortem examination of a 21-day-old broiler chicken that showed signs of ascites. The post-mortem lesions included congested muscles and organs, fluid-filled cavities, and a cirrhotic liver. The chicken was treated with medications to address liver, kidney and toxin issues. Ascites can be caused by factors like hypoxia, toxins, poor ventilation and respiratory diseases. Preventative measures include improving ventilation, controlling diseases, and reducing stress on fast-growing chickens.
Trypanosoma is a protozoan parasite that causes sleeping sickness in humans. It has a complex life cycle involving transmission between mammalian hosts and tsetse fly vectors. In humans, the parasite initially causes fever and lymphadenopathy before invading the central nervous system and potentially causing coma or death if left untreated. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of blood or tissue samples and serological tests. Treatment depends on the stage of infection, with drugs targeting the early acute stage or late central nervous system involvement.
This document discusses arboviruses, which are viruses transmitted by arthropods like mosquitoes and ticks. It defines arboviruses and provides their classification. The major families of arboviruses are Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae, Reoviridae, and Arenaviridae. Some important arboviruses and the diseases they cause include dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile virus and chikungunya. Diagnosis involves virus isolation, antigen detection, genome detection and serology. Major vectors are mosquitoes and ticks.
Canine distemper is a highly contagious viral disease that affects multiple carnivore species. It is characterized by fever, respiratory and gastrointestinal issues, and neurological complications. While vaccination has reduced cases, it remains a major disease. The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets and infected bodily fluids. Puppies and unvaccinated dogs are most at risk. Treatment focuses on supportive care, though the virus can cause lasting issues in survivors. Widespread vaccination is important to control the disease.
Strangles is a highly contagious upper respiratory infection of horses caused by Streptococcus equi bacteria. It spreads easily through nasal discharge of infected horses. Clinical signs include fever, enlarged lymph nodes in the throat that can abscess and rupture, and nasal discharge that starts clear but becomes thick and pus-filled. Treatment focuses on supportive care with NSAIDs to reduce fever and encourage drainage of abscesses. Strict isolation of infected horses and thorough disinfection of equipment is important to control the spread. Vaccination can help prevent infection.
Feline panleukopenia, also known as feline infectious enteritis, is caused by the feline panleukopenia virus, a parvovirus that infects the rapidly dividing cells of the intestinal crypts and bone marrow. It causes severe diarrhea, dehydration, anemia and can be fatal. The virus is highly contagious and commonly affects young kittens. Diagnosis involves a low white blood cell count and virus detection. Treatment focuses on supportive care like fluid therapy. Vaccination is the primary prevention and control method.
BSE, also known as mad cow disease, is a fatal prion disease affecting cattle that can be transmitted to humans. It was first identified in the UK in 1986 and over 180,000 cases were reported there between 1987-2007. The infectious agent is a misfolded prion protein that is not destroyed by cooking and can spread between individuals through contaminated food or animal feed. While there is no treatment or vaccine, prevention methods include banning cattle feed containing meat and bone meal and surveillance testing.
Rabies is a fatal viral disease that causes inflammation of the brain. It is most commonly transmitted through bites or scratches from rabid animals like dogs, bats, and wildlife. The rabies virus infects the central nervous system and causes disease in the brain, which if left untreated results in nearly 100% mortality. Prevention involves vaccinating domestic animals, avoiding contact with wildlife, and seeking medical care after potential exposures. Rabies remains a serious public health problem globally, with most human deaths occurring in Africa and Asia through dog-mediated transmission.
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection in pigs, pork and raw pork handlers in...ILRI
Presentation by Angella Musewa, Kristina Roesel, Damalie Nakanjako, Delia Grace, Ronald Ssenyonga, Joan Nangendo, Ismael Kawooya, Joseph Erume at the first joint conference of the Association of Institutions for Tropical Veterinary Medicine and the Society of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Berlin, Germany, 4–8 September 2016.
This document describes ascariasis, caused by the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. It is most common in children in tropical areas with poor sanitation. The worms live in the small intestine and the female can lay up to 200,000 eggs daily that are passed in feces. When eggs are ingested, they hatch in the intestines releasing larvae that migrate through organs before maturing in the lungs and being swallowed to the intestines. Heavy infections can cause malnutrition, obstruction, and other complications. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in stool or worms. Treatment includes mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate. Prevention relies on proper sanitation and hygiene.
This document provides an introduction to helminthology, the study of parasitic worms. It defines key helminth terminology and discusses the classification, characteristics, life cycles and examples of the three main classes of helminths: nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes. Nematodes are roundworms, cestodes are tapeworms, and trematodes are flukes. The document highlights some important helminth infections including ascariasis, trichuriasis, hookworm infections, and hymenolepiasis and their effects on human health. It also discusses the life cycles and pathogenic stages of intestinal nematodes like whipworm, hookworms, and roundworm.
Newcastle Disease is caused by a paramyxovirus that infects the respiratory and intestinal tracts of chickens. It spreads to other organs via the bloodstream, causing infection of the lungs, intestines, and central nervous system. Clinical signs include respiratory symptoms, nervous signs, digestive issues, and sudden death. Gross lesions include hemorrhages in multiple organs, tracheitis, diphtheritic inflammation of the throat and esophagus, necrosis of lymphoid tissues, and congestion in organs like the liver and lungs. Histopathological examination reveals epithelial necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, neuronal degeneration, and lymphoid tissue destruction in affected organs.
This document provides information on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), also known as mad cow disease. It discusses that BSE is a fatal neurological disease affecting cattle that results in a spongy appearance of the brain. The disease first emerged in the UK in 1986 and has since spread to several other countries. Cattle primarily become infected through consuming protein supplements containing meat and bone meal from infected animals. The document also provides details on the clinical signs, transmission, diagnosis, control and prevention of BSE.
This document discusses feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) in cats, which includes cystitis, urolithiasis, urethral obstruction, and uremia. FLUTD most commonly occurs in male cats ages 1-5 years old. Risk factors include a lack of neutering, low fluid intake, genetics, and diet. Symptoms include crying or licking during urination, frequent or bloody urination, and pain. Treatment involves relieving pain, dissolving or removing any bladder stones, administering antibiotics and diuretics, and changing diet to help prevent recurrence.
This document summarizes turkey intestinal coccidiosis. It is caused by Eimeria species that infect the intestinal tract. Clinical signs include decreased appetite, droopy appearance, and bloody diarrhea. Lesions include thickening and congestion of the intestines. Diagnosis involves finding oocysts in feces. Treatment involves anticoccidial drugs in feed or water. Control relies on sanitation, separating age groups of turkeys, and anticoccidial medication.
This document summarizes equine endocrine disorders including equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) and equine Cushing's disease (equine pars pituitary intermedia dysfunction or PPID). EMS is characterized by insulin resistance, obesity, and laminitis. It commonly affects ponies, Morgans, and other breeds aged 10-20. Clinical signs include laminitis, reproductive issues, and regional fat deposits. Testing includes insulin/glucose ratios and oral sugar tests. Treatment focuses on weight loss through diet, exercise, and limiting carbohydrates. PPID is a pituitary gland dysfunction causing high cortisol levels. It mainly affects horses over 15 and clinical signs vary but include long hair coat, increased drinking,
This document provides information on the presentation "Cestodes" including:
- Cestodes, also known as tapeworms, are flat, ribbon-shaped endoparasites that live in the digestive tracts of vertebrates. They have an indirect life cycle requiring an intermediate host.
- The document covers the morphology, classification, life cycles, and pathogenic effects of important tapeworm species like Diphyllobothrium latum and Ligula intestinalis.
- Tapeworm infections can cause inflammation, tissue damage and pathology in the intestines and other organs of fish hosts. This can lead to problems like reduced growth, organ damage, and sometimes mortality.
Hydro-pericardium means water in pericardium (the membrane surrounding the heart filled with water)
Also called as Angara, Hydro pericardium pulmonary edema, hepato nephrosis complex or inclusion body hepatitis etc.
First observed in Pakistan in 1987-88.
Caused by Adenovirus strain K31/89
Broilers, layers as well as breeder birds are susceptible birds.
Birds shed virus in feces which is source of infection
This document discusses meat hygiene and inspection. It covers the importance of meat hygiene in protecting consumers from diseases that can be transmitted through meat. It also discusses the design and key areas of abattoirs, including separating clean and dirty operations. Finally, it outlines the procedures for ante-mortem and post-mortem inspection of cattle, buffaloes, and camels to check for diseases and ensure meat is fit for human consumption. This includes examining various organs and tissues for conditions like tuberculosis, parasites, and infections.
This document provides guidance on sampling methods for different animal diseases. It discusses the appropriate samples, packaging, and transport needed for accurate diagnosis of various conditions. Specific guidance is given for sampling blood, serum, swabs, feces, tissues, and other specimen types. Common diseases that can be diagnosed from different sample types are also outlined. The overall message is that collecting samples following these standards will provide veterinary laboratories the best opportunity for accurate diagnosis.
Analytical study of Human tissues by Biopsysrihasa177
1) The document discusses a project analyzing human tissues through biopsy samples in a clinical pathology department. It describes the different types of tissues in the body and the biopsy process.
2) Key equipment used includes microscopes and microtomes to examine thin tissue slices. The methodology discusses staining tissue samples and examining under a microscope.
3) On average, 5 out of 80 monthly specimens show cancer results. Biopsy helps determine cancer grade and aggressiveness to guide treatment planning. While biopsies don't confirm specific conditions, they provide diagnostic information to healthcare providers.
Collection and Handling of Specimens for Laboratory DiagnosisPerez Eric
This document provides guidance on collecting, handling, and transporting specimens for laboratory diagnosis of animal diseases. It discusses the purposes of collecting samples, such as for direct examination, isolation of microorganisms, serological and molecular testing. Key steps include using proper protective equipment, collecting sufficient samples before treatment, using sterile containers, maintaining cold chain transport, and providing epidemiological information. A checklist is provided for field sample collection kits and samples that should always be collected from various tissues and body fluids. Proper handling and rapid transport of samples to the laboratory is emphasized.
Pyothorax or empyema is the accumulation of pus and infected material within the pleural sac, causing symptoms like fever, breathing difficulties, and weight loss. It is typically caused by direct introduction of bacteria via trauma, surgery or extension from other infected sites. Diagnosis involves examining pleural fluid for bacteria, chest x-rays showing effusion, and ruling out other causes. Treatment requires tube drainage of the pleural space along with intravenous antibiotics and fluid therapy. Chylothorax is a similar condition involving accumulation of lymph fluid in the pleural space, often due to trauma or cancer causing a rupture of the thoracic duct.
This document provides an overview of the Clinical Biochemistry course PLC 402. The course covers proper blood sampling techniques, components of the human body, and the study of electrolytes, hormones, liver and kidney function, and disorders. It involves analyzing blood under healthy and abnormal conditions to diagnose diseases, screen for risk factors, and monitor treatments. The document outlines different laboratory tests, procedures for safe blood collection and handling, quality control measures, and factors that can influence test results.
1. Taeniasis and hydatid disease are zoonotic diseases caused by the tapeworms Taenia saginata, T. solium, and Echinococcus granulosus.
2. T. saginata and T. solium cause taeniasis in humans through ingestion of undercooked beef or pork. E. granulosus causes hydatid disease through ingestion of eggs shed by infected dogs.
3. Symptoms of taeniasis include abdominal discomfort while hydatid disease symptoms depend on cyst location and can include jaundice, pressure symptoms, or death. Diagnosis involves identifying eggs or proglottids in stool or cysts radiologically.
This document provides information about disease investigation techniques, materials needed for laboratory investigation, and the establishment of animal health centers. It discusses techniques for investigating disease outbreaks and epidemics, as well as the objectives and phases of disease surveillance. It also outlines the different types of samples that can be collected from animals for laboratory analysis, and the proper procedures and materials needed for sample collection. Finally, it describes the goals, services, and assistance provided by animal health centers, which work to diagnose and prevent the spread of diseases among livestock populations.
The document discusses laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases. It covers proper selection, collection and transport of clinical specimens; laboratory tests including microscopy, culture techniques, and biochemical reactions; and specimens from different parts of the body. Key points are the importance of collecting specimens properly before antimicrobial treatment and transporting them quickly to preserve microorganisms. A quality laboratory uses quality assurance and quality control to accurately diagnose infectious agents.
The document discusses laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases. It covers proper selection, collection and transport of clinical specimens; laboratory tests including microscopy, culture techniques, and biochemical reactions; and specimens from different anatomical sites. Key points are the importance of collecting specimens before antimicrobial therapy, avoiding contamination, and transporting specimens in a way that preserves viable organisms. A proper diagnosis requires integrating clinical information with laboratory findings.
Principle laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseasesmurtadha ali
This document discusses the diagnosis of infectious diseases through laboratory investigation. It covers the importance of communication between physicians and the laboratory, proper selection, collection and transport of clinical specimens, quality assurance and control measures, and the laboratory investigation process including microscopy, culture techniques, and biochemical and molecular identification methods. The key aspects are selecting the appropriate specimen, collecting and transporting it properly to preserve viable pathogens and prevent contamination.
The document discusses proper procedures for sample preparation and transportation for laboratory analysis. It covers sampling of water, feed, poultry sheds, and animals. Key points include taking water samples from the water source, collecting feed samples in sterile containers, using sterile swabs to sample surfaces in poultry sheds, and following aseptic techniques when sampling organs from animals. The document also outlines packaging and transportation requirements to prevent contamination and preserve sample quality during transport.
This document provides guidelines for the collection and preservation of various forensic samples, including:
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Cysticercosis and Trichinella detection in meat
1. Cysticercosis and Trichinella detection in meat
Training on parasitic foodborne diseases
Fred Unger
Vientiane, Laos PDR, 15 February 2017
2. Trichinellosis - Epidemiology
How humans become infected:
• Humans become infected by eating raw, undercooked
or processed meat from pigs and other mammals (wild
boar, horses or game)
Symptoms in humans
• fever, muscle pain and headaches and in severe cases
may affect the vital organs possibly leading to
meningitis, pneumonia or even death
How pigs become infected:
• Like humans, pigs can become infected when they
ingest meat containing the trichinae, the consumption
of dead infected animals (rodents), either directly or
from contaminated commercial animal feeds
3. How do we test for Trichinella in pigs
Diagnostic tests for trichinellosis fall into two categories:
1) direct detection of (first-stage) larvae encysted or free in striated muscle tissue,
- requires taking a sample of muscle tissue at slaughterhouse or market
2) indirect detection of infection by tests for specific antibodies.
- involves collection of e.g. serum or blood
- ELISA
Source: ILRI 2016
Source: ComAccross 2016
4. Trichinella in pigs - Comparison of methods
Material needed Advantage Disadvantage OIE
Direct detection
Digestion method Meat Sensitive, cost
effective, allows
pooled samples (e.g.
1g and 100 carcasses
Require basic lab
support
Recommended
Trichinoscopy
(compression
method)
Meat Easy to do,
microscope and petri
dishes
Low sensitivity Not recommended
but valuable under
low budget and field
conditions
PCR Meat, blood Highly specific and
sensitive
Lack of
sensitivity, costly
Not recommended
for routine use
Indirect methods
ELISA (indirect) Serum, various tests Highly sensitive and
specific to detect
antibodies
Requires
considerable lab
support, costly
Recommended, but
performance depend
on antigen
5. Key messages – diagnostic for Trichinella
• Laos context
• Trichinosis is endemic in human and pigs
• Low resource country and limited lab capacity
• Most recommended method
• Slaughterhouse
• Trichinoscopy or digestion method
• Farm survey in pigs
• Epidemiological studies in high prevalence areas using ELISA
• Additional inspection of carcasses should be implemented to confirm
serological results
6. Inactivation of Trichinella in pork
Minimum meat core temperature of 71°C is required for inactivation
Freezing at a temperature of -15°C or higher for 20 days is needed for
inactivation
8. How we test for Trichinella in pigs
Diagnostic tests for trichinellosis fall into two categories:
1) direct detection of (first-stage) larvae encysted or free in striated muscle tissue,
- requires taking a sample of muscle tissue at slaughterhouse or market
2) indirect detection of infection by tests for specific antibodies.
- involves collection of e.g. serum or blood
- ELISA
9. Direct detection of Trichinella in pigs
Trichinella larvae prefer well blood circulated muscles
• The tongue, diaphragm pillars and masseter muscle usually contains the highest
concentration of larvae
Source:
http://www.parasite-
journal.org
or
http://dx.doi.org/10.1051
/parasite/200108s2246
10. Collection of sample at slaughterhouse
The muscle sample should ideally be taken from the pillar of the diaphragm, cutting
along the thick meaty part as close to the ribs as possible.
Source: ILRI 2016
Source: food.gov.uk
11. Collection of sample at slaughterhouse
A muscle sample of at least 1 g, equivalent to a piece of diaphragm meat at least 1-2 cm cube,
should be cut from the carcass of each animal as soon as possible after death.
The sample should be free of fat and other tissue.
Source: food.gov.uk
12. Collection of sample at slaughterhouse
Once the muscle sample has been taken from the carcass
it should be placed in a appropriate plastic bag and
cooling box and send to the laboratory. The sample
should not be frozen.
Source: IMH
14. Digestion method – specific steps
.
EU: Regulation 2075/2005 allows digestion method only.
Procedure; Similar to Reg. 2075/2005, but: half-size: 50 g meat, 1 litre tap water, 5 g pepsin 2000 F.I.P., 8 ml
25% hydrochloric acid
Sample preparation:
Mince sample (lean pork) by a grinder (not too fine)
Start digestion:
1. Put a beaker with 1l water on a magnetic-stirrer/heating unit
2. Bring water to 45°C on the magnetic-stirrer/heating unit
3. Add Pepsin and wait until dissolved
4. Add minced sample and wait until dissolved
5. Add hydrochloric acid and cover beaker with aluminium foil
6. Wait 30 minutes and then check if there are only few undigested particles present (< 5%), if necessary wait
additional 15-30 min.
7. NOTE: when using stirrers with aluminium heating plate, avoid dripping of acid or digestion fluid on plate,
as this will cause corrosion Open valve of conical funnel and fill 2 petri dishes
8. Examine at 20-40x magnification under light microscope
15. Digestion method – specific steps cont.
.
EU: Regulation 2075/2005 allows digestion method only.
Sedimentation:
1. Pour digestion fluid through sieve in conical separation funnel.
2. Rinse beaker and pour rinse fluid through sieve
3. rinse sieve by squirt bottle
4. Wait 30 minutes for sedimentation
Detection (differs from EU protocol !):
1. Open valve of conical funnel and fill 2 petri dishes
2. Examine at 20-40x magnification under light miscrossope
Decontamination and cleaning:
In case that Trichinella has been found: Water of ≥ 60°C. Diluted sodiumhypochlorite (2%) also can
be used
17. Trichinoscopy or compression method
.
Method:
• Small pieces of oat-grain sized muscle samples (28 pieces correspond to about 1 g of muscle
sample), from diaphragm are compressed between two glass plates or slides until they become
translucent
• Individually examined in situ Trichinella larvae, using a trichinoscope or a dissecting stereo-
microscope at 15-40x magnification (Gamble et al., 2000)
What do I need:
• Stereo microscope
• Compression chamber slide or
• 2 glass plates
Source:http://www.leitzmuseu
m.org/MicroscopeTypes/1940-
Trichinoscope/1940-
Trichinoscope-2.jpg
19. Cysticercose - Epidemiology
How humans become infected:
• Humans become infected by eating raw, undercooked
or processed meat from pigs which contain cysts
Symptoms in humans
• Human taeniasis is relatively asymptomatic e.g.
diarrhoea and constipation, 6 - 8 weeks following the
ingestion of the cysticerci
• Human cysticercosis can lead to multiple clinical
presentation depending on the organ infected, most
serious neurocysticercosis
How pigs become infected:
• Pigs can become infected when they ingest certain
stages of Taenia (e.g. embryonated eggs or proglottids)
20. How do we test for Cysticercoses in pigs
Diagnostic procedures for cysticercoses in pigs:
1) Meat inspection is the main diagnostic procedure
- direct detection of cysts in pig muscle tissue at slaughterhouse
Note: Tests for antibodies in serum are not used currently for the diagnosis of
cysticercosis in animals except for epidemiological purposes.
Main problem low specificity due to cross-reactions
21. Meat inspection guidance in pigs
1. Visual inspection of the carcass, its cut surfaces and the organs within it.
2. The external and internal masseters and the pterygoid muscles must be examined and one
or two incisions made into each, the cuts being parallel to the bone and right through the
muscle.
3. Tongue: examined visually and palpated
4. Pericardium and heart are examined visually. The heart usually is incised once length wise
through the left ventricle and interventricular septum so exposing the interior and cut
surfaces for examination.
5. The muscles of the diaphragm, after removal of the peritoneum, are examined visually and
may be incised.
6. The oesophagus is examined visuall
https://web.oie.int/eng/normes/MMANUAL/2008/pdf/2.09.05_CYSTICERCOSIS.pdf
22. Meat inspection guidance in pigs
Cysts (nodule) due to T. solium in tongue
Cysts due to T. saginata in heart
Cysts (nodule) due to T. soliumCysts due to T. solium in esophagus
Source:
Odendaal, University of Pretoria, Department of Paraclinical
Sciences, Section of Veterinary Public Health
23. Meat inspection guidance in pigs
Source:
Odendaal, University of Pretoria, Department of Paraclinical
Sciences, Section of Veterinary Public Health
Cysts due to T. solium in skeletal muscle
Cysts due to T. saginata in diaphragm
24. Inactivation of Cyst in pork
Minimum meat core temperature of 60ºC is required for inactivation
Freezing at a temperature of -12ºC or higher for 4 days will inactivate
cysticerci
Cysticerci can survive up to 30 days in the carcass of pigs at 4ºC
25. Meat inspection
Note:
Contains of inpection of various organs and should be not limited to
cysticercoses and trichinella
e.g. Lung, kidney, heart, various lymphnodes, splen, skin, pleura,
connective tissue ect.
26. This presentation is licensed for use under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.
better lives through livestock
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