Reservoirs of pathogenic Leptospira species in Uganda

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Presentation by Lordrick Alinaitwe, Martin Wainaina, Salome Dürr, Clovice Kankya, Velma Kivali, James Bugeza, Martin Richter, Kristina Roesel, Annie Cook and Anne Mayer-Scholl at the University of Bern Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences Symposium, Bern, Switzerland, 29 June 2023.

Better lives through livestock
Reservoirs of pathogenic Leptospira species in Uganda
Lordrick Alinaitwe1,2,3, Martin Wainaina4, Salome Dürr2, Clovice Kankya3 ,Velma Kivali1, James Bugeza1,
Martin Richter4, Kristina Roesel1, Annie Cook1 and Anne Mayer-Scholl4
1Animal and Human Health program, International Livestock Research Institute, Kenya
2Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland
3College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Uganda
4Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Germany
University of Bern Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences Symposium
Bern, Switzerland
29 June 2023

Leptospira and leptospirosis
29. June2023, Bern VPHI
2
Adopted from Victoriano et al., 2009: Leptospirosis in the Asia Pacific region. BMC Infect Dis.
2009 Sep 4;9:147. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-9-147.
Zoonotic bacteria, endemic in tropics
1,000,000 cases / 60,000 deaths
annually
Host-serovar adaptation

Human leptospirosis in Uganda…Implicate the cow!
29. June 2023, Bern VPHI
3

Animal leptospirosis…What evidence against the cow?
29. June 2023, Bern
VPHI
4
Prevention/control = Knowing infection
sources, who is infected and what influences
spread of infection

5
Overview of methods
Cross-sectional studies
Livestock (2030)
Cattle (820)
Goats (335)
Sheep (114)
Swine (761)
Environment
Small mammals (117)
Kidneys
Attribute Data
Laboratory Analysis
Realtime PCR, SLST,
MLST
Extent of Leptospira infection and
circulating species/serogroups
5 29. June 2023, Bern VPHI

Prevalence of Leptospira infection and circulating species
29. June 2023, Bern VPHI
6
Cattle Goats Sheep Pigs Rodents&
shrews
Total
(Livestock)
NTest (NPos) 820 (30) 335 (6) 114 (6) 761 (3) 117 (0) 2030 (45)
% Pos (95%CI) 4.25 *
(2.91- 5.98)
2.08
(0.91- 4.38)
6.12*
(2.69- 12.89)
0.46
(0.12-1.31)
0.00
(0- 3.55)
2.58
(1.89-3.42)
SecY Typing
L. borgpetersenii 11 1 0 0 12
L. kirschneri 5 0 4 0 9
L. interrogans 0 0 0 1 1
 Pigs being significantly less infected due to husbandry practices
 No infected rodents? …Yes

Characteristics of the trapped small mammals
29. June 2023, Bern VPHI
7
9.7
15.1
2.2
67.7
5.4
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
Crocidura olivieri Mus musculus Arvicanthis niloticus Rattus rattus Mus minutoides
Eulipotyphla
(shrews)
Rodentia
(rodents)
Percentage

Conclusion and next steps
29. June 2023, Bern
8
 Finalize MLST, compare serogroups in apparently
healthy human population
 Statistical modelling to hypothesize pathways for .
human exposure
 Livestock are reservoirs
VPHI

9
Acknowledgments
Funding
Project implementation partners
Field and lab support
• Ms Velma Kivali
• Dr James Bugeza
• Mr Ashiraf Lubega
Supervision and mentorship
• Ass. Prof. Salome Durr
• Ass. Prof. Clovice Kankya
• Prof. Nicola Low
• Dr Elizabeth A.J. Cook
• Dr Anne Mayer-Scholl
• Dr Kristina Roesel
• Dr Sabrina Rodriguez
• Dr Anou Dreyfus

Poster prepared by Michel Dione (ILRI), Charles Masembe (Makerere University), Joyce Akol (Makerere University), Joseph Kungu (National Livestock Resources Research Institute, Uganda), Winfred Amia (ILRI) and Barbara Wieland (ILRI) for the Joint International Conference of the Association of Institutions for Tropical Veterinary Medicine and the Society of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Berlin, 4–8 September 2016

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Reservoirs of pathogenic Leptospira species in Uganda

1. Better lives through livestock Reservoirs of pathogenic Leptospira species in Uganda Lordrick Alinaitwe1,2,3, Martin Wainaina4, Salome Dürr2, Clovice Kankya3 ,Velma Kivali1, James Bugeza1, Martin Richter4, Kristina Roesel1, Annie Cook1 and Anne Mayer-Scholl4 1Animal and Human Health program, International Livestock Research Institute, Kenya 2Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Uganda 4Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Germany University of Bern Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences Symposium Bern, Switzerland 29 June 2023

2. Leptospira and leptospirosis 29. June2023, Bern VPHI 2 Adopted from Victoriano et al., 2009: Leptospirosis in the Asia Pacific region. BMC Infect Dis. 2009 Sep 4;9:147. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-9-147. Zoonotic bacteria, endemic in tropics 1,000,000 cases / 60,000 deaths annually Host-serovar adaptation

3. Human leptospirosis in Uganda…Implicate the cow! 29. June 2023, Bern VPHI 3

4. Animal leptospirosis…What evidence against the cow? 29. June 2023, Bern VPHI 4 Prevention/control = Knowing infection sources, who is infected and what influences spread of infection

5. 5 Overview of methods Cross-sectional studies Livestock (2030) Cattle (820) Goats (335) Sheep (114) Swine (761) Environment Small mammals (117) Kidneys Attribute Data Laboratory Analysis Realtime PCR, SLST, MLST Extent of Leptospira infection and circulating species/serogroups 5 29. June 2023, Bern VPHI

6. Prevalence of Leptospira infection and circulating species 29. June 2023, Bern VPHI 6 Cattle Goats Sheep Pigs Rodents& shrews Total (Livestock) NTest (NPos) 820 (30) 335 (6) 114 (6) 761 (3) 117 (0) 2030 (45) % Pos (95%CI) 4.25 * (2.91- 5.98) 2.08 (0.91- 4.38) 6.12* (2.69- 12.89) 0.46 (0.12-1.31) 0.00 (0- 3.55) 2.58 (1.89-3.42) SecY Typing L. borgpetersenii 11 1 0 0 12 L. kirschneri 5 0 4 0 9 L. interrogans 0 0 0 1 1  Pigs being significantly less infected due to husbandry practices  No infected rodents? …Yes

7. Characteristics of the trapped small mammals 29. June 2023, Bern VPHI 7 9.7 15.1 2.2 67.7 5.4 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 Crocidura olivieri Mus musculus Arvicanthis niloticus Rattus rattus Mus minutoides Eulipotyphla (shrews) Rodentia (rodents) Percentage

8. Conclusion and next steps 29. June 2023, Bern 8  Finalize MLST, compare serogroups in apparently healthy human population  Statistical modelling to hypothesize pathways for . human exposure  Livestock are reservoirs VPHI

9. 9 Acknowledgments Funding Project implementation partners Field and lab support • Ms Velma Kivali • Dr James Bugeza • Mr Ashiraf Lubega Supervision and mentorship • Ass. Prof. Salome Durr • Ass. Prof. Clovice Kankya • Prof. Nicola Low • Dr Elizabeth A.J. Cook • Dr Anne Mayer-Scholl • Dr Kristina Roesel • Dr Sabrina Rodriguez • Dr Anou Dreyfus

10. THANK YOU

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