Experimental analysis of drinking water treatment sludge revealed that it is enriched with aluminum and silicon oxides which are the most metal oxides used in reclamation of transformer insulating oils. The potential use of inexpensive and available water treatment dry sludge as sorbent material for the removal of acidity, water content and some impurities from aged transformer oil by adsorption methodology was investigated using lab-scale refining unit. Dry sludge was found to improve the electrical and physical properties of aged transformer oils.High improvement of breakdown voltage occurs after using dry sludge reclaimed transformer oil and changed from 15 to 72 kV/ cm. Also some improvements have been achieved such as water content changed from 48 to 9 ppm and total acidity changed from 0.37 to 0.01mg KOH/g of oil.Viscosity, specific gravitywere improved. Also, some undesirable gases in aged oil(more than ten years in service) were removed. Furthermore the use of dry sludge as sorbent material renders the treated oil to some extent like new one. Also Dry sludge is available at any water treatment plant with no costs (waste product). Environmentally, after sludge reclamation process for the used transformer oil, the sludge can be recycled by ignition and used in further treatment processes.
These slides are developed for a part of the undergraduate course in Petroleum Refinery Engineering. The slides are also helpful for Masters level introductory course.
An oil refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful products such as petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas. they are also typically large, sprawling industrial complexes with extensive piping running throughout, carrying streams of fluids between large chemical processing units.
These slides are developed for a part of the undergraduate course in Petroleum Refinery Engineering. The slides are also helpful for Masters level introductory course.
An oil refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful products such as petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas. they are also typically large, sprawling industrial complexes with extensive piping running throughout, carrying streams of fluids between large chemical processing units.
I found no good source for extractive distillation on the internet.So i decided to make one myself.This ppt discusses about the technology,its working and benefits.It compares extractive distillation side by side to azeotropic distillation and counts the advantages.
Natural Gas (from a natural reservoir or associated to a crude production) can contain acid gas (H2S and/or CO2)..
The Gas Sweetening Process aims to remove part or all of the acid gas.
Desulphur - A new Desulphurisation TechniqueTecnoVeritas
This Presentations intends to present a new technique of Desulphurisation, a revolutionary product to help the environment and the marine/ shore industry.
The document is a project report for manufacturing MEA TRIAZINE from paraformaldehyde and monoethanol amine. MEA TRIAZINE is used as H2S scavanger in crude oilfields.
Energy saving and pollution control in urea plant though prilling tower and o...Prem Baboo
In Prilling Tower the ambient air is used as the cooling air stream for this process. In hot days, the temperature of the product at the bottom of the tower are hot that cannot be packed directly.Prilling tower have variable opening louvers system, this helps to control air intake flow to prilling tower at bottom, which is very useful in rainy seasons as CRH (critical relative humidity) of urea becomes less than atmospheric humidity and prills tends to absorb moisture from air. Humidity of air along the height of tower increases due to evaporation of moisture from prills. Rate of change of humidity at the top is more than that at the bottom indicates most of the moisture is removed at the top when the prills is in the liquid stage. In addition, in hot/ humid days, the prills form lamps and cakes with each other. To overcome this problem the bulk flow cooler (BFC) or cooling fluidized dryer (CFD) are used.
A mathematical hydrodynamics, heat, and mass transfer between the urea and the cooling air is developed. The prilling tower is the source of pollution in form of dust and ammonia and that can be control by simple technic also energy saving in terms of ammonia saving, ammonia is the harmful pollutant if you vent and useful product if you recovers.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction in Food AnalysisVarad Bende
Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) has emerged as a promising technique of extraction in past few years in food domain. The presentation reviews the theoretical aspects, instrumentation, applications and some case studies.Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) has emerged as a promising technique of extraction in past few years in food domain. The presentation reviews the theoretical aspects, instrumentation, applications and some case studies.
I found no good source for extractive distillation on the internet.So i decided to make one myself.This ppt discusses about the technology,its working and benefits.It compares extractive distillation side by side to azeotropic distillation and counts the advantages.
Natural Gas (from a natural reservoir or associated to a crude production) can contain acid gas (H2S and/or CO2)..
The Gas Sweetening Process aims to remove part or all of the acid gas.
Desulphur - A new Desulphurisation TechniqueTecnoVeritas
This Presentations intends to present a new technique of Desulphurisation, a revolutionary product to help the environment and the marine/ shore industry.
The document is a project report for manufacturing MEA TRIAZINE from paraformaldehyde and monoethanol amine. MEA TRIAZINE is used as H2S scavanger in crude oilfields.
Energy saving and pollution control in urea plant though prilling tower and o...Prem Baboo
In Prilling Tower the ambient air is used as the cooling air stream for this process. In hot days, the temperature of the product at the bottom of the tower are hot that cannot be packed directly.Prilling tower have variable opening louvers system, this helps to control air intake flow to prilling tower at bottom, which is very useful in rainy seasons as CRH (critical relative humidity) of urea becomes less than atmospheric humidity and prills tends to absorb moisture from air. Humidity of air along the height of tower increases due to evaporation of moisture from prills. Rate of change of humidity at the top is more than that at the bottom indicates most of the moisture is removed at the top when the prills is in the liquid stage. In addition, in hot/ humid days, the prills form lamps and cakes with each other. To overcome this problem the bulk flow cooler (BFC) or cooling fluidized dryer (CFD) are used.
A mathematical hydrodynamics, heat, and mass transfer between the urea and the cooling air is developed. The prilling tower is the source of pollution in form of dust and ammonia and that can be control by simple technic also energy saving in terms of ammonia saving, ammonia is the harmful pollutant if you vent and useful product if you recovers.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction in Food AnalysisVarad Bende
Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) has emerged as a promising technique of extraction in past few years in food domain. The presentation reviews the theoretical aspects, instrumentation, applications and some case studies.Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) has emerged as a promising technique of extraction in past few years in food domain. The presentation reviews the theoretical aspects, instrumentation, applications and some case studies.
Estimation of Beta values of Indian power generation projectsPremier Publishers
In this paper, a fuzzy logic based application tool has been developed for power plant project’s systematic risk assessment and expert judgments have been used to design it. The application tool for systematic risk analysis involves a decision making approach which provides a flexible and easily understood way to analyze systematic risks of projects. The systematic risks, which are deeply influenced by the market scenarios, have been considered in the model. The relative importance (impact) of risk factors was determined from the survey results. The survey was completed with the experts that have experience in various power projects. The proposed risk analysis will give investors a more rational basis on which to make decisions. Furthermore, an effort has been made to determine Beta of a power project by estimating other factors related with the project such as Estimated Systematic Risk Factor (Determined by Fuzzy Logic), Debt Equity Ratio, 5 year Net Profit Margin, 5 year Sales Growth Rate, Interest Coverage Ratio and Annual Sales. This would help power projects to determine relevant return on equity required, analyze true NPV of project as well as set accurate Hurdle rate for any new project.
Causes and possible solutions of seasonal food insecurity (Monga) perceived b...Premier Publishers
The study was carried out in Guabari and Hasilkandi village of Saghata upazila and dewlabari char and Khatamari char village of Fulcchari upazila under Gaibandha district to determine the causes of seasonal food insecurity (Monga) of char dwellers. The study was aimed to ascertain the probable ways for alleviating seasonal food insecurity (Monga) faced by the char dwellers in Bangladesh. One hundred char dwellers were selected randomly of which 25 from each village. Data were collected during January-March, 2015 through interview schedule. Among the 39 causes of seasonal food insecurity (Monga) Lack of job opportunity in Monga season especially September to December in every year, river bank erosion in the char area, frequent flood inundation, no agricultural work, no business activities due to excessive rainfall, dense fogs, hailstorms, severe cold, etc are the main causes of seasonal food insecurity (Monga). Among 31 possible ways of achieving seasonal food security, Creation of year round job opportunities for char dwellers, diversified crop cultivation practices should be introduced, a huge arable land should be brought under cultivation by proper soil management, educational facilities etc came out as the main ways. The study will help policy makers and NGOs to address and analyze the issues for achieving seasonal food security of char dwellers.
Una relectura del Cantar de los Cantares en clave ecológica, para regalarnos en el Día conocido tradicionalmente como de "San Valentín" o de los/las Enamorados/as
Mazlow hierarchy of needs and consumer goods : this slide shows each category of goods we need in each level of our hierarchy of needs.
این اسلاید نشان دهنده سلسله مراتب نیازهای مازلو و کالاهای مصرفی مورد نیاز در هر مرحله هستند. این اسلاید به بازاریابان در شناسایی
1. ИЗЖОГА ВКатегория, потребители, ключевые игроки 28 октября 2013 года
2. 1.Цели исследования 2.Анализ категории и потребителей 3.Анализ конкурентного окружения 4.Анализ упоминаемости препарата <Париет> СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
3. ЦЕЛИ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ Основная цель: разработать рекомендации для структуры веб- сайта безрецептурной версии препарата <Париет> Вторичная цель: обогатить качественные и количественные исследования, проводимые перед выводом препарата <Париет> на рынок безрецептурных препаратов, инсайтами, связанными с обсуждением темы изжоги в Интернете
4. МЕТОДЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ Качественный и количественный анализ упоминаний в блогосфере и социальных сетях с помощью системы мониторинга социальных медиа Youscan. (Период - январь, март, май, июнь 2013 года. Количество проанализированных упоминаний: для брендов - 3 015, в целом для категории - 36 022). Объекты анализа: пользовательские сообщения в социальных медиа (форумах, блогах, микроблогах, социальных сетях), а также перепосты сообщений СМИ. Статистика поиска Yandex (система Yandex Wordstat) Анализ топ-выдач в ключевых поисковых системах - Yandex и Google Экспертная оценка сайтов конкурентов
5. ИЗЖОГА: СЕЗОНАЛЬНОСТЬ ЗАПРОСОВ Месяцы повышенного интереса аудитории - это март, октябрь и январь. Спад наблюдается в июне и июле. Уровень присутствия ключевых конкурентов в эфире (размер TRP) повторяет паттерн запросов об изжоге в поисковых сетях. *Источник: Yandex WordStat от 21.09
6. *Источник: Yandex WordStat от 21.09 АНАЛИЗ ВОЗМОЖНЫХ ПРИЧИН ЗАПРОСОВ Самые популярные категории запросов (среди идентифицированных - 82% от всех запросов): ! 29% - изжога при беременности 15% - причины изжоги 12% - симптомы изжоги 11% - народное средство от
(Module: Create an artifact at the project level)
At the end of this lab you will be able to upload a file to the Requirements Management (RM) application and create an artifact that encapsulates the file.
Given
► The JKE Banking Money That Matters project
Description
► In this lab, you are Bob the analyst. The graphics team provided you with an image that you requested. You will upload this image to your project so that the team can use the image as needed.
Exercise tasks
In this exercise, you complete these tasks:
► Task 1: Upload an image file
► Task 2: Optional: Edit the uploaded image artifact
2 ijaems sept-2015-2-experimental investigation of waste transformer oil as a...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This paper reports on the Waste transformer oil fuel is blended with diesel fuel in different percentage and the effects of their operational characteristics and performance and emission characteristics of the DI diesel engine. In this study, the tested fuels were obtained through catalytic cracking process. Experimental results showed that the flash points and cetane number of the WTO blended diesel have increased with higher concentration of WTO. Based on the experimental results, HC, CO and NOx emissions noticeably decrease, while smoke emissions dramatically increase with increasing the dosing level of WTO. At the full load, the magnitude of HC, CO and NOx emissions for the neat diesel was 120 ppm, 0.36 (%by volume) and 1130ppm, whereas it was 68 ppm, 0.17 (%by volume) and 410ppm for the WTO20 fuel, respectively. The results also showed a significant enhancement in brake thermal efficiency and heat release rate due to the influence of the WTO20 in diesel blend.
The Level of Base Oil Recovery from Niger Delta Drill Cuttings Using Thermal ...IJERA Editor
In bid to determine the level of base oil recovery using thermal desorption unit, a process that provides for waste reduction and recycling, ten samples of oil based mud contaminated drill cuttings were collected from ten oil wells in the Niger Delta are in Nigeria. Composite samples were formed from each oil well sample and a retort analysis was made of each composite sample, to determine the percentage of oil and water in the oily cuttings and the temperature for the thermal desorption treatment of these oily cuttings. The results of the retort analysis showed an average percentage range of oil and water content as 6.93 – 23.93% and 4.00 – 15.00% respectively and presented a suitable temperature range of 325°C – 350°C for the thermal desorption treatment. All the drill cuttings were then treated in a Thermal Desorption Unit (TDU). Another retort analysis was carried out on the processed solids (cleaned cuttings) to determine the level of oil residue, which stood at 0.19 – 0.79%. This is below the regulatory limit of 1%. This study reveals the efficiency of TDU process in the recovery of oil from drill cuttings from the Niger Delta area of Nigeria.
Statistical Modeling and Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Azadiracht...IJAEMSJORNAL
In this work, statistical modeling and optimization of biodiesel production from Azadirachta Indica(neem) using co-solvent technique via a two-step transesterification process was carried out. Neem oil was extracted from neem seeds and properties such as moisture content, specific gravity, acid value, saponification value and iodine value were determined. The experimental design used was Central Composite Design. The range of factor levels used for the Central Composite Design were reaction temperature (30°C to 46°C), catalyst amount (0.8% to 1.2%, w/w), reaction time (20 to 40min) and methanol-to-oil molar ratio (5:1 to 9:1). The co-solvents used were methanol and diethyl ether. The co-solvent-to-methanol volume ratio for all the experimental runs was kept constant at 1:1. Also the biodiesel produced was characterized for some important properties including acid value, specific gravity, saponification value, iodine value, cetane number, ester value, kinematic viscosity, flash point, pour point and cloud point. Optimized biodiesel yield of 84.77% was obtained for reaction time of 35 min, catalyst amount of 1.10g, reaction temperature of 34°C, and oil-to-methanol molar ratio of 6:1. The cetane number (51.733), specific gravity (0.8881g/cm3), flash point (134oC) and kinematic viscosity (5.86mm2/s) of the produced biodiesel met the ASTM specifications. The results of characterization of the biodiesel revealed that biodiesel can be produced at lower reaction conditions and with comparable fuel property with biodiesel produced using conventional methods.
Pyrolysis of Scrap Tyres and Waste Lube Oil by Using Catalytic AgentIJERA Editor
Scrape tyres and waste lube oil are the cause of great environmental issues because they are not biodegradable
and their elements cannot be recovered and they are causing great environmental pollution. Secondly, the world
needs the new sources of energy due to depletion of oil sources. In this experiment, pyrolysis of scrape tyres
alone and pyrolysis of mixture of scrape tyres and used lubricating oil by using catalytic agent (CaCO3) is done
to see the effect of waste lube oil and catalytic agent on pyrolysis of scrape tyres. The value of products of both
samples (scrape tyres alone, mixture of scrape tyres and used lubricating oil) has been studied and compared.
Exploration of the Potential of Reclaimed Waste Cooking Oil for Oil-Immersed ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, reclaimed waste cooking oil is proposed as an alternative insulating liquid for oil-immersed power transformers. Reclamation is carried out by heating a mixture of waste cooking oil and Fuller’s Earth adsorbent and followed by filtration. Propyl gallate antioxidant is then added into the filtered oil. Four oil samples are investigated in this study: (1) new cooking oil (NCO), (2) waste cooking oil (WCO), (3) reclaimed oil (RWCO) and (4) reclaimed oil with propyl gallate antioxidant (RWCOPG). The AC breakdown voltage, moisture content and total acid number is measured for all oil samples according to the ASTM D1816, ASTM D1533 and ASTM D974 standard test method, respectively. The results show that the AC breakdown voltage is highest for the RWCOPG sample (28.08 kV), which is 0.4% higher than the standard requirement of 20 kV. The moisture content for this sample is 180.60 ppm, which is still below the allowable limit of 200 ppm. However, the total acid number is highest for the RWCOPG sample which suggests that it has high acidity. It is indicated that the antioxidant-reclaimed waste cooking oil has potential to be used as an insulating liquid for oil-immersed power transformers, but much work is still needed to reduce the total acid number of this oil.
Activation of Spent Bleaching Earth for Dehumidification Application World-Academic Journal
To circumvent the current pollution-prone disposal of the spent bleaching earth (SBE), an experimental program was conducted to recover the waste SBE and to use it for air dehumidification application. Waste SBE was obtained from the damping site of the oil industry, and the entrained oil was recovered via hexane extraction while the remaining hydrocarbons were oxidized with 30% H2O2 and heat at 550 oC. This reactivation procedure affords oil useful in other ole-chemical applications and active SBE for air dehumidification. For the purpose of adsorbent development, SBE regeneration was found to follow two routes, solvent extraction followed by oxidation using 30% H2O2 which retains the elasticity of the clay crucial in molding the adsorbents and thermal processing at 550 oC after molding. Experiments were carried out in batch system, and the effects of parameters including, activation temperature, contact time, The sorption characteristic of the adsorbent established two peaks when activated at 550 oC and 650 0C with a capacity of 27.07 and 26.63% respectively. The regenerated SBE proved to be a promising adsorbent for moisture since its sorption capacity was higher than that of clay (15%) which is commonly used as commercial desiccant.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
A Study On The Performance And Combustion Of A Diesel Engine Fuelled With B...theijes
This paper highlights the performance and combustion of a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine operated on blends of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil. An additive Diethyl ether (DEE) has been added in three different proportions to B20 blended fuel to study the effect of additive on the performance and combustion of the diesel engine. Our results conclude that the break thermal efficiencies of the diesel engine show an increasing trend with both blended fuels and additive mixed blended fuels, slightly higher than the case of pure diesel fuel.
Similar to Treatment of aged transformer oil using dry sludge in lab-scale refining unit (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
Microscopic examination of urine samples collected from geriatric dogs revealed increased numbers of erythrocytes, leucocytes, epithelial cells and pus cells along with casts, bacteria, spermatozoa and crystals of various shapes. Among the different crystals, triple phosphate or struvite were predominant, followed by calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate and ammonium urate or biurate. The struvite crystals were, coffin-lid shape and while calcium oxalate dihydrate were octahedron or envelope and monohydrate crystals demonstrated “picket fence” and “dumbbell” and “hemp seed” appearance. Brown or yellow-brown spherical bodies with irregular borders with thorn-apple appearance were shown by ammonium urate or biurate crystals. SEM aspects of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals revealed perpendicular columnar strata, few with scattered hexa or octa-hedral coffin-lid shaped crystals and calcium phosphate crystals were like cracked eggshells. Presence of wavy phases with sundry areas (uric acid), picket fence (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and typical envelope (calcium oxalate dehydrate) were electron microscopic appearance of various crystals.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. Treatment of Aged Transformer Oil Using Dry Sludge in Lab-Scale Refining Unit
Hafez et al. 002
Figure 1. Typical photograph of the constructed refining unit.
It is thus necessary to examine the effectiveness of other
raw materials, especially from renewable sources, that
possess adsorbent properties for removing impurities in
the treatment of insulating oil without any impacts on the
environment (El-Gayar et al., 2008) described a method
for the production of transformer oil from vacuum gas oil
and spindle oil obtained from the vacuum distillation of
paraffinic crude oil. This offers a cheaper alternative to
conventional transformer oils. However, this technique
does not address the hazardous environmental impact of
the spent oil.
The presence of water (moisture) dissolved in
transformer oils is practically unavoidable. It plays an
ominous role for the dielectric strength as well in the oil
(Fofana et al., 2001 ) than in the paper (Ekanayake et
al., 2006) with which it is associated. This reduction is
however of more importance for oil (Balma et al.,1999 ).In
any case, its quantity increases naturally with time (Abdel
Ouahab et al., 2003), and if it comes to overtake a
certain proportion, a deterioration process of the
insulation system takes place, leading in most cases to
the deterioration of the transformer itself if operations of
oil treatment are not executed in time. Generally, the
contaminant components and the more compromising
with regard to the ageing of oil are water (moisture),
particles and oxygen whose effect is sharply linked to
the field of temperature to which the whole insulation
is submitted. Diagnose devices based on live
measurements of moisture content are developed in
order to activate an alarm if threshold quantities are
reached as well in the oil than in the paper (Garcia et
al.,2005 and Garcia et al., 2005).
In this investigation, we wish to report on constructing
and using a lab-scale refining unit containing dry sludge
as sorbent for treatment of aged transformer oil (more
than ten years in service). The variations of acidity,
breakdown voltage, viscosity, specific gravity, water
content and some undesirable gases of the treated oil are
measured.
EXPERIMENTAL
Refining unit
The refining unit consists of three components;
Vacuum chamber and pump.
Acidity and impurities removal cartridge.
Fine filter.
All essential parts of the unit (vacuum pump, transfer
pump, valves, fine and coarse filters and heaters) were
handmade assembled as shown in Figure (1):
Heater
Vacuum
Chamber
Acid and
impurities removal
cartridge
3. Treatment of Aged Transformer Oil Using Dry Sludge in Lab-Scale Refining Unit
J. Oil Gas Coal Engin. 003
Table 1. physico-chemical characteristics of the used aged oil.
Limits
(1)
ResultsStandard MethodExp. > 170
K.V.
> 72.5
≤ 170
K.V.
≤ 72.5
K.V.
≤ 0.91
(2)
0.866ASTM D1298Specific Gravity at 15ºC
< 2 Clear not turbid> 8ASTM D1500Color
< 10< 15< 2548BS 148 - IEC
60733
Water Contentppm at 20ºC
NIL+VeASTM D1796Impurities
< 0.15< 0.2< 0.30.31ASTM D974 - IP 1Total Acidity (mg KOH/g Oil)
> 50> 40> 3015IEC 60156Break down Voltage Kv /cm
≤ 12
(2)
10.45ASTM D445
Kinematics Viscosity (CST) at
40ºC
Maximum decrease 10%140ASTM D92Flash Point openºC
NIL----ASTM D130Copper Corrosion
(1) Acceptable limits for mineral insulating oils in-service: According to IEC 60422:2005.
(2) Acceptable limits for mineral insulating oils: According to ASTM D3487.
The schematic diagram of refining unit is shown in Figure
(2) as follow:
Figure 2. The schematic diagram of refining unit
MATERIALS
Aged Transformer Oil
Aged Transformer oil was collected from high voltage
transformer after more than ten years operation with the
properties listed in Table (1).
Dry Sludge
The dry sludge used in this investigation was collected
from drinking water treatment plant, and mainly consists
of Al, Si, Fe, Ti and other trace elements. The typical and
grinded forms of dry sludge are shown in Fig. (3).
Figure 3. Typical and grinded forms of water treatment dry sludge.
Treatment Process
The treatment process was performed using one liter of
the aged transformer oil with different doses of dry sludge
at different temperatures and time in the lab scale refining
unit.
The amounts of dry sludge used were put in acid and
impurities removal cartridge. The aged oil samples were
heated and passed through the cartridge for different time
and temperature in stages of half an hour each. The oil
was then introduced to vacuum chamber to remove
undesirable gases after treatment. The treated oil was
finally collected in the treated oil tank. Samples of the
treated oil were then withdrawn and analyzed applying
the standard methods of test.
4. Treatment of Aged Transformer Oil Using Dry Sludge in Lab-Scale Refining Unit
Hafez et al. 004
Figure 4. show the drinking water clarification processes.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
During water clarification processes by using
coagulant material such as alum (Aluminum sulphate)
sludge formed in the end of processes. This sludge in dry
form contains metal oxides such as aluminum, silicon,iron
and others oxides (McCurdy et al, 2004,Fitzpatrick et al,
2003 and Amuda et al, 2006). Figure (4) show the
diagram of drinking water clarification processes.
Experimental work revealed that the drinking water
treatment dry sludge has approximately the same
constituents of bentonite and bauxite that are the most
substances used in reclaiming the transformer oils
(Nasrat et al., 2011).Also the quantity of the water
treatment sludge is rather high. According to the Czech
Statistics Office (Miroslav, 2008), the Czech Republic
produced 34,494 tons of the water treatment sludge in
2006 (the quantity is expressed in dry mass). Therefore
the dry sludge was chosen to use as reclaiming
substance.
On the other hand electrical, chemical and physical
properties of insulating oil can be considerably improved
by its filtering, degassingand dehydration.
During its operation, transformer-insulating oil is
absorbing moisture over itsfree surface in the expansion
vessel and it becomes polluted by absorbingdirty
particles, fibers, soot, undesired gases and aging
products. Therefore, oil upgrading hasto eliminate these
contaminants.
The abovementioned contaminants can be removed by
filtering, degassing and dehydration of insulating oil to the
extent depending on moisture content and reducing the
acidity by an acid adsorbent agent.
Structure and Chemical Composition of Dry Sludge
X-ray Analysis
The dry sludge collected from drinking water treatment
plant was analysed using; Energy Dispersive X-ray
spectrometer (EDX) ISIS Link Instrument P/C. Oxford
Co,which is attached to a SEM. Figure (5) shows the
spectrum of dry sludge sample.It is evident that the
sludge sample was enriched by some inorganic elements
whose amounts are represented by the peaks in Figure
(5).
5. Treatment of Aged Transformer Oil Using Dry Sludge in Lab-Scale Refining Unit
J. Oil Gas Coal Engin. 005
Figure 5. X-ray chart of sludge sample
Figure 6. TGA of sludge.
There are traces of (Fe) and small amount of titanium
ions. Thepresence of (Al) and (Si) ions as indicated in
Figure (4) confirms that the sample is enriched by these
two elements.
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA):
Thermogravimetric analysis of the dry sludge sample was
performed using Thermo gravimetric determinator Leco:
Mac-500.ST.Joseph, Michigan-USA. This apparatus
provides a continuous measurement of sample weight
at a range of temperatures between ambient and 900
o
C. The samples were heated in an alumina cell to 900
o
C at heating rate of 10
o
C/min with nitrogen as the
circulating gas.
The diagram obtained (Fig. 6) shows four characteristic
stages of decomposition. The first stage starts at 55 °C
and ends at 90°C with weight loss of 5.3 %. This could be
recognized as due to the moisture content of the sludge
sample. The second stage which related to the main
decomposition of the sample occurs in one step of
decomposition starts at 90°C and ends at 220°C with
weight loss of 11% representing the hydrated hydroxide
[Al(OH)3.xH2O] and others. The third stage of
decomposition is related to the carbonization process
which occurs up to 600 °C with a weight loss of 32%.The
fourth stage is related to calcination stage which started
at 600
o
C and ended at 900
o
C with weight loss of 37%.
Effect of Sludge Treatment on Acidity Number of Oil:
The degradation of oil produces some organic acids
such as carboxylic acids that will either dissolve in the oil
or volatilize into the headspace of transformer. Dissolved
acids may cause damage to the paper and copper
6. Treatment of Aged Transformer Oil Using Dry Sludge in Lab-Scale Refining Unit
Hafez et al. 006
Figure 7. Variation of total acid value with sludge dose (1 stage)
Figure 8. Variation of total acid value with sludge dose (2 stages)
Figure 9. Variation of total acid value with sludge dose (3 stages)
Figure 10. Variation of total acid value with sludge dose (4 stages)
windings, while volatile acids corrode the top of the
unit. As a result, all of the necessary conditions exist
properly in a power transformer for the degradation of
the oil.
The effect of sludge on the removal of acidity is
represented by Figures (7-10). These Figures indicate
that the acidity decreases by increasing the amount of
adsorbent material (dry sludge) at different temperatures
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0 5 10 15 20 25
Amount of adsorbent material%
Acidityvalue
at 30° c
at 40° c
at 50° c
at 60° c
Acidityvalue(mgKOH/goil)
7. Treatment of Aged Transformer Oil Using Dry Sludge in Lab-Scale Refining Unit
J. Oil Gas Coal Engin. 007
Figure 11. Variation of colour with sludge dose (1 stage)
Figure 12. Variation of colour with sludge dose (2 stages)
and stages of refining (stage time is ½ hour). The
maximum decrease of acidity was at sludge dose of 20%
for 4 stages, it reached 0.01mg KOH /g of oil.
Colour
The color of an oil sample is related to the
deterioration ofthe sample. Fresh virgin mineral oil from
the refinery isessentially colorless. However, as the
sample ages over timeor is subjected to severe
conditions such as local hot spots orarcing, the sample
will become darker in color. The clarity ofa fresh virgin
sample of oil should be sparkling with noindication of
cloudiness, sludge, or particulate matter. Theclarity of
an oil sample is determined by observation of thesample
when illuminated by a narrow focused beam of light .
The color of a sample is determined by direct comparison
with a set of color standards using “Colorimeter as
colorimeter degree according to ASTMD1500/03”.The
color of an oil sample is used mainly as a guide to
thedegree of refinement of the oil when it is new. If the
sample isfrom a transformer that has been in service then
the color canbe followed over a period of time to
indicate the possible condition of the oil. It should be
pointed out that the color ofthe oil by itself should never
be used to indicate the dielectric quality of the oil (Nasrat
et al., 2011). However it can be used to
determinewhether more definitive tests should be
done to determinespecific characteristics of the sample
that are more related tothe performance of the oil .The
clarity of the sample can also give possible
suggestionsfor further tests. Cloudiness of the sample
can indicate thepresence of water, which in turn will
decrease the dielectricstrength of the sample.
Figures (11-14) represent the variation of oil colourwith
amount of adsorbent material (dry sludge) at different
temperatures through the four stages of treatment. There
is a significant improvement in the colour of the treated oil
resulting from increasing the amount of adsorbent
material (dry sludge), at the working temperatures. The
colour of oil was changed from more than 8 degree of
aged oil to 1.5 degree after 4 stages as can be seen from
the Figures(15a,b,c,d,e).
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 5 10 15 20 25
Colour(degree)
Amount of adsorbent material %
at 30°C
at 40°C
at 50°C
at 60°C
8. Treatment of Aged Transformer Oil Using Dry Sludge in Lab-Scale Refining Unit
Hafez et al. 008
Figure 13. Variation of colour with sludge dose (3 stages)
Figure 14. Variation of colour with sludge dose (4 stages).
(a) Colour of aged transformer oil
(b) colour after 1 Stage ( c) Colour after 2 Stages
( d) Colour after 3 Stages ( e) Colour after 4 Stages
Figure 15a,b,c,d,e. show the colour of oil before and after reclamation
stages.
9. Treatment of Aged Transformer Oil Using Dry Sludge in Lab-Scale Refining Unit
J. Oil Gas Coal Engin. 009
Figure 16. Variation of breakdown voltage with sludge dose (1 stage)
Figure 17. Variation of breakdown voltage with sludge dose (2 stages)
Figure 18. Variation of breakdown voltage with sludge dose (3 stages)
Breakdown Voltage
Low breakdown voltage of oil indicates deterioration
and/or contamination of oil by some undesirable matter
such as water, carbon or other conductingparticles,
including metal ions caused by acids
attackingtransformer body and products of oxidation. If
the breakdown voltage value is less than the standard
acceptable limit, the oil may cause failure of the
transformer. Replacement orpurification of the oil is
required immediately.
The breakdown voltage of aged and reclaimed oil was
measured by petrotestMegger OTS100AF according to
IEC60156. Figures (16-19) show the variation of
breakdown voltage of oil by the increasing the amount of
adsorbent material. The value was changed from 15
Kv/cm for aged oil to 72Kv/cm for reclaimed oil by such
10. Treatment of Aged Transformer Oil Using Dry Sludge in Lab-Scale Refining Unit
Hafez et al. 010
Figure 19. Variation of breakdown voltage with sludge dose (4 stages)
Table 2. Variation of oil viscosity during the four stages of treatment.
No. of Stage 1 Stage 2 Stages 3 Stages 4 Stages
Viscosity (CST) 11.1 10.9 10.8 10.8
Figure 20. Variation of moisture with sludge dose (1 stage)
material at temperature 60
0
C after the four stages
treatment.
Viscosity
The viscosity of dielectric coolants within the range
of normal operating temperatures is important
because it can impact both the cooling and
performance of some internal components. The oil
closed to the windings in the field transformer flows
up at higher temperature while the oil at lower
temperature flows to bottom from the wall. The heat
is scattered from windings in this way. So, transformer oil
with lower viscosity has better cooling effect. The
increase of viscosity, which has negative effect on
load and efficiency, is adverse to the safe operation
of the unit. Therefore, it is essential to control the
viscosity of transformer oil in service. The viscosity of
aged and treated oil was measured by “viscometer
Koehler”K2337. Table (2) shows the variation of viscosity
of oil during the four stages of treatment at 60
0
C for 20%
adsorbent material (Dry sludge).
Moisture
Moisture is generated at temperatures over 80°C
from deterioration of the oil and still generates
above 170°C. Hydrogen is generated from
degradation of the oil at temperatures above 120°C
and still generates at temperatures over 140°C.
Carbon monoxide and dioxide are generated significantly
in the aged oil at temperatures greater than
110°C(Fofana et al.,2001, Ekanayake et al., 2006 and
Balma et al., 1999). Figures (20-23) show the variation of
water content of oil by the increasing the amount of
adsorbent material. The value was changed from 48ppm
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 5 10 15 20 25
Amount of adsorbent material %
moisturevalue
at 30° c
at 40° c
at 50° c
at 60° c
11. Treatment of Aged Transformer Oil Using Dry Sludge in Lab-Scale Refining Unit
J. Oil Gas Coal Engin. 011
Figure 21. Variation of moisture with sludge dose (2 stages)
Figure 22. Variation of moisture with sludge dose (3 stages)
Figure 23. Variation of moisture with sludge dose (4 stages)
for aged oil to 9 for reclaimed oil by such material at
temperature of 60
0
C during the four stages.
Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) ASTM D3612
The dissolved gases in the oil play an important role in
the transformer operation because of the probability of
explosion. There is a limit for every gas in the transformer
oil according to its load.
The gases in the aged and treated oil were analyzed by
Gas Chromatograph "DANI Auto sampler GC1000" and
the results are listed in Table (3). It is obvious that the
amounts of gases in the reclaimed oil are within the
standard limits of operation.
Elemental Analysis of Aged and Treated Oil
The elemental analyses of (C, H, N and S) were
determined by Leco Truspect (CHN) Analyzer, Leco
Corporation 3000 LAKE View AVE.ST. Joseph, MI-USA.
The results are listed in Table (4).
The data represented by Table (4) reveal that the carbon
element in oil slightly reduced by the reclamation stages.
The reduction in carbon element by the treatment may be
12. Treatment of Aged Transformer Oil Using Dry Sludge in Lab-Scale Refining Unit
Hafez et al. 012
Table 3. Analysis of gas in the aged and treated oil.
Gas
Ppm
Alert
limitsAged
1
Stage
2
stages
3
Stages
4
Stages
Hydrogen (H2) 23 22 23 23 23 100 – 700
Oxygen (O2) 11971 14975 21241 23671 26374 -
Nitrogen (N2) 75167 7334 70360 6998 68219 -
Carbon monoxide
(CO)
318 235 122 0.0 0.0 350 – 570
Carbon dioxide
(CO2)
1829 1334 1267 1198 1185 2500 –
4000
Methane (CH4) 754 11 2 0.0 0.0 120 – 400
Ethane (C2H6) 4223 245 94 0.0 0.0 65 – 100
Ethylene (C2H4) 10827 611 136 0.0 0.0 50 – 100
Acetylene (C2H2) 178 78 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 – 9
Total Dissolved
Combustible Gas
(TDCG) =
16324 967 377 23 23
720 –
1920
Table 4. Elemental analysis of aged and reclaimed oil for different stages.
Sample
Element %
Aged
Oil
1 Stage 2 Stages 3 Stages 4
Stages
C 85.65 85.11 85.10 84.90 84.91
H 13.03 13.11 13.41 13.7 13.9
N 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.19
S 0.32 0.29 0.25 0.22 0.22
attributed to the elimination of carbon impurities produced
the results indicate also that sulphur was eliminated at
the third and fourth stages of treatment.
Environmental Impacts of Used Transformer Oil and
the Reclaiming Material
Used transformer oil is considered as a
hazardouswaste environmentally, because of its chemical
reaction, toxicity, flammability, or ability of explosion.
Aged transformer oil contains some toxic chemicals
resulting from additives which as used to improve oil
properties such asheavy metals, organic materials (e.g.
phenol). Specialsynthetic transformer oils, are very toxic,
carcinogenic, soluble in water and penetrate in the soil
and underground water.
The reusing of transformer oil by reclamation using dry
sludge can solve the above mentioned problems of aged
oil disposal. Nevertheless, the sludge after reclamation
can be reused after ignition at 750
0
C at which
temperature the sludge returns back to its constituents.
Figure (24) shows the typical image of sludge after using
and ignition.
Also Figure (25) shows the X-ray spectrum of used dry
sludge after ignition. The spectrum shows the same
peaks as the dry sludge before using. As can be seen
13. Treatment of Aged Transformer Oil Using Dry Sludge in Lab-Scale Refining Unit
J. Oil Gas Coal Engin. 013
BA
Figure 24. Typical image of sludge after using (A) and ignition (B)
Figure 25. X-ray spectrum of dry sludge after using and ignition.
from the spectrum of dry sludge after using and ignition it
contain Al, Fe and Ti elements which are the most
elements used in the reclaiming of oil.
This indicates that the used sludge can be recycled and
used for further treatment processes.
CONCLUSION
High improvement of breakdown voltage occurs after
using dry sludge reclaimed transformer oil and changed
from 15 to72 kv/cm. Also some improvements have been
achieved such as water content changed from 48 to 9
ppm and total acidity changed from 0.37 to 0.01mgKOH/g
of oil.
Economically the actual cost for treated oil is negligible
with respect to new oil price.
Dry sludge is available at any water treatment plant with
no costs (waste product).
Environmentally, after sludge reclamation process for the
used transformer oil, the sludge can be recycled by
ignition and used in further treatment processes.
REFERENCES
Abdel OMA, Hamada MM, Zeitoun AG, Ismail G (2003)
„‟A newly modified forced oil cooling system and its
impact on in-service transformer oil characteristic‟‟,
IEEE Trans on Power Del.,18:3