In this study, reclaimed waste cooking oil is proposed as an alternative insulating liquid for oil-immersed power transformers. Reclamation is carried out by heating a mixture of waste cooking oil and Fuller’s Earth adsorbent and followed by filtration. Propyl gallate antioxidant is then added into the filtered oil. Four oil samples are investigated in this study: (1) new cooking oil (NCO), (2) waste cooking oil (WCO), (3) reclaimed oil (RWCO) and (4) reclaimed oil with propyl gallate antioxidant (RWCOPG). The AC breakdown voltage, moisture content and total acid number is measured for all oil samples according to the ASTM D1816, ASTM D1533 and ASTM D974 standard test method, respectively. The results show that the AC breakdown voltage is highest for the RWCOPG sample (28.08 kV), which is 0.4% higher than the standard requirement of 20 kV. The moisture content for this sample is 180.60 ppm, which is still below the allowable limit of 200 ppm. However, the total acid number is highest for the RWCOPG sample which suggests that it has high acidity. It is indicated that the antioxidant-reclaimed waste cooking oil has potential to be used as an insulating liquid for oil-immersed power transformers, but much work is still needed to reduce the total acid number of this oil.
The document investigates the suitability of groundnut and coconut oils for high voltage insulation as alternatives to mineral oil. Tests were conducted on samples of groundnut oil, coconut oil, and mineral oil (transformer oil) including pour point, flash point, aging, moisture content, and dielectric strength tests. Results showed that groundnut oil has better insulating properties than coconut oil, with dielectric strengths of 30kV and 4kV respectively. Groundnut oil also had lower moisture content and peroxide values, indicating it could potentially be used as transformer oil up to 66kV systems. Coconut oil was found unsuitable for high voltage due to its low dielectric strength but may be suitable for low voltage insulation. Both oils are biodegrad
This document summarizes an experimental study on the use of neem methyl esters as biodiesel in a compression ignition engine. Neem oil was transesterified to produce biodiesel, which was then blended with diesel in ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30% by volume. The blends were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine and performance and emission characteristics were analyzed at varying loads. Results showed that the B20 blend performed better than diesel with lower emissions. Higher blend ratios like B30 saw decreased performance due to higher viscosity negatively impacting combustion. Overall, the study demonstrated the potential of neem biodiesel to replace a portion of diesel fuel.
This document describes a study on the production and characterization of biodiesel from cottonseed oil. The researchers investigated various parameters that affect biodiesel yield, including methanol to oil ratio, catalyst type and concentration, and reaction time. The highest biodiesel yield of 92% was obtained using a 1:1 methanol to oil ratio, 0.75% NaOH catalyst, and 150 minutes reaction time. The properties of the produced biodiesel, such as viscosity, flash point, carbon residue and specific gravity, were tested and found to meet ASTM standards for biodiesel.
Virgin coconut oil dielectrical properties as electrical insulation materialjournalBEEI
Mineral oil played an important role as insulating liquid such as to reduce failure, ageing effect, increase the life span and heat transfer agent. Mineral oil had a good dielectric strength and cooling performance but it had serious negative environmental impact like non-biodegradable, non-renewable resource and difficult to dispose when it deteriorates completely. Hence, virgin coconut oil (VCO) was chosen as alternative to replace mineral oil since it biodegrades completely without toxic and easy to get in the tropical country. Three dielectric tests were conducted to investigate the dielectric properties of VCO. Those were breakdown voltage, water content and kinematic viscosity. A study about the effect of the moisture level of VCO on the breakdown voltage and kinematic viscosity was also presented. VCO and mineral oil also undergone heating process to reduce moisture in sample. The study showed that VCO has good potential breakdown voltage with the ability to absorb a lot of moisture keeping the KRAFT paper dry. However, VCO had very high kinematic viscosity compared to mineral oil. Further, the rate of breakdown voltage decreases with increasing of moisture of VCO was lower than mineral oil.
This document summarizes an experimental study on using Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME) as an alternative fuel in a compression ignition engine. KOME was produced through transesterification of Karanja oil with methanol using a calcium oxide catalyst. The properties of the biodiesel were tested and found to comply with biodiesel standards. Blends of KOME and diesel were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine. Results show that BTE was highest for B20 blends at both 200 and 225 bar injection pressures. BSFC was also closest to diesel for B20 blends. Exhaust gas temperatures increased with higher biodiesel content blends and engine load.
The document discusses optimization of biodiesel production from sunflower oil using response surface methodology. Three variables (temperature, catalyst concentration, and molar ratio of methanol to oil) were analyzed for their interaction effects on biodiesel yield using a central composite design. The maximum predicted biodiesel yield of 98.181% was obtained at 48°C, a methanol to oil ratio of 6.825:1, 0.679 wt% catalyst concentration, and 2 hours of reaction time. Response surface methodology was successfully used to optimize the transesterification process for high biodiesel production.
Rice bran oil was converted to biodiesel through a two-stage transesterification process. The optimum conditions for producing biodiesel with the highest yield were found to be 55°C, 1 hour reaction time, a 9:1 molar ratio of rice bran oil to methanol, and 0.75% catalyst. Tests on a small diesel engine showed that rice bran biodiesel had properties similar to diesel and could run the engine smoothly, though brake thermal efficiency was slightly lower than with diesel.
Production and evaluation of biodiesel from palm oil and ghee (clarified butter)Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an experimental study on the production of biodiesel from palm oil and ghee (clarified butter) via transesterification. Key factors affecting the yield of biodiesel such as methanol to oil ratio, catalyst concentration, and operating temperature were investigated. The results showed that a methanol to oil ratio of 0.25v/v, catalyst concentration of 0.5 wt%, and temperature of 60°C provided optimal conditions for biodiesel yield. Under these conditions, palm oil produced a higher biodiesel yield of over 90% compared to ghee which had a lower yield. The biodiesel produced from both feedstocks met biodiesel standards according to characterization.
The document investigates the suitability of groundnut and coconut oils for high voltage insulation as alternatives to mineral oil. Tests were conducted on samples of groundnut oil, coconut oil, and mineral oil (transformer oil) including pour point, flash point, aging, moisture content, and dielectric strength tests. Results showed that groundnut oil has better insulating properties than coconut oil, with dielectric strengths of 30kV and 4kV respectively. Groundnut oil also had lower moisture content and peroxide values, indicating it could potentially be used as transformer oil up to 66kV systems. Coconut oil was found unsuitable for high voltage due to its low dielectric strength but may be suitable for low voltage insulation. Both oils are biodegrad
This document summarizes an experimental study on the use of neem methyl esters as biodiesel in a compression ignition engine. Neem oil was transesterified to produce biodiesel, which was then blended with diesel in ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30% by volume. The blends were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine and performance and emission characteristics were analyzed at varying loads. Results showed that the B20 blend performed better than diesel with lower emissions. Higher blend ratios like B30 saw decreased performance due to higher viscosity negatively impacting combustion. Overall, the study demonstrated the potential of neem biodiesel to replace a portion of diesel fuel.
This document describes a study on the production and characterization of biodiesel from cottonseed oil. The researchers investigated various parameters that affect biodiesel yield, including methanol to oil ratio, catalyst type and concentration, and reaction time. The highest biodiesel yield of 92% was obtained using a 1:1 methanol to oil ratio, 0.75% NaOH catalyst, and 150 minutes reaction time. The properties of the produced biodiesel, such as viscosity, flash point, carbon residue and specific gravity, were tested and found to meet ASTM standards for biodiesel.
Virgin coconut oil dielectrical properties as electrical insulation materialjournalBEEI
Mineral oil played an important role as insulating liquid such as to reduce failure, ageing effect, increase the life span and heat transfer agent. Mineral oil had a good dielectric strength and cooling performance but it had serious negative environmental impact like non-biodegradable, non-renewable resource and difficult to dispose when it deteriorates completely. Hence, virgin coconut oil (VCO) was chosen as alternative to replace mineral oil since it biodegrades completely without toxic and easy to get in the tropical country. Three dielectric tests were conducted to investigate the dielectric properties of VCO. Those were breakdown voltage, water content and kinematic viscosity. A study about the effect of the moisture level of VCO on the breakdown voltage and kinematic viscosity was also presented. VCO and mineral oil also undergone heating process to reduce moisture in sample. The study showed that VCO has good potential breakdown voltage with the ability to absorb a lot of moisture keeping the KRAFT paper dry. However, VCO had very high kinematic viscosity compared to mineral oil. Further, the rate of breakdown voltage decreases with increasing of moisture of VCO was lower than mineral oil.
This document summarizes an experimental study on using Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME) as an alternative fuel in a compression ignition engine. KOME was produced through transesterification of Karanja oil with methanol using a calcium oxide catalyst. The properties of the biodiesel were tested and found to comply with biodiesel standards. Blends of KOME and diesel were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine. Results show that BTE was highest for B20 blends at both 200 and 225 bar injection pressures. BSFC was also closest to diesel for B20 blends. Exhaust gas temperatures increased with higher biodiesel content blends and engine load.
The document discusses optimization of biodiesel production from sunflower oil using response surface methodology. Three variables (temperature, catalyst concentration, and molar ratio of methanol to oil) were analyzed for their interaction effects on biodiesel yield using a central composite design. The maximum predicted biodiesel yield of 98.181% was obtained at 48°C, a methanol to oil ratio of 6.825:1, 0.679 wt% catalyst concentration, and 2 hours of reaction time. Response surface methodology was successfully used to optimize the transesterification process for high biodiesel production.
Rice bran oil was converted to biodiesel through a two-stage transesterification process. The optimum conditions for producing biodiesel with the highest yield were found to be 55°C, 1 hour reaction time, a 9:1 molar ratio of rice bran oil to methanol, and 0.75% catalyst. Tests on a small diesel engine showed that rice bran biodiesel had properties similar to diesel and could run the engine smoothly, though brake thermal efficiency was slightly lower than with diesel.
Production and evaluation of biodiesel from palm oil and ghee (clarified butter)Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an experimental study on the production of biodiesel from palm oil and ghee (clarified butter) via transesterification. Key factors affecting the yield of biodiesel such as methanol to oil ratio, catalyst concentration, and operating temperature were investigated. The results showed that a methanol to oil ratio of 0.25v/v, catalyst concentration of 0.5 wt%, and temperature of 60°C provided optimal conditions for biodiesel yield. Under these conditions, palm oil produced a higher biodiesel yield of over 90% compared to ghee which had a lower yield. The biodiesel produced from both feedstocks met biodiesel standards according to characterization.
The document discusses using an artificial neural network (ANN) to analyze the performance of biodiesel. It outlines objectives of selecting a suitable oil source for biodiesel extraction and experimentally testing performance characteristics. Experimental results from engine tests using biodiesel blends are then used to create and train an ANN model. The accuracy of the ANN is evaluated by comparing its theoretical results to real experimental data.
Implications Of ULSD Or Low Sulphur RegimeM Hussam Adeni
The document discusses the implications of removing sulphur from diesel and gasoline fuels under the Euro IV fuel regime. Sulphur is removed through hydro-treatment at refineries to reduce emissions, but this removal also eliminates natural lubricity compounds and conductivity properties. As a result, lubricity and static dissipater additives are now required to be dosed. The removal of sulphur also promotes microbial growth, requiring biocides to be added. After-treatment additives are now necessary to provide functions like cleaning, lubrication, and conductivity that were previously inherent in fuels.
Heterogeneous Transesterification of Luffa aegyptiaca Oil to BiodieselPremier Publishers
In the continuous desire to find suitable alternative, renewable and biodegradable source of oil for commercial diesel Luffa aegyptiaca oil was converted into biodiesel through transesterification reaction using heterogeneous hydrotalcite particles from MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay as catalyst and methanol as solvent at controlled reaction conditions. The characterization results of pure Luffa aegyptiaca oil and biodiesel samples was obtained and compared: moisture content 0.0045 %-0.0034 %, ash content 0.00 %-0.02 %, saponification value 194.5 - 61.43, acid value 9.65-0.144, freezing point 5.00 - 30.00 min, pour point 5.00-3.00 min, density 0.969 g/mL-0.889 g/mL, while the flash point gave 349 k-345 k, specific gravity 0.865 g/mL-0.851 g/mL, and viscosity 34.95 Nsm-2- 5.82 Nsm-2 accordingly. The catalyst sample (MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay) after characterized using X-Ray Diffractometer, showed promising surface activity and selectivity on both the calcined and uncalcined catalyst. The optimum transesterification reaction conditions was obtained at 333 k, 6 hours reaction time and 6% catalyst concentration. The reaction conditions had direct effect on percentage yield of the biodiesel product with maximum yield of 79.61 % obtained for untreated oil but 81.27 % for treated oil at 333 k, 3 hours reaction time and 2 % catalyst concentration. FT-IR spectra analysis of biodiesel oil revealed decrease in frequency band of the hydroxyl group (O-H) between 1780 cm-1 and 1700 cm-1 and its subsequent absence at 1730 cm-1. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer composition for pure Luffa aegyptiaca oil and Biodiesel oil showed that free fatty acid was converted to fatty acid methyl esters. Thus, transesterification of Luffa aegyptiaca oil sample using MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay heterogeneous catalyst was a success.
Synthesis of Biolubricants from Non Edible OilsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on synthesizing biolubricants from non-edible oils like mahua and karanja oils. The researchers first characterized the chemical and physical properties of the crude oils. They then converted the oils into biodiesel via esterification and transesterification reactions. The biodiesels were further processed via a trimethylolpropane route to produce di-esters and tri-esters, known as biolubricants. The properties of the resulting mahua and karanja biolubricants were analyzed and found to compare favorably to standard engine oil properties. The researchers concluded that biolubricants can successfully be produced from abundant non-
Biodiesel production via transesterification of palm oilKátia Gabriel
The document summarizes research into producing biodiesel via transesterification of palm oil using sodium hydroxide loaded onto alumina (NaOH/Al2O3) catalysts. NaOH/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by impregnating alumina with sodium hydroxide solutions then calcining. The catalysts were characterized and found to have basic sites suitable for transesterification. Parameters like methanol to oil ratio, catalyst amount, temperature and time were varied to determine optimum conditions. With the optimum conditions, a 99% conversion of palm oil to biodiesel was achieved.
Characterization of biodiesel produced by meth butanolysis of castor oileSAT Journals
Abstract Crude Castor oil was transesterified using methanol, mixtures of methanol and butanol in molar percentages and potassium hydroxide as catalyst. The optimum reaction conditions, based on the percentage yield of biodiesel, were 45 mins reaction time at 650C and 1.5w/w% catalyst. The alcohol/oil ratio and agitation rate were both held constant at 12:1 and 450rpm respectively throughout the process. The yield of biodiesel from castor oil at such optimum reaction conditions were 87.1%, 85.7 % and 81.7 for 100%, 95% and 90% methanol-butanol molar blends respectively. . The specific gravities at 150C were 0.898 and 0.902ml/g, kinematic viscosities at 400C varied from 6.4 to 7.8 cSt. The calorific values were between 10690 and 10708 cal/g and the flash points were found to be within the range 144 to 1500C. The standard specifications for biodiesel (ASTM D67651) show that the specific gravity, flash point and calorific value requirements were satisfied. The higher viscosity (above 6.0 cSt.) can be controlled by the use of additives. Alternatively, blending with petroleum diesel will lead to improvement of the flow properties of the biodiesel fuel. Keywords: Transesterification, Castor oil, methanol/butanol molar blend, Biodiesel yield.
This document discusses the tribological (lubrication) properties of four vegetable oils: groundnut oil, red palm oil, palm kernel oil, and refined cottonseed oil. It aims to experimentally determine the density, viscosity, flash point, pour point, specific gravity, and heat capacity of the oils. The influence of temperature on density and viscosity will be investigated, and mathematical models will be developed to relate density and specific gravity to temperature. Viscosity indices will also be determined for each oil. The research seeks to provide data on the tribological properties of the oils that can inform the design of vegetable oil-based lubricants.
Effects of Extraction Methods and Transesterification Temperature on the Qual...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Jatropha curcas oil has been considered a promising alternative fuel for compressing ignition
engines. However, its qualities and utilizations have been affected by so many factors such as extraction
methods, temperatures, reactants, etc. As a result, this work was aimed at studying the effects of extraction
methods and transesterification temperature on the qualities of biodiesel from jatropha oil seeds. Three methods
of extraction (milling hydraulic, and defatting; milling, toasting, and defatting: and sand roasting, dehulling,
milling and defatting) were employed to produce the three different samples A, B, and C respectively. The yields
of the oils obtained were measured. Oil qualities of the oil like: specific gravity, viscosity, free fatty acid,
saponification value, peroxide value, pH and iodine value content of the oil were determined. The extracted oils
were subjected to transesterification process at a various temperature by treatment with ethanol using
potassium hydroxide as catalyst. Average yield of biodiesel was 70.62 %, 74.33% and 79.41% of raw oil from
sample A, B and C respectively. The specific gravity, viscosity, free fatty acid, saponification value, peroxide
value, pH and iodine value content of the oil of sample were A (0.904, 3.240mm2/s, 0.431% ,64.80mg/kg,
2.00mg/kg, 7.38 and 140.61, respectively); sample B (0.903, 3.130mm2/s, 0.423%, 58.91mg/kg, 11.00mg/kg,
7.02 and 55.33, respectively); sample C (0.908, 3.324mm2/s, 0.368%, 52.73mg/kg, 2.00mg/kg, 8.50 and 143.65
respectively). The result revealed that different extraction methods and transesterification temperature have
actually affected the quantity and quality of biodiesel produced from Jatropha oil seeds. Processing of the oil
seeds by roasting dehulling, milling and defatting and transesterification at 700C gave the highest oil yield and
the most acceptable chemical properties.
This document discusses optimizing biodiesel production from sunflower oil using response surface methodology. It analyzes how temperature, catalyst concentration, and molar ratio of methanol to oil affect biodiesel yield through a central composite design experiment. The maximum predicted biodiesel yield of 98.181% was found at 48°C, a methanol to oil ratio of 6.825:1, and a catalyst concentration of 0.679 wt%. Response surface analysis showed yield increases with temperature up to the methanol boiling point, but decreases above it as methanol evaporates. A higher molar ratio leads to soap formation through side reactions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses optimization of biodiesel production from sunflower oil using response surface methodology. Key points include:
- Biodiesel was produced through transesterification of sunflower oil with methanol using potassium hydroxide as a catalyst. Variables like temperature, catalyst concentration, and oil to methanol ratio were optimized.
- Experiments were conducted with varying quantities of catalyst dissolved in methanol, which was then added to sunflower oil at different temperatures and reaction times.
- Response surface methodology and a central composite design were used to analyze the interaction of variables and determine optimum conditions to achieve high biodiesel yield. Increasing temperature and methanol to oil ratio generally improved yield up to a point.
Optimization of biodiesel production from sunflower oil usingAmanda Susanne
Macroestructura textual referente a la tesis siguiente: http://saia.psm.edu.ve/moodle/pluginfile.php/75822/mod_resource/content/1/OPTIMIZATION%20OF%20BIODIESEL%20PRODUCTION.pdf para la materia de Inglés Técnico.
OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM SUNFLOWER OIL USING RESPONSE SURFA...samiii_25
1) The document discusses biodiesel production from sunflower oil via transesterification.
2) Key steps in the process included mixing sunflower oil, methanol and potassium hydroxide catalyst in a reactor at 290 rpm and 48°C for 2 hours to complete the transesterification reaction.
3) Response surface methodology was used to optimize reaction variables like temperature, catalyst concentration and oil to methanol ratio to achieve 98.1% biodiesel yield under optimum conditions.
Treatment of aged transformer oil using dry sludge in lab-scale refining unitPremier Publishers
Experimental analysis of drinking water treatment sludge revealed that it is enriched with aluminum and silicon oxides which are the most metal oxides used in reclamation of transformer insulating oils. The potential use of inexpensive and available water treatment dry sludge as sorbent material for the removal of acidity, water content and some impurities from aged transformer oil by adsorption methodology was investigated using lab-scale refining unit. Dry sludge was found to improve the electrical and physical properties of aged transformer oils.High improvement of breakdown voltage occurs after using dry sludge reclaimed transformer oil and changed from 15 to 72 kV/ cm. Also some improvements have been achieved such as water content changed from 48 to 9 ppm and total acidity changed from 0.37 to 0.01mg KOH/g of oil.Viscosity, specific gravitywere improved. Also, some undesirable gases in aged oil(more than ten years in service) were removed. Furthermore the use of dry sludge as sorbent material renders the treated oil to some extent like new one. Also Dry sludge is available at any water treatment plant with no costs (waste product). Environmentally, after sludge reclamation process for the used transformer oil, the sludge can be recycled by ignition and used in further treatment processes.
1) The document presents research on operating a diesel engine using blends of tyre pyrolysis oil and diesel. Tyre pyrolysis oil was produced by pyrolyzing waste automobile tires and blending it with diesel in ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30%.
2) Tests found that the brake thermal efficiency of the engine increased with the use of tyre pyrolysis oil blends compared to pure diesel. Emissions of NOx, CO2, and smoke decreased with the tyre pyrolysis oil blends compared to diesel alone.
3) Based on the results, the researcher concluded that a 20% tyre pyrolysis oil and 80% diesel blend performed the best overall, with higher efficiency and lower emissions
1. The document discusses using pyrolysis to recycle scrap tires, which produces tyre pyrolysis oil (TPO).
2. Fractional distillation is used to separate TPO into different compositions by temperature, yielding a distillate of 350ml between 200-270°C that is blended with diesel fuel.
3. The remaining high viscosity TPO is useful as a base for manufacturing lubricants, increasing the commercial value of TPO and allowing for better recycling of the 1 billion scrap tires generated annually worldwide.
This document discusses the reclamation of used oil through various processes. It begins by explaining how oil becomes contaminated through use and that it is technically and financially viable to reclaim used oil through physical and chemical processes to restore its properties. It then outlines two phases of reclamation: phase one discusses why oil needs reclamation and phase two summarizes different reclamation methods like acid clay treatment, propane extraction, vacuum distillation, and vacuum distillation refining. The vacuum distillation process is explained in more detail, covering infrastructure required, the feedstock arrival, preparatory stage, main processing, bleaching, and additive blending steps.
The transesterification procedure is a reversible response and did by blending the reactants – unsaturated fats, liquor and impetus. A solid base or a solid corrosive can be utilized as an impetus. At the mechanical scale, for the most part sodium or potassium methanolate is utilized. The finished results of the transesterification procedure are crude biodiesel and crude glycerol. In a further procedure these crude items experience a cleaning step. If there should be an occurrence of utilizing methanol as liquor FAME (unsaturated fat methyl ester) biodiesel is delivered. The cleansed glycerol can be utilized in the nourishment and corrective ventures, just as in the oleochemical business. The glycerol can likewise be utilized as a substrate for anaerobic absorption.
Filtration and water reduction of methyl ester for insulation purposeTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
An attempt to develop a monoester type insulating oil, especially methyl ester is being conducted
and the current results after conducting two kinds of treatment, namely, filtration and water reduction are
reported in this paper. Five different samples were prepared from methyl ester oil based on their melting
point. The important properties of oil samples such as breakdown voltage, viscosity, water content, acidity,
and density were tested, and are evaluated based on the standard specification of natural ester used for
the transformer, ASTM D-6871. Another important property, i.e. oxidation stability was also tested and is
evaluated by comparing the corresponding result of mineral oil. It is found that the breakdown voltage,
the viscosity and the relative density of the oil fulfill the requirements specified by the standard, whereas
other properties like water content, acidity and oxidation stability need further improvement.
Comparative study on the accelerated thermal aging behavior between palm and ...journalBEEI
The suitability of natural ester oils as an insulating medium in power transformers is discussed in this paper. Owing to environmental concerns, natural ester oils have great potential as mineral oil substitutes in power transformers. In this paper, the aging behaviors of palm and rapeseed natural ester oils were compared with that for mineral oil. The performance of these natural ester oils was assessed based on their properties (moisture content, acidity, and relative content of dissolved decay products) after accelerated thermal aging. The results showed that the palm oil has better performance compared to the rapeseed oil after accelerated thermal aging for 1500 h because of its lower acidity. This was further supported by the presence of sludge in the rapeseed oil after 1500 h of aging.
The document discusses using an artificial neural network (ANN) to analyze the performance of biodiesel. It outlines objectives of selecting a suitable oil source for biodiesel extraction and experimentally testing performance characteristics. Experimental results from engine tests using biodiesel blends are then used to create and train an ANN model. The accuracy of the ANN is evaluated by comparing its theoretical results to real experimental data.
Implications Of ULSD Or Low Sulphur RegimeM Hussam Adeni
The document discusses the implications of removing sulphur from diesel and gasoline fuels under the Euro IV fuel regime. Sulphur is removed through hydro-treatment at refineries to reduce emissions, but this removal also eliminates natural lubricity compounds and conductivity properties. As a result, lubricity and static dissipater additives are now required to be dosed. The removal of sulphur also promotes microbial growth, requiring biocides to be added. After-treatment additives are now necessary to provide functions like cleaning, lubrication, and conductivity that were previously inherent in fuels.
Heterogeneous Transesterification of Luffa aegyptiaca Oil to BiodieselPremier Publishers
In the continuous desire to find suitable alternative, renewable and biodegradable source of oil for commercial diesel Luffa aegyptiaca oil was converted into biodiesel through transesterification reaction using heterogeneous hydrotalcite particles from MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay as catalyst and methanol as solvent at controlled reaction conditions. The characterization results of pure Luffa aegyptiaca oil and biodiesel samples was obtained and compared: moisture content 0.0045 %-0.0034 %, ash content 0.00 %-0.02 %, saponification value 194.5 - 61.43, acid value 9.65-0.144, freezing point 5.00 - 30.00 min, pour point 5.00-3.00 min, density 0.969 g/mL-0.889 g/mL, while the flash point gave 349 k-345 k, specific gravity 0.865 g/mL-0.851 g/mL, and viscosity 34.95 Nsm-2- 5.82 Nsm-2 accordingly. The catalyst sample (MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay) after characterized using X-Ray Diffractometer, showed promising surface activity and selectivity on both the calcined and uncalcined catalyst. The optimum transesterification reaction conditions was obtained at 333 k, 6 hours reaction time and 6% catalyst concentration. The reaction conditions had direct effect on percentage yield of the biodiesel product with maximum yield of 79.61 % obtained for untreated oil but 81.27 % for treated oil at 333 k, 3 hours reaction time and 2 % catalyst concentration. FT-IR spectra analysis of biodiesel oil revealed decrease in frequency band of the hydroxyl group (O-H) between 1780 cm-1 and 1700 cm-1 and its subsequent absence at 1730 cm-1. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer composition for pure Luffa aegyptiaca oil and Biodiesel oil showed that free fatty acid was converted to fatty acid methyl esters. Thus, transesterification of Luffa aegyptiaca oil sample using MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay heterogeneous catalyst was a success.
Synthesis of Biolubricants from Non Edible OilsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on synthesizing biolubricants from non-edible oils like mahua and karanja oils. The researchers first characterized the chemical and physical properties of the crude oils. They then converted the oils into biodiesel via esterification and transesterification reactions. The biodiesels were further processed via a trimethylolpropane route to produce di-esters and tri-esters, known as biolubricants. The properties of the resulting mahua and karanja biolubricants were analyzed and found to compare favorably to standard engine oil properties. The researchers concluded that biolubricants can successfully be produced from abundant non-
Biodiesel production via transesterification of palm oilKátia Gabriel
The document summarizes research into producing biodiesel via transesterification of palm oil using sodium hydroxide loaded onto alumina (NaOH/Al2O3) catalysts. NaOH/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by impregnating alumina with sodium hydroxide solutions then calcining. The catalysts were characterized and found to have basic sites suitable for transesterification. Parameters like methanol to oil ratio, catalyst amount, temperature and time were varied to determine optimum conditions. With the optimum conditions, a 99% conversion of palm oil to biodiesel was achieved.
Characterization of biodiesel produced by meth butanolysis of castor oileSAT Journals
Abstract Crude Castor oil was transesterified using methanol, mixtures of methanol and butanol in molar percentages and potassium hydroxide as catalyst. The optimum reaction conditions, based on the percentage yield of biodiesel, were 45 mins reaction time at 650C and 1.5w/w% catalyst. The alcohol/oil ratio and agitation rate were both held constant at 12:1 and 450rpm respectively throughout the process. The yield of biodiesel from castor oil at such optimum reaction conditions were 87.1%, 85.7 % and 81.7 for 100%, 95% and 90% methanol-butanol molar blends respectively. . The specific gravities at 150C were 0.898 and 0.902ml/g, kinematic viscosities at 400C varied from 6.4 to 7.8 cSt. The calorific values were between 10690 and 10708 cal/g and the flash points were found to be within the range 144 to 1500C. The standard specifications for biodiesel (ASTM D67651) show that the specific gravity, flash point and calorific value requirements were satisfied. The higher viscosity (above 6.0 cSt.) can be controlled by the use of additives. Alternatively, blending with petroleum diesel will lead to improvement of the flow properties of the biodiesel fuel. Keywords: Transesterification, Castor oil, methanol/butanol molar blend, Biodiesel yield.
This document discusses the tribological (lubrication) properties of four vegetable oils: groundnut oil, red palm oil, palm kernel oil, and refined cottonseed oil. It aims to experimentally determine the density, viscosity, flash point, pour point, specific gravity, and heat capacity of the oils. The influence of temperature on density and viscosity will be investigated, and mathematical models will be developed to relate density and specific gravity to temperature. Viscosity indices will also be determined for each oil. The research seeks to provide data on the tribological properties of the oils that can inform the design of vegetable oil-based lubricants.
Effects of Extraction Methods and Transesterification Temperature on the Qual...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Jatropha curcas oil has been considered a promising alternative fuel for compressing ignition
engines. However, its qualities and utilizations have been affected by so many factors such as extraction
methods, temperatures, reactants, etc. As a result, this work was aimed at studying the effects of extraction
methods and transesterification temperature on the qualities of biodiesel from jatropha oil seeds. Three methods
of extraction (milling hydraulic, and defatting; milling, toasting, and defatting: and sand roasting, dehulling,
milling and defatting) were employed to produce the three different samples A, B, and C respectively. The yields
of the oils obtained were measured. Oil qualities of the oil like: specific gravity, viscosity, free fatty acid,
saponification value, peroxide value, pH and iodine value content of the oil were determined. The extracted oils
were subjected to transesterification process at a various temperature by treatment with ethanol using
potassium hydroxide as catalyst. Average yield of biodiesel was 70.62 %, 74.33% and 79.41% of raw oil from
sample A, B and C respectively. The specific gravity, viscosity, free fatty acid, saponification value, peroxide
value, pH and iodine value content of the oil of sample were A (0.904, 3.240mm2/s, 0.431% ,64.80mg/kg,
2.00mg/kg, 7.38 and 140.61, respectively); sample B (0.903, 3.130mm2/s, 0.423%, 58.91mg/kg, 11.00mg/kg,
7.02 and 55.33, respectively); sample C (0.908, 3.324mm2/s, 0.368%, 52.73mg/kg, 2.00mg/kg, 8.50 and 143.65
respectively). The result revealed that different extraction methods and transesterification temperature have
actually affected the quantity and quality of biodiesel produced from Jatropha oil seeds. Processing of the oil
seeds by roasting dehulling, milling and defatting and transesterification at 700C gave the highest oil yield and
the most acceptable chemical properties.
This document discusses optimizing biodiesel production from sunflower oil using response surface methodology. It analyzes how temperature, catalyst concentration, and molar ratio of methanol to oil affect biodiesel yield through a central composite design experiment. The maximum predicted biodiesel yield of 98.181% was found at 48°C, a methanol to oil ratio of 6.825:1, and a catalyst concentration of 0.679 wt%. Response surface analysis showed yield increases with temperature up to the methanol boiling point, but decreases above it as methanol evaporates. A higher molar ratio leads to soap formation through side reactions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses optimization of biodiesel production from sunflower oil using response surface methodology. Key points include:
- Biodiesel was produced through transesterification of sunflower oil with methanol using potassium hydroxide as a catalyst. Variables like temperature, catalyst concentration, and oil to methanol ratio were optimized.
- Experiments were conducted with varying quantities of catalyst dissolved in methanol, which was then added to sunflower oil at different temperatures and reaction times.
- Response surface methodology and a central composite design were used to analyze the interaction of variables and determine optimum conditions to achieve high biodiesel yield. Increasing temperature and methanol to oil ratio generally improved yield up to a point.
Optimization of biodiesel production from sunflower oil usingAmanda Susanne
Macroestructura textual referente a la tesis siguiente: http://saia.psm.edu.ve/moodle/pluginfile.php/75822/mod_resource/content/1/OPTIMIZATION%20OF%20BIODIESEL%20PRODUCTION.pdf para la materia de Inglés Técnico.
OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM SUNFLOWER OIL USING RESPONSE SURFA...samiii_25
1) The document discusses biodiesel production from sunflower oil via transesterification.
2) Key steps in the process included mixing sunflower oil, methanol and potassium hydroxide catalyst in a reactor at 290 rpm and 48°C for 2 hours to complete the transesterification reaction.
3) Response surface methodology was used to optimize reaction variables like temperature, catalyst concentration and oil to methanol ratio to achieve 98.1% biodiesel yield under optimum conditions.
Treatment of aged transformer oil using dry sludge in lab-scale refining unitPremier Publishers
Experimental analysis of drinking water treatment sludge revealed that it is enriched with aluminum and silicon oxides which are the most metal oxides used in reclamation of transformer insulating oils. The potential use of inexpensive and available water treatment dry sludge as sorbent material for the removal of acidity, water content and some impurities from aged transformer oil by adsorption methodology was investigated using lab-scale refining unit. Dry sludge was found to improve the electrical and physical properties of aged transformer oils.High improvement of breakdown voltage occurs after using dry sludge reclaimed transformer oil and changed from 15 to 72 kV/ cm. Also some improvements have been achieved such as water content changed from 48 to 9 ppm and total acidity changed from 0.37 to 0.01mg KOH/g of oil.Viscosity, specific gravitywere improved. Also, some undesirable gases in aged oil(more than ten years in service) were removed. Furthermore the use of dry sludge as sorbent material renders the treated oil to some extent like new one. Also Dry sludge is available at any water treatment plant with no costs (waste product). Environmentally, after sludge reclamation process for the used transformer oil, the sludge can be recycled by ignition and used in further treatment processes.
1) The document presents research on operating a diesel engine using blends of tyre pyrolysis oil and diesel. Tyre pyrolysis oil was produced by pyrolyzing waste automobile tires and blending it with diesel in ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30%.
2) Tests found that the brake thermal efficiency of the engine increased with the use of tyre pyrolysis oil blends compared to pure diesel. Emissions of NOx, CO2, and smoke decreased with the tyre pyrolysis oil blends compared to diesel alone.
3) Based on the results, the researcher concluded that a 20% tyre pyrolysis oil and 80% diesel blend performed the best overall, with higher efficiency and lower emissions
1. The document discusses using pyrolysis to recycle scrap tires, which produces tyre pyrolysis oil (TPO).
2. Fractional distillation is used to separate TPO into different compositions by temperature, yielding a distillate of 350ml between 200-270°C that is blended with diesel fuel.
3. The remaining high viscosity TPO is useful as a base for manufacturing lubricants, increasing the commercial value of TPO and allowing for better recycling of the 1 billion scrap tires generated annually worldwide.
This document discusses the reclamation of used oil through various processes. It begins by explaining how oil becomes contaminated through use and that it is technically and financially viable to reclaim used oil through physical and chemical processes to restore its properties. It then outlines two phases of reclamation: phase one discusses why oil needs reclamation and phase two summarizes different reclamation methods like acid clay treatment, propane extraction, vacuum distillation, and vacuum distillation refining. The vacuum distillation process is explained in more detail, covering infrastructure required, the feedstock arrival, preparatory stage, main processing, bleaching, and additive blending steps.
The transesterification procedure is a reversible response and did by blending the reactants – unsaturated fats, liquor and impetus. A solid base or a solid corrosive can be utilized as an impetus. At the mechanical scale, for the most part sodium or potassium methanolate is utilized. The finished results of the transesterification procedure are crude biodiesel and crude glycerol. In a further procedure these crude items experience a cleaning step. If there should be an occurrence of utilizing methanol as liquor FAME (unsaturated fat methyl ester) biodiesel is delivered. The cleansed glycerol can be utilized in the nourishment and corrective ventures, just as in the oleochemical business. The glycerol can likewise be utilized as a substrate for anaerobic absorption.
Filtration and water reduction of methyl ester for insulation purposeTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
An attempt to develop a monoester type insulating oil, especially methyl ester is being conducted
and the current results after conducting two kinds of treatment, namely, filtration and water reduction are
reported in this paper. Five different samples were prepared from methyl ester oil based on their melting
point. The important properties of oil samples such as breakdown voltage, viscosity, water content, acidity,
and density were tested, and are evaluated based on the standard specification of natural ester used for
the transformer, ASTM D-6871. Another important property, i.e. oxidation stability was also tested and is
evaluated by comparing the corresponding result of mineral oil. It is found that the breakdown voltage,
the viscosity and the relative density of the oil fulfill the requirements specified by the standard, whereas
other properties like water content, acidity and oxidation stability need further improvement.
Comparative study on the accelerated thermal aging behavior between palm and ...journalBEEI
The suitability of natural ester oils as an insulating medium in power transformers is discussed in this paper. Owing to environmental concerns, natural ester oils have great potential as mineral oil substitutes in power transformers. In this paper, the aging behaviors of palm and rapeseed natural ester oils were compared with that for mineral oil. The performance of these natural ester oils was assessed based on their properties (moisture content, acidity, and relative content of dissolved decay products) after accelerated thermal aging. The results showed that the palm oil has better performance compared to the rapeseed oil after accelerated thermal aging for 1500 h because of its lower acidity. This was further supported by the presence of sludge in the rapeseed oil after 1500 h of aging.
Determination of physico chemical properties of castor biodiesel a potentialIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that determined the physicochemical properties of castor biodiesel as a potential alternative to conventional diesel. Castor oil was extracted from seeds using solvent extraction. The oil was then transesterified to produce fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) using methanol and a base catalyst. Physicochemical properties of the castor oil and biodiesel were analyzed and found to exhibit properties suitable for biodiesel, with improved properties compared to the original oil. Thermal stability tests also showed satisfactory results, indicating castor biodiesel's potential as an alternative fuel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
2 ijaems sept-2015-2-experimental investigation of waste transformer oil as a...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This paper reports on the Waste transformer oil fuel is blended with diesel fuel in different percentage and the effects of their operational characteristics and performance and emission characteristics of the DI diesel engine. In this study, the tested fuels were obtained through catalytic cracking process. Experimental results showed that the flash points and cetane number of the WTO blended diesel have increased with higher concentration of WTO. Based on the experimental results, HC, CO and NOx emissions noticeably decrease, while smoke emissions dramatically increase with increasing the dosing level of WTO. At the full load, the magnitude of HC, CO and NOx emissions for the neat diesel was 120 ppm, 0.36 (%by volume) and 1130ppm, whereas it was 68 ppm, 0.17 (%by volume) and 410ppm for the WTO20 fuel, respectively. The results also showed a significant enhancement in brake thermal efficiency and heat release rate due to the influence of the WTO20 in diesel blend.
The document summarizes a student project on developing an eco-friendly adsorbent for oil spill cleanup using natural materials and iron oxide nanoparticles. The objectives are to prepare oil-saline water samples, develop a hybrid nanoparticle composite from plants, and study its ability to adsorb oil. The methodology involves preparing the composite from Arundo donax, Azolla filiculoides, sugarcane bagasse and magnetite nanoparticles. Experiments are conducted to test adsorption under varying pH, temperature, contact time. Results show the composite effectively removes oil. Future work involves characterization tests and presenting findings at a conference.
This document discusses the fatty acid composition of melon seed oil and its potential application in synthesizing alkyd resins for use as surface coatings. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the most abundant fatty acid in melon seed oil is octadec-14,17-dienoic acid at 56.86%. Four sets of alkyd resins were synthesized using varying percentages of crude and refined melon seed oil. The properties of the alkyd resins such as drying time, hardness, gloss, color, and resistance to chemicals were evaluated and compared to commercially available soybean alkyd paints. The short oil alkyd made from crude and refined melon seed oil exhibited the best
This document discusses the fatty acid composition of melon seed oil and its application in synthesizing alkyd resins. The GC-MS analysis revealed that melon seed oil contains high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly octadec-14,17-dienoic acid, which makes up 56.86% of the oil. Four types of alkyd resins were synthesized using varying percentages of crude and refined melon seed oil. The properties of the alkyd resins and resulting paints, such as drying time, hardness, gloss, and chemical resistance, were evaluated and found to be comparable to commercially available soybean oil alkyd paints. Overall, the document examines using melon seed oil
Suitability Study and Analysis of Blended Castor and Madhucaindica Oil as an ...IRJET Journal
1. The document analyzes the suitability of a blended castor and Madhucaindica oil as an alternative to traditional transformer oil. Traditional mineral oils are costly, toxic, and not environmentally friendly. Vegetable oils like castor and Madhucaindica oil are cheaper, non-toxic, and biodegradable making them potentially more suitable as transformer oils.
2. The authors perform various tests on blended castor and Madhucaindica oil to analyze its properties and determine if it can serve as a substitute for traditional transformer oil. The results are compared to standard mineral oil and previous research. The analysis seeks to establish if a blended vegetable oil can meet technical specifications for dielectric fluids
Optimization of Sunflower Methyl Ester and its Tribological StudiesIJRES Journal
The mineral oil lubricants that are being used these days are not sure of lasting for a long time. There are chances of them being depleted in a short span of years. As a replacement for the mineral oils, various vegetable oils are taken up for research purpose in order to use them as an alternate for the present mineral lubrication. Bio lubricant is produced by transesterification of a triglyceride with methanol in the presence of catalyst to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and glycerol. The main parameters affecting the transesterification reactions are molar ratio, catalyst type and amount, reaction time, temperature and stirrer speed. In this work, the producrion of sunflower methyl ester (SFME) can be optimized by using Taguchi technique and the properties of a lubricant like viscosity, flash point and fire point is found out, also four ball wear test proved that the SFME+crude SFO proportions produced less wear scar than conventional 2T oil which revealed that the prepared bio lubricant can be used in a commercial vehicle.
This project aims at a comparative study on Performance, Emission and
Combustion characteristics of Biodiesel when blended with Barium Oxide
nanoparticles in single cylinder DI Diesel Engine. Because of modernizations and
increase in number of automobiles worldwide, the consumption of diesel has
massively increased. As petroleum is non-renewable major source of energy and its
reserves are scare now a days, there is a need for research in finding alternative fuels
for automobiles. And also Bio diesels are renewable, nontoxic and eco-friendly fuels
that can play an important role in automobile industries. And this paper deals with the
transesterification of biological seed oil by means of methanol in presence potassium
hydroxide catalyst. The viscosity of biodiesel produced from biological seed oil is
nearer to that of the commercially available diesel. The biological seed oil is analyzed
by Gas chromatography and the important properties of biodiesel such as density,
flash point, cloud point, carbon residue are found out and compared with that of
ASTM – biodiesel standards and commercially available diesel
This document summarizes research into optimizing biodiesel production from sunflower oil using response surface methodology. Biodiesel was produced through transesterification of sunflower oil with methanol using potassium hydroxide as a catalyst. Response surface methodology and a central composite experimental design were used to analyze the interaction effects of temperature, catalyst concentration, and methanol-to-oil molar ratio on biodiesel yield. Experiments were conducted in a 2-liter reactor where sunflower oil was mixed with methanol and potassium hydroxide catalyst at varying conditions for 2 hours to produce biodiesel.
WASTE OIL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR FUTURE –A REVIEWijiert bestjournal
The financial growth of the country is measured by efficient use of natural resources especially fuel. Fossil fuels have played a dominant role in t he rapid industrialization of the world and thereby increased and improved quality of life. How ever,due to the threat of supply crunch ever rising prices and the effect of green house gases c aused by conventional fuels there is an urgent need to explore the possibility of using waste oils (tire process oil) as alternative fuels to reduce the pollution and to increase the energy self-relia nce of the country. The study aims to review the alternative fuels for diesel engine for future. It was found that the properties of the TPO are almost same as that of pure diesel oil.
Production of simarouba oil methyl ester using mixed base catalyst and its ch...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on producing biodiesel from Simarouba glauca oil using a mixed base catalyst. Simarouba glauca oil was transesterified using methanol with sodium hydroxide and disodium hydrogen phosphate as catalysts. The properties of the resulting Simarouba oil methyl ester (SOME) biodiesel were analyzed and met ASTM standards. Key properties like viscosity, density, and flash point of SOME were comparable to diesel. The mixed base catalyst achieved a 95% conversion rate under optimal reaction conditions. Overall, the study shows the viability of producing biodiesel from Simarouba glauca oil as a sustainable alternative fuel.
Effect of Oil Extraction Method on the Functional Properties of Biodiesels of...ijtsrd
Owing to the rise in demand for petroleum and environmental concerns, the search for alternative fuels has gained prominence. This study examined the effect of the method of extraction of the base oil on the functional properties of biodiesel produced from Jatropha, Yellow oleander and Castor oilseeds. The study revealed that the method of extraction had significant effect on the properties of the oil extracted and hence the biodiesel produced from the oil. Hydrogenation during oven heating after solvent extraction affected the unsaturation of the base oils and the biodiesels produced from them. The kinematic viscosities of the biodiesel samples obtained from the oil samples extracted by solvent extraction were generally higher than those obtained from the oil samples extracted by mechanical extraction. The flash and fire points of the biodiesel samples obtained from the oil samples extracted by solvent extraction were higher than that obtained from the oil samples extracted by mechanical extraction. The pour points of the biodiesels produced from the oils extracted by mechanical extraction were lower than those produced from the oils extracted by solvent extraction. Gbashi M. Samuel | Yanshio T. Emmauel | Kingsley N. Nwankwo "Effect of Oil Extraction Method on the Functional Properties of Biodiesels of Selected Oilseeds" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25252.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/25252/effect-of-oil-extraction-method-on-the-functional-properties-of-biodiesels-of-selected-oilseeds/gbashi-m-samuel
Performance Analysis of Emissions using Bio-Diesels as Fuel for different Com...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the performance analysis of emissions using bio-diesels as fuel in diesel engines with different compression ratios. It discusses how smoke, NOx, CO, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, and exhaust gas temperature are affected by varying the compression ratio when using blends of jatropha and mahua oils compared to diesel fuel. The document also reviews literature on using vegetable oils as fuels in diesel engines and the process of biodiesel production through transesterification. Experimental results show that bio-diesel blends produce lower emissions of CO, HC and higher emissions of CO2 and O2 compared to diesel fuel due to the oxygen content of bio-diesels.
This document summarizes research on producing biodiesel from macroalgal biomass using natural catalysts. It discusses how macroalgal biomass is a suitable feedstock for biodiesel production. The study used Salvinia molesta macroalgae collected from various locations in India. Various pre-treatment methods were tested to extract oil from the biomass most efficiently. Acid-base catalyzed transesterification was performed on the extracted oil to produce biodiesel. Analysis showed the biodiesel met specifications for properties like density, viscosity, and flash point. The biodiesel produced from macroalgal oil has potential as an alternative fuel and offers economic and environmental benefits.
Palm Oil As An Alternative Dielectric Transformer CoolantIJRES Journal
This document investigates the use of refined bleached and deodorized palm oil as an alternative dielectric coolant for distribution transformers. Key findings include:
1) The dielectric properties of palm oil, including breakdown voltage, loss tangent, relative permittivity, and humidity content, were tested and found to meet or exceed standards for transformer oils.
2) Breakdown voltage of palm oil was higher than mineral oil initially and remained satisfactory after aging. Loss tangent and relative permittivity also met requirements.
3) Humidity was lower in palm oil and increased less than mineral oil during aging.
4) Based on its electrical and environmental properties, palm oil is recommended as a practical alternative coolant that
Optimization of biodiesel from argemone oil with different reaction parameter...eSAT Journals
Abstract This experiment work is to investigate the performance parameters of single cylinder, four stroke engine connected to eddy current dynamometer fuelled with argemone biodiesel and blend with diesel fuel under different load condition (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%) and constant engine running speed. The performance parameters consist of brake power (BP), brake thermal efficiency (BTHE), and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). The argemone mexicana oil was used for production of biodiesel. The transesterification process was used for production of argemone oil methyl ester by using methanol in the presence of sodium metal as a catalyst. The process undergoing various reaction conditions with molar ratio (1:6, 1:3, 1:9 oil to methanol), reaction time (60 min, 90 min, 120 min), reaction temperature (55°C, 65°C, 75°C, 85°C) and catalyst (1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% w/w of oil) effects the fuel properties of argemone biodiesel. The most favorable conditions for transesterification of argemone oil with methanol in the presence of sodium metal as a catalyst was found with molar ratio 1:6 (oil to methanol), reaction time 120 min, reaction temperature 75°C and catalyst 1.5% (w/w of oil). The fuel properties were calculated and compared with Diesel. The result shows that argemone biodiesel blend (AB10 and AB20) have improved fuel property and brake thermal efficiency, brake power and specific fuel consumption value closer to diesel value. Keywords: Argemone mexicana oil, Transesterification, Sodium metal Catalyst, Methyl ester, Biodiesel Properties, Engine Performance.
Similar to Exploration of the Potential of Reclaimed Waste Cooking Oil for Oil-Immersed Power Transformers (20)
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes using a snake optimization algorithm to tune the gains of an enhanced proportional-integral controller for congestion avoidance in a TCP/AQM system. The controller aims to maintain a stable and desired queue size without noise or transmission problems. A linearized model of the TCP/AQM system is presented. An enhanced PI controller combining nonlinear gain and original PI gains is proposed. The snake optimization algorithm is then used to tune the parameters of the enhanced PI controller to achieve optimal system performance and response. Simulation results are discussed showing the proposed controller provides a stable and robust behavior for congestion control.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
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These insulating oils are produced from vegetable oils such as soybean oil, sunflower
oil, coconut oil, olive oil as well as oil extracted from the seeds of Moringa oleifera. Sunflower oil
is 100% environmentally friendly and has been used as transformer insulation oil for special
applications. There are two vegetable-based insulation oils commonly used on a commercial
scale nowadays, namely Envirotemp
TM
FR3
TM
, which was introduced by Cooper Power Systems
in 1996 [5], and BIOTEMP
®
, which was developed by ABB in 1999 [6]. These products are used
in small power and distribution transformers across the United States [7, 8].
According to one study [9], palm oil is a promising alternative for transformer insulation
oil since it is widely available locally. Moreover, palm oil has excellent AC breakdown voltage,
which is a property of paramount importance to dielectric fluids. Palm oil also has good
biodegradability, which means that it is environmentally friendly compared to petroleum-derived
mineral oils.
Nonetheless, the use of waste cooking oil as an electrical insulating medium has not
been explored extensively by other researchers in this field. Hence, the objective of this study is
to explore the potential of waste cooking oil reclaimed using an adsorbent as an alternative
insulating liquid for oil-immersed power transformers. It is believed that the results of this study
will provide useful insight on the potential of reclaimed waste cooking oil as an electrical
insulating medium, which will spark new research ideas.
In this paper, three waste cooking oil-based fluids were prepared. Properties of these
fluids such physical appearance, breakdown voltage, moisture content and total acid number
were investigated.
2. Research Method
Four types of oil samples were prepared in this study: (1) new cooking oil (NCO), (2)
waste cooking oil (WCO), (3) reclaimed waste cooking oil (RWCO), and (4) reclaimed waste
cooking oil added with antioxidant (RWCOPG). The antioxidant chosen for this study was propyl
gallate (PG).
The NCO sample is essentially oil that was taken fresh from the bottle. In contrast, the
WCO sample is waste cooking oil that was used for frying foods several times and this sample
was collected from a café. The RWCO sample is waste cooking oil reclaimed using Fuller’s
Earth adsorbent. In the reclamation process, 1 litre of waste cooking oil was poured into a
beaker and then heated at 60°C. After a few minutes, 500 gram of Fuller’s Earth were added
into the beaker and the mixture was stirred continuously using a magnetic stirrer at a stirring
speed of 750 rpm for 4 hours according to the procedure detailed in [3]. Figure 1(a) shows the
waste cooking oil heated prior to the addition of Fuller’s Earth adsorbent.Following this, a glass
microfibre filter paper was used to separate the oil-adsorbent mixture based on a simple
filtration technique. A pump was used to force the mixture to pass through the filter paper. The
filtered oil was collected in an Erlenmeyer flask, as shown in Figure 1(b).
(a) (b)
Figure 1. (a) Waste cooking oil heated at 60°C prior to the addition of Fuller’s Earth adsorbent;
(b) Filtration of reclaimed waste cooking oil
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Once the filtering process was complete, the reclaimed oil was poured into an amber
glass bottle, blanketed with nitrogen, sealed tightly and labelled accordingly. Nitrogen blanketing
was carried out to prevent oxygen from being trapped inside the amber glass bottle.
In order to prepare the RWCOPG sample, the mass of the PG antioxidant was fixed at
0.3% of the total mass for the RWCO sample. Once the mass of the PG was measured, the PG
was added into the beaker containing RWCO. The mixture was heated at 149°C (melting point
of PG) for 7 minutes. Following this, the mixture was left to cool in a vacuum oven for one day
before the sample was stored in an amber glass bottle, blanketed with nitrogen, tightly sealed
and labelled accordingly as other oil samples.
The AC breakdown voltage (BdV), moisture content and total acid number (TAN) was
measured for all oil samples in accordance with the ASTM D1816 [10], ASTM D1533 [11] and
ASTM D974 [12] standard test method, respectively. The AC BdV tests were conducted using
Megger OTS60PB portable oil tester, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Megger OTS60PB portable oil tester used for AC breakdown voltage measurements
The minimum volume for each oil sample was 350 ml in these tests. The portable oil
tester has two electrodes which need to be cleaned prior to the AC BdV tests. The gap distance
between the electrodes was kept fixed at 1 mm and the rate of voltage was 2.0kV/s. Each oil
sample was poured into two beakers, labelled A and B. Each beaker containing the oil sample
was tested up to 25 AC BdV occurrences, resulting in a total of 50 tests. The mean AC BdV for
each oil sample was determined from the Weibull probability plots.
The moisture content was determined for each oil sample using a coulometer based on
the Karl Fischer titration method, as shown in Figure 3. Unlike other instruments, this instrument
is capable of tracing low levels of free, emulsified and dissolved water accurately. The Karl
Fischer titration method is based on the oxidation of sulphur dioxide by iodine in methanolic
hydroxide solution. The titration can be carried out volumetrically or coulometrically.
Figure 3. Coulometer used for moisture content measurements
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The total acid number (TAN) is indicative of the total acidity of the oil sample and it was
measured using a TAN analyser, as shown in Figure 4. The TAN was measured based on the
amount of potassium hydroxide (in mg) required to neutralize hydrogen ions (H
+
) in 1 g of oil.
Figure 4. TAN analyser used for total acid number measurements
3. Results and Analysis
The results obtained from the tests are presented and discussed in this section. This
discussion is centred on the AC BdV, moisture content and TAN of the NCO, WCO, RWCO and
RWCOPG samples.
3.1. Physical Appearance of Oil Samples
Figure 5 shows the physical appearance of the used oil, reclaimed oil and new oil
samples. It can be observed that the the colour of the used oil (WCO) sample is dark yellow,
which signifies that the sample experiences a change in its properties as a result of frying foods
at high temperatures and the sample is contaminated with impurities from the frying process. It
can be expected that the colour of the WCO will further darken over time as the oil deteriorates
[13] It is evident that the reclamation process using Fuller’s Earth adsorbent affects the physical
appearance of the WCO sample since the reclaimed oil (RWCO) sample has a light yellow
colour. This colour change is a clear indication that most of the contaminants present in the
WCO sample have been removed successfully by the adsorbent. It is also evident from Figure 5
that the colour of the RWCO sample is similar to that for new oil (NCO). Hence, it can be
deduced here that impurities contained in the WCO have been adsorbed by the Fuller’s Earth
adsorbent during the reclamation process over a period of 4 hours.
Figure 5. Physical appearance of the used oil (WCO), reclaimed oil (RWCO) and new oil (NCO)
samples
3.2. AC breakdown voltage
The AC breakdown voltage is a vital parameter used to assess the dielectric
performance of insulation oils. The factors that influence the AC breakdown voltage of insulation
oils are the presence of moisture, air bubbles and suspended particles in the oils and acidity of
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the oils. In this study, AC BdV tests were carried out for four types of oil samples, i.e. NCO,
WCO, RWCO and RWCOPG. Each oil sample was poured into two beakers and the AC BdV
test was conducted 25 times for each oil-filled beaker, resulting in a total of 50 tests.The AC
BdV tests were conducted in accordance with the ASTM D1816 standard test method, whereby
the gap distance between the electrodes was kept fixed at 1 mm. The Weibull probability plots
were constructed to determine the AC BdV of the oil samples, as shown in Figure 6(a)–(d). This
Weibull probability corresponds to the time of failure of the specimen tested [14, 15].
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 6. Weibull probability plot for: (a) NCO, (b) WCO, (c) RWCO and (d) RWCOPG oil
sample
It can be seen that the AC BdV is the lowest for the WCO sample (6.93 kV) at a Weibull
probability of 63.2%. In contrast, the AC BdV of the reclaimed oil (RWCO) sample increases
significantly to 18.04 kV, which indicates that the reclamation process enhances the dielectric
strength of the oil significantly. The reclaimed oil added with PG antioxidant (RWCOPG) has
superior dielectric strength among all oil samples, whereby the AC BdV is 20.08 kV. This value
is indeed higher than the dielectric strength requirement of transformer oils, which is 20 kV. Both
the RWCO and RWCOPG oil samples have higher AC BdV than that for new cooking oil (NCO)
which has AC BdV of only 13.37 kV. This shows the advantage of the reclamation process and
propyl gallate antioxidant in enhancing the dielectric performance of waste cooking oil. The AC
BdV values of the four types of oil samples investigated in this study are summarized in Table 1.
3.3. Moisture Content and Total Acid Number
The moisture content and TAN measurements were taken three times and the mean
values were determined. The mean values for the moisture content and TAN for all oil samples
are also summarized in Table 1.
It is most notable here that the WCO sample has the highest moisture content (1,210.60
ppm), which is indeed expected due to degradation of the oil from repeated frying. This is
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followed by the NCO sample, whereby the moisture content is 837.20 ppm. The most interesting
finding here is that the addition of PG antioxidant into RWCO reduces the moisture content
significantly. The RWCOPG sample has the lowest moisture content (180.60 ppm), which
corresponds to a reduction of 85.08% relative to the moisture content for WCO, which is highly
desirable for electrical insulation purposes. More importantly, the moisture content for this
sample is below the prescribed limit for ester-based insulation oils (200 ppm) [16].
The TAN value is the lowest for the NCO sample (0.19 mg KOH/g). The WCO sample
indeed has a higher TAN (1.07 mg KOH/g) and this value is reduced after the oil undergoes the
reclamation process (0.78 mg KOH/g), which corresponds to a reduction of 27.10% relative to
the TAN for WCO. However, despite the fact that the RWCOPG sample has the highest AC
BdV, this sample also has the highest TAN (3.13 mg KOH/g), which indicates that it has higher
acidity compared to all of the samples investigated in this study. This is undesirable since oils
with higher acidity will likely lead to corrosion and therefore, it is important to reduce the TAN
value of insulation oils.
Table 1. Mean AC breakdown voltage, moisture content and total acid number for all oil
samples
Oil sample
Mean value
AC BdV
(kV)
Moisture content
(ppm)
Total acid number
(mg KOH/g)
New cooking oil (NCO) 13.37 837.20 0.19
Waste cooking oil (WCO) 6.93 1,210.60 1.07
Reclaimed waste cooking oil (RWCO) 18.04 691.10 0.78
Reclaimed waste cooking oil + propyl gallate
antioxidant (RWCOPG)
20.08 180.60 3.13
4. Conclusion
Reclamation is a process of removing contaminants from insulation oils such as solid
impurities and by-products resulting from oxidation and chemical reactions that take place inside
oil-immersed power transformers. In this study, reclamation is conducted on waste cooking oil
(WCO) using Fuller’s Earth adsorbent and it is found that this process helps restore the physical
appearance of WCO close to that for new cooking oil (NCO), indicating that most of the
contaminants present in the WCO have been removed by the adsorbent. Filtration is then
carried out on the reclaimed waste cooking oil (RWCO) in order to separate the used adsorbent
from oil. Propyl gallate is then added into the RWCO to prevent the oil from oxidation as well as
improve the dielectric strength of the oil. It is found that the AC breakdown voltage of the
RWCOPG sample improves by 289.75% relative to that for WCO. This is possibly due to the
removal of contaminants from the WCO during the reclamation process as well as the addition
of antioxidant. In general, antioxidants work to slow down the oxidation process and therefore,
oil oxidation is minimized as long as there is an inhibitor present in the oil. In addition, the
moisture content of the RWCOPG sample is reduced by 85.08% relative to that for WCO.
However, the addition of propyl gallate into the RWCO also has an undesirable effect since it
increases the TAN of the oil. Reclamation on its own helps reduce the TAN of WCO by 27.10%.
Based on the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that the RWCOPG sample has
great potential to be used as an insulating liquid for oil-immersed power transformers since it
helps tackle issues related to disposal of aged insulation oils – however, much work is needed
to reduce the TAN value of this oil.
Acknowledgement
The authors amiably thank the technical and administrative staff from Faculty of
Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), for their valuable
assistance in carrying out this study. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the financial
support provided by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (MoHE) under the Fundamental
Research Grant Scheme (Grant no.: FRGS/1/2015/TK04/FKE/03/F00262).
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Nomenclature
ABB ASEA Brown Boveri
AC Alternating Current
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
BdV Breakdown Voltage
NCO New Cooking Oil
PG Propyl Gallate
ppm parts per million
rpm revolutions per minute
RWCO Reclaimed Oil
RWCOPG Reclaimed Oil with Propyl Gallate Antioxidant
TAN Total Acid Number
WCO Waste Cooking Oil
References
[1] Imad-U-Khan, Z Wang, I Cotton. Dissolved Gas Analysis of Alternative Fluids for Power
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