An oil refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful products such as petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas. they are also typically large, sprawling industrial complexes with extensive piping running throughout, carrying streams of fluids between large chemical processing units.
Refinery process, Refinery unit, catalyst, CDU, VDU, hydro cracker, residue up gradation unit.It is a part of Refinary Management. Interested people can gather knowledge from this PPT
These slides are developed for a part of the undergraduate course in Petroleum Refinery Engineering. The slides are also helpful for Masters level introductory course.
Refinery process, Refinery unit, catalyst, CDU, VDU, hydro cracker, residue up gradation unit.It is a part of Refinary Management. Interested people can gather knowledge from this PPT
These slides are developed for a part of the undergraduate course in Petroleum Refinery Engineering. The slides are also helpful for Masters level introductory course.
The Oil and Natural Gas Value Chain; PETROLEUM INDUSTRY STRUCTURE; THE AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE CLASSIFICATION OF THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY; UPSTREAM OIL AND GAS SECTOR; Business Cycle of Upstream; Components of the Upstream Sector; Upstream Oil Company Targets; MIDSTREAM SECTOR; DOWNSTREAM PROCESS AND SECTOR; Distribution of Refined Products; PETROLEUM REFINING; Distillation of Crude Oil; PETROLEUM COMPANIES TYPES; International Oil Companies (IOCs); Nation Oil Companies (NOCs); Operator Companies (or Exploration and Production (E &P) Companies); Types of exploration and production companies; Service Petroleum Companies; Types of service companies; MAIN PETROLEUM COMPANIES PARTICIPANTS IN THE INTERNATIONAL OIL MARKET; SEVEN SISTERS (or ANGLO-SAXON) ; Composition and history; New Seven Sisters
This presentation details out all the process in an Oil Refinery. If you are looking to have a hawk eye view of all the oil refinery process, this presentation will set you on.
Simple explained.
Catalytic Reforming Process is one of the most important processes in the petroleum and petrochemical industries which produce high octane number gasoline.
all process involve in petroleum to get final products from crude oil like LPG, petrol, diesel, jet fuel, kerosene,neptha, heavy neptha, coke and petroleum products
Natural Gas (from a natural reservoir or associated to a crude production) can contain acid gas (H2S and/or CO2)..
The Gas Sweetening Process aims to remove part or all of the acid gas.
The Oil and Natural Gas Value Chain; PETROLEUM INDUSTRY STRUCTURE; THE AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE CLASSIFICATION OF THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY; UPSTREAM OIL AND GAS SECTOR; Business Cycle of Upstream; Components of the Upstream Sector; Upstream Oil Company Targets; MIDSTREAM SECTOR; DOWNSTREAM PROCESS AND SECTOR; Distribution of Refined Products; PETROLEUM REFINING; Distillation of Crude Oil; PETROLEUM COMPANIES TYPES; International Oil Companies (IOCs); Nation Oil Companies (NOCs); Operator Companies (or Exploration and Production (E &P) Companies); Types of exploration and production companies; Service Petroleum Companies; Types of service companies; MAIN PETROLEUM COMPANIES PARTICIPANTS IN THE INTERNATIONAL OIL MARKET; SEVEN SISTERS (or ANGLO-SAXON) ; Composition and history; New Seven Sisters
This presentation details out all the process in an Oil Refinery. If you are looking to have a hawk eye view of all the oil refinery process, this presentation will set you on.
Simple explained.
Catalytic Reforming Process is one of the most important processes in the petroleum and petrochemical industries which produce high octane number gasoline.
all process involve in petroleum to get final products from crude oil like LPG, petrol, diesel, jet fuel, kerosene,neptha, heavy neptha, coke and petroleum products
Natural Gas (from a natural reservoir or associated to a crude production) can contain acid gas (H2S and/or CO2)..
The Gas Sweetening Process aims to remove part or all of the acid gas.
With rising crude prices and depleting quality of crude, however, the level of wastewater pollutants in petroleum wastewater is at new high. Such conditions are forcing refineries to use a more advanced water treatment, water recovery methods, and robust processes that work well under a variety of conditions and can handle the changing refinery effluent flow rates. Finally a process that is economical in overall life time cost is needed to make all of this feasible. Aquatech has experience working with these refinery effluent pollutants in the refinery market and offers the advanced petroleum wastewater treatment and recovery technology necessary for the refinery’s needs.
Treatment of Effluents from Petroleum RefineriesAsheesh Padiyar
A brief power point presentation on the Effluent treatment from Petroleum Refineries for a Chemical Engineer.Chemical Engineers are also involved in the water treatment , and is of huge concern with the amount of water needed / contaminated during the refinery mass transfer operations.
Wastewater Treatment for Sugar Industry Hülya Pala
I decided to share my another presentation about wastewater treatment which is especially about sugar industry to be beneficial for you.( The link for slide 5: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EP_fgp7zYKk)
Biological diversity or biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms at all levels of biological systems (i.e. molecular, organism, species, population and ecosystem levels) and is used to measure the health of ecosystems.
The word “cosmetics” comes from the Greek word kosmetikos meaning “skilled in adornment/decoration”. The way people wear makeup and the reasons why they wear it have changed dramatically over time and through different cultures.
Fertilizers are compounds given to plants with the intention of promoting growth; they are usually applied either via the soil, for uptake by plant roots, or by foliar spraying, for uptake through leaves.
Electron beam is the ability of high energy of electrons to alter the chemical structures of the molecules and its used to either modify or destroy hazardous organic molecules. The electron beam radiation processing is a chemical reaction caused in a material by radiation irradiation. In the radiation processing, electron beam and gamma rays are mainly used
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their effects on the environmentDipo Elegbs
The aim of this presentation is to review
contemporary information on PAH pollution,
PAH degradation, the fate and risk associated
with the presence of these compounds in the
environment and also to enlighten on some
well-known possible remediations.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely distributed and relocated in the environment as a result of the incomplete combustion of organic matter. Many PAHs and their epoxides are highly toxic, mutagenic and/or carcinogenic to microorganisms as well as to higher systems including humans. Although various physicochemical methods have been used to remove these compounds from our environment, they have many limitations.
Population growth is the change in a population over time, and can be quantified as the change in the number of individuals of any species in a population using "per unit time" for measurement.
Over population is defined in human context as the state where the number of existing human population exceeds the carrying capacity of the earth.
Phytostabilization refers to establishing a plant cover on the surface of the contaminated soils, which reduces their exposure to wind, water, and direct contact with humans or animals. Phytostabilization reduces the mobility, and therefore the risk, of inorganic contaminants without necessarily removing them from the site.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
2. INTRODUCTION
PROCESS UNITS FOUND IN A REFINERY
OVERVIEW OF OIL REFINERY WASTE PRODUCTION
REFINERY WATER
REFINERY WASTEWATER TREATMENT
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SCHEME
Environmental Standards for Petroleum Oil Refineries Effluent
PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERNS
Dissolved Air Flotation
Activated Sludge
Nitrification With Denitrification
CONCLUSION
3. An oil refinery is an industrial process plant
where crude oil is processed and refined into
more useful products such as petroleum
naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base,
heating oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum
gas.
Oil refineries are typically large, sprawling
industrial complexes with extensive piping
running throughout, carrying streams of fluids
between large chemical processing units.
4. PROCESS UNITS FOUND IN A REFINERY
•De-salter unit washes out salt from the crude oil before it enters the atmospheric
distillation unit.
•Atmospheric distillation unit distills crude oil into fractions.
•Vacuum distillation unit further distills residual bottoms after atmospheric
distillation.
•Naphtha hydro-treater unit uses hydrogen to desulfurize naphtha from
atmospheric distillation. Naphtha is hydro-treat ed before sending to a catalytic
reformer unit.
•Catalytic reformer unit is used to convert the naphtha-boiling range molecules
into higher octane reformate (reformer product).The reformate has higher content of
aromatics and cyclic hydrocarbons). An important byproduct of a reformer is
hydrogen released during the catalyst reaction. The hydrogen is used either in the
hydrotreaters or the hydrocracker.
•Distillate hydrotreater desulfurizes distillates (such as diesel) after atmospheric
distillation.
•Fluid Catalytic Cracker (FCC) unit upgrades heavier fractions into lighter, more
valuable products.
•Hydrocracker unit uses hydrogen to upgrade heavier fractions into lighter, more
valuable products.
5.
6. Overview of Oil Refinery Waste
Production
The generation of waste is an inevitable consequence of the
operation of refineries and depots. Waste production in
refineries and terminals represents a high operating cost
and as such its minimization should be a priority. Waste
substances generated by oil refineries fall into two
categories:
• Non-hazardous waste, e.g. scrap metal, spent catalytic
cracking catalyst or “domestic” waste.
• Hazardous waste, e.g. asbestos, acid tars, sludge with a
high lead content or many oil contaminated materials such
as untreated waste water discharges.
7.
8. Refinery Wastewater Treatment
• In a refinery wastewater treatment system, two steps of oil removal
are typically required to achieve the necessary removal of free oil
from the collected wastewater prior to feeding it to a biological
system.
• This oil removal is achieved by using an APIseparator followed by
a dissolved air flotation (DAF) or induced air flotation (IAF) unit
The wastewater from the secondary oil/water separation unit is
sent to the equalization system that is used to dampen out
variations in flow and concentration in the refinery wastewater.
9. Refinery Wastewater Treatment
cont’d
• The wastewater is then routed to the aeration
tank/clarifier which constitutes the biological
system
The effluent from the clarifier is then sent to
tertiary treatment (if necessary) prior to discharge.
10.
11. S
/
N
Parameter Limiting value for concentration
(mg/l, except for pH)
Limiting value for quantum
(kg/1000 tonne of crude processed,
except for pH)
1 Ph 6.0 – 8.5 -
2 Oil and Grease 5 2
3 BOD3, 27o
C 15 6
4 COD 125 50
5 SS 20 8
6 Phenol 0.35 0.14
7 Sulphide 0.5 0.2
8 CN 0.2 0.08
9 Ammonia as N 15 6
1
0
TKN 40 16
1
1
P 3 1.2
1
2
Cr(VI) 0.1 0.04
1
3
TOTAL (Cr) 2.0 0.8
1
4
Pb 0.1 0.04
1
5
Hg 0.01 0.004
1
6
Zn 5.0 2
1
7
Ni 1.0 0.4
1
8
Cu 1.0 0.4
1
9
V 0.2 0.8
2
0
Benzene 0.1 0.04
2
1
Benzo(a)Pyrene 0.2 0.8
12. Water and solid wastes emanating from refineries has
damaging effect on public health and the environment
when pollution parameters are above the set standards.
Localized waste water discharges and habitat degradation
contaminate water supplies, farming lands and fisheries in
poor regions of Ecuador and the Niger River Delta.
Cancer-causing chemicals such as benzene primarily
affect the health of those living in close proximity to
refineries.
Populations living in inner cities often suffer most from
concentrated air pollution -- soot and ozone -- due to the
proximity with truck and bus routes.
13. Dissolved Air Flotation
• The first step in a DAF system is coagulation/ flocculation.
Dispersed particles (oil/solids) are stabilized by negative electric
charges on their surfaces, causing them to repel each other.
• they do not settle, since this prevents these charged particles from
colliding to form larger masses, called flocs.
• Chemical coagulation and flocculation are required to assist in the
removal of colloidal particles from suspension.
• These processes, usually done in sequence, are a combination of
physical and chemical procedures.
15. Activated Sludge
• An activated sludge process is the most effective of all the
biological systems available
• It is used in many refineries around the world and offers a
reliable method of biological treatment.
• Activated sludge is a continuous suspension of aerobic
biological growths in a wastewater containing entrapped
suspended colloidal, dissolved organic and inorganic
materials.
17. Nitrification With
DenitrificationThe biological treatment system could include either a
nitrification(by the use of nitrifying bacteria) or a combined
nitrification/denitrification step in some cases when a refinery
site is required to meet tight ammonia or nitrogen limits.
The level of nitrogen compounds in refinery wastewater can
be controlled by avoiding discharges of spent amines and
proper removal of ammonia in the sour water stripper.
Nitrification is the term used to describe the two-step
biological process in which ammonia (NH4-N) is oxidized to
nitrite (NO2-N) and the nitrite is oxidized to nitrate (NO3-N).
20. Oil has many benefits and energy is necessary for
all our activities. But each stage in its life cycle
carries hazards for humans, wildlife and the
environmental systems on which we and other
species depend.
Understanding the health and environmental
consequences of oil use may help decision makers
assess the true costs of our dependence on this
non-renewable resource hence one major reason
why there is the ultimate need to treat our water
and wastewater discharges emanating from all oil
refineries to meet set international standards.
21. Reference
Gary, James H., Glenn E. Handwerk, and Mark J. Kaiser.
Petroleum refining: technology and economics. CRC press,
2007.
• Leffler, William L. "Petroleum refining for the nontechnical
person." (1985).
• The Environment (Protection) Rule, 1986 are referred to as
principal rules in all subsequent Notifications beginning with
S.O. 32(E), dated 16.2.1987 published in the Gazette No.
66, dated 16.2.1987
.
• EPA Notification [G.S.R 186(E), dt. 18th March, 2008]