Mass flow transport is needed in animals to supply oxygen and nutrients throughout the body and remove waste. Larger animals require a transport system like the human circulatory system. The human circulatory system consists of blood that is pumped through blood vessels by the heart to all parts of the body. It is a closed double circulation system where oxygenated blood is pumped to the body and deoxygenated blood is returned to the lungs.

1. Transport in animals Mass flow transport

2. Mass flow transport Needed for a constant supply of: Oxygen Nutrients Also needed to get rid of waste products such as: Carbon

3. Mass flow transport Small animals such as sea anemones, flatworms and nematodes can do this by diffusion across their moist body surfaces

4. Mass flow transport For larger animals diffusion is too slow to supply all the body cells efficiently. They need a a transport system and special exchange surfaces.

5. Mass flow transport Humans have a circulatory system that transports large volumes of fluid to all parts of the body. We have a mass flow system.

6. Mass flow transport Our circulatory system consists of: Blood – the fluid that is transported through the system Blood vessels – the tubes that carry the blood A heart – to pump the blood through the blood vessels

7. head, neck and arms lungs right atrium right ventricle left atrium left ventricle liver gut kidneys body and legs

8. head, neck and arms lungs right atrium right ventricle left atrium left ventricle liver gut kidneys body and legs

9. head, neck and arms lungs right atrium right ventricle left atrium left ventricle liver gut kidneys body and legs

10. head, neck and arms lungs right atrium right ventricle left atrium left ventricle liver gut kidneys body and legs

11. head, neck and arms lungs right atrium right ventricle left atrium left ventricle liver gut kidneys body and legs aorta

12. head, neck and arms lungs right atrium right ventricle left atrium left ventricle liver gut kidneys body and legs aorta inferior vena cava superior vena cava

13. head, neck and arms lungs right atrium right ventricle left atrium left ventricle liver gut kidneys body and legs aorta inferior vena cava superior vena cava pulmonary artery pulmonary vein

14. head, neck and arms lungs right atrium right ventricle left atrium left ventricle liver gut kidneys body and legs aorta inferior vena cava superior vena cava pulmonary artery pulmonary vein hepatic vein hepatic artery

15. head, neck and arms lungs right atrium right ventricle left atrium left ventricle liver gut kidneys body and legs aorta inferior vena cava superior vena cava pulmonary artery pulmonary vein hepatic vein hepatic artery renal vein renal artery

16. head, neck and arms lungs right atrium right ventricle left atrium left ventricle liver gut kidneys body and legs aorta inferior vena cava superior vena cava pulmonary artery pulmonary vein hepatic vein hepatic artery renal vein renal artery hepatic portal vein

17. head, neck and arms lungs right atrium right ventricle left atrium left ventricle liver gut kidneys body and legs aorta inferior vena cava superior vena cava pulmonary artery pulmonary vein hepatic vein hepatic artery renal vein renal artery hepatic portal vein mesenteric artery

18. Closed or open? Animals such as snails and insects have open blood systems . The blood is pumped out of the heart into large spaces, not through blood vessels.

19. Single or double? Fish have a single circulation system The hearts pumps blood to the gills and from their it passes directly to the tissues before being returned to the heart.

20. Double circulation In mammals, the flow of blood is maintained by: A muscular heart that pumps blood Rhythmical contractions of muscle in artery walls (the pulse) Contraction of body muscles during normal movement squeezing blood along the veins Breathing creates a negative pressure inside the thorax which draws blood towards the heart

21. The heart The heart is mainly made of cardiac muscle , each muscle cell is joined to the next by an intercalary disc. These cells are ‘myogenic’ , this means they can contract and relax of their own accord throughout a human life

23. cardiac muscle fibre

24. cardiac muscle fibre one muscle cell

25. cardiac muscle fibre one muscle cell nucleus

26. cardiac muscle fibre one muscle cell nucleus intercalary disc between muscle cells, these allow the rapid spread of impulses through the tissue from cell to cell

28. superior vena cava

29. superior vena cava aorta

30. superior vena cava aorta left pulmonary artery right pulmonary artery

31. superior vena cava aorta left pulmonary artery right pulmonary artery pulmonary veins pulmonary veins

32. superior vena cava aorta left pulmonary artery right pulmonary artery pulmonary veins pulmonary veins right atrium

33. superior vena cava aorta left pulmonary artery right pulmonary artery pulmonary veins pulmonary veins right atrium left atrium

34. superior vena cava aorta left pulmonary artery right pulmonary artery pulmonary veins pulmonary veins right atrium left atrium tricuspid valve

35. superior vena cava aorta left pulmonary artery right pulmonary artery pulmonary veins pulmonary veins right atrium left atrium tricuspid valve bicuspid valve

36. superior vena cava aorta left pulmonary artery right pulmonary artery pulmonary veins pulmonary veins right atrium left atrium tricuspid valve bicuspid valve right ventricle

37. superior vena cava aorta left pulmonary artery right pulmonary artery pulmonary veins pulmonary veins right atrium left atrium tricuspid valve bicuspid valve right ventricle left ventricle

38. superior vena cava aorta left pulmonary artery right pulmonary artery pulmonary veins pulmonary veins right atrium left atrium tricuspid valve bicuspid valve right ventricle left ventricle septum

39. superior vena cava aorta left pulmonary artery right pulmonary artery pulmonary veins pulmonary veins right atrium left atrium tricuspid valve bicuspid valve right ventricle left ventricle septum semi-lunar valves

40. superior vena cava aorta left pulmonary artery right pulmonary artery pulmonary veins pulmonary veins right atrium left atrium tricuspid valve bicuspid valve right ventricle left ventricle septum semi-lunar valves inferior vena cava

52. The heart The heart is really two pumps side by side. The left side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs The right side pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

53. The heart Each side of the heart is completely separate and so deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood do not mix

54. The heart The thickness of the walls of each chamber is related to the distance that it has to pump the blood. The atria just pump into the ventricles so are very thin

55. The heart The right ventricle has to pump the blood to the lungs and has a thinner wall than the left ventricle … because this has to pump blood all around the body

56. The heart The valves keep the blood flowing in one direction. The atrio-ventricular valves prevent the back flow of blood into the atria when the ventricles contract On the right side the tricuspid valve has three flaps, on the left the bicuspid has two flaps.

57. The heart The semi-lunar valves are found at the base of the pulmonary artery and the aorta. These prevent the backflow of blood into the ventricles when they relax