You're probably quite familiar with how the heart work as a pump to transport blood around your body by now. In AS level, you will take this understanding to the next level - understanding the intricate system and the processes that goes on every time you draw a breathe.
AS Level Biology - 5/6) Mitotic Cell Cycle and Protein SynthesisArm Punyathorn
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The mitotic cell cycle and the synthesis of proteins by DNA transcription and translation is one of the most puzzling processes in Biology. It is such a fundamental process for life and yet its true mechanism may still be a mystery. However, the fascinating complexity makes it one of the most interesting topics to study in Biology.
Like Membrane, this is one of the shorter topics with less content to go through. More or less an extension of the mamal transport system, the gas exchange system should still be seen as an individual self-serving/ self-functioning system worthy of its own spotlight.
Transportation of substances in and out of cells can be regulated by the single most underrated and under appreciated organelle in the cell - the phospholipid bilayer membrane.
AS Level Biology - 1) Biological MoleculesArm Punyathorn
Β
To understand Biology, one must first understand the basic chemistry of it - which is relatively simple as opposed to normal chemistry. All you have to know about is Carbohydrate, Lipid, Protein and Water.
The development of Vascular plant allows the kingdom of plant to not only spread but conquer the world. The fascinating efficiency of the plant transport system is one that should be a joy for anyone to study,
AS Level Biology - 10/11) Infectious Diseases and ImmunityArm Punyathorn
Β
Finally, to end the AS level syllabus - learn about the diseases that pose threats not only to ourselves but to the community as a whole for being contagious. Also learn about how our body organizes a military section to protect us - discover how the army can be come turncoat and how espionage and information collection can be helpful in secondary responses.
AS Level Biology - 5/6) Mitotic Cell Cycle and Protein SynthesisArm Punyathorn
Β
The mitotic cell cycle and the synthesis of proteins by DNA transcription and translation is one of the most puzzling processes in Biology. It is such a fundamental process for life and yet its true mechanism may still be a mystery. However, the fascinating complexity makes it one of the most interesting topics to study in Biology.
Like Membrane, this is one of the shorter topics with less content to go through. More or less an extension of the mamal transport system, the gas exchange system should still be seen as an individual self-serving/ self-functioning system worthy of its own spotlight.
Transportation of substances in and out of cells can be regulated by the single most underrated and under appreciated organelle in the cell - the phospholipid bilayer membrane.
AS Level Biology - 1) Biological MoleculesArm Punyathorn
Β
To understand Biology, one must first understand the basic chemistry of it - which is relatively simple as opposed to normal chemistry. All you have to know about is Carbohydrate, Lipid, Protein and Water.
The development of Vascular plant allows the kingdom of plant to not only spread but conquer the world. The fascinating efficiency of the plant transport system is one that should be a joy for anyone to study,
AS Level Biology - 10/11) Infectious Diseases and ImmunityArm Punyathorn
Β
Finally, to end the AS level syllabus - learn about the diseases that pose threats not only to ourselves but to the community as a whole for being contagious. Also learn about how our body organizes a military section to protect us - discover how the army can be come turncoat and how espionage and information collection can be helpful in secondary responses.
Enzymes are biological catalysts. They play some of the most important roles in the processes of life sustenance. They are presence even at the tiniest level of metabolism - acting as the lubricant for life to progress smoothly. Without enzymes, complex life would not be possible.
This is a PowerPoint presentation for Topic 1 in the Edexcel Biology B A Level course that starts in 2015.
This is a free sample, the full PowerPoint presentation is available to purchase here: https://sellfy.com/MrExham
Mr Exham IGCSE - Movement In And Out Of Cellsmrexham
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This is a presentation designed to help explain the section of the Edexcel IGCSE Biology course about movement in and out of cells. For more help with IGCSE Biology please visit mrexham.com
This is a presentation designed to help explain the section of the Edexcel IGCSE Biology course about respiration. For more help with IGCSE Biology please visit mrexham.com
A Level Biology - Energy for Biological Processesmrexham
Β
This is a free sample of a presentation that covers the whole of the topic energy for biological processes which includes respiration and photosynthesis.
It is written for the Edexcel Biology B specification but it will be suitable for most A Level courses.
Enzymes are biological catalysts. They play some of the most important roles in the processes of life sustenance. They are presence even at the tiniest level of metabolism - acting as the lubricant for life to progress smoothly. Without enzymes, complex life would not be possible.
This is a PowerPoint presentation for Topic 1 in the Edexcel Biology B A Level course that starts in 2015.
This is a free sample, the full PowerPoint presentation is available to purchase here: https://sellfy.com/MrExham
Mr Exham IGCSE - Movement In And Out Of Cellsmrexham
Β
This is a presentation designed to help explain the section of the Edexcel IGCSE Biology course about movement in and out of cells. For more help with IGCSE Biology please visit mrexham.com
This is a presentation designed to help explain the section of the Edexcel IGCSE Biology course about respiration. For more help with IGCSE Biology please visit mrexham.com
A Level Biology - Energy for Biological Processesmrexham
Β
This is a free sample of a presentation that covers the whole of the topic energy for biological processes which includes respiration and photosynthesis.
It is written for the Edexcel Biology B specification but it will be suitable for most A Level courses.
Biology Project [Circulatory System] Vijay Raja Std Vii Navdeep With Soundvijayaswathy
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My project was to prepare a presentation on human circulatory system.
This is what it finally looked like .
Hope it comes of some use to you all .
Vijay Raja
Not 100 % genuine slides, took from a couple of sources --> credits to those sources.
#important thing is students are able to learn conveniently
BIOLOGY GCE O level Syllabus
NOTE: NEED TO DOWNLOAD BECAUSE THERE ARE MANY MANY ANIMATIONS THAT HIDE SOME OF THE CONTENT
AS Level Human Geography - Urbanization and SettlementArm Punyathorn
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In this chapter, we will discuss how our cities/ villages are shaped. We will look at how residential factors can affect incomes and poverty, migration and population.
AS Level Human Geography - Population DynamicsArm Punyathorn
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In this chapter, you will learn about how the human population change over the centuries and why those changes occur. You will also discuss the arguments regarding population and resources - the ideas of Thomas Malthus and Ester Boserup.
AS Level Human Geography - Migration of Population Arm Punyathorn
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This chapter has very recently been expanded from being a mere part of the population dynamic topic. A good call since migration has become a pretty big issue in the world today as population mobility has greatly increased in the 21st century.
AS Level Physical Geography - Hydrology and Fluvial GeomorphologyArm Punyathorn
Β
Water is an agent of change in the atmosphere, geosphere and biosphere. In this chapter we will try to understand the passage of water as it changes states.We will also look at how the forces of river can shape land forms as well as civilization
AS Level Physical Geography - Atmosphere and WeatherArm Punyathorn
Β
Weather influences every part of our daily life. Climate shapes our culture, our history and our civilization. The changes in wind, temperature, humidity can not be underestimated.
AS Level Physical Geography - Rocks and WeatheringArm Punyathorn
Β
The earth's surface is an ever-changing entity. With the forces of weather and climate and tectonic variability, the rocks and minerals that make up the earth are always changing in size, shape and forms - a fascinating, ancient, never-ending process.
AS Level History - Causes of the First World WarArm Punyathorn
Β
The First World War is one of the most important event in human history not only because it results in so many deaths and such widespread destruction but because it highlights a certain flaw in human nature and the nature of civilization that has plagued mankind for 4000 years. Up until the start of the -called "Great War", humanity is doomed to remain in a cycle of war and destruction. It is the first world war, its futility and prevent-ability that forever changed human's perspective to conflicts and civilization.
The Industrial Revolution - AS Level HistoryArm Punyathorn
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Learn about how the Industrial Revolution started, from the steam engine to the railway. Gain insights into the historical significance of the revolution - how it lead to the unification of Germany and Italy, the revolutions of 1848, the redrawing of the European map, and eventually how it all led to the start of the First World War.
For AS Level History students
The French Revolution:
- The causes of the revolution
- Maximilien Robespierre and the Reign of terror
- Fall of the Jacobins
- Rise of the Directory
- Napoleon Bonaparte
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
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Francesca Gottschalk from the OECDβs Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Hanβs Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insiderβs LMA Course, this piece examines the courseβs effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasnβt one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
Β
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
3. Why do we need a mammalian
transport System
ο Animals β far more active than
plants
ο Need energy for β contraction
of muscles, brain power,
mobility (have to find their own
food), nervous system
ο Evolved transport system
ο Diffusion β too slow, the
surface area is not enough
4. Pulmonary Circulation
ο Deoxygenated blood moving out from the right
ventricles through the pulmonary arteries to the lung.
ο The now oxygenated blood then travels back into the
left atrium from the pulmonary vein.
5. Systemic Circulation
ο Oxygenated blood moving out of the left ventricle
through the aorta to the rest of the body.
ο Deoxygenated blood travelling back through the vena
cava into the right atrium
8. Arteries
ο Vessels that transport blood at
high pressure to the tissue away
from the heart
ο Inner endothelium: Tunica intima
β layer of flat squamous
epithelium cells β REDUCE
FRICTION
ο Middle layer: Tunica media β
smooth muscle, collagen, elastic
fiber
ο Outer layer: Tunica externa β
Elastic fiber/ collagen fibers
9. Arteries
ο Strong and elastic
ο To withstand high pressure of blood leaving the heart
(120mmhg)
ο Elastic fibers: Wall can stretch
ο Allows the heart to moderate the pressure of the blood
by recoiling or stretching
10. Arterioles
ο Arteries branch into smaller vessels β
Arterioles
ο Arteriolesβ wall have more smooth muscle
ο The muscle can contract β controlling the
volume of blood moving in and out of a
certain body part
ο Vasoconstriction and vasodilation occurs
with arterioles
ο Blood pressure drops here from 120 to 85
as arteries branch out
11. Capillaries
ο Arterioles further branch out into capillaries where cell
will receive oxygen and give out waste
ο One-cell thick wall (endothelium) β 7 micrometer β just
enough for Red blood Cell
ο Blood brought to 1 micrometer from the cell
ο Blood pressure drops enough for slower flow with
exchange of thing
ο Allow diffusion to occur
13. Veins
ο Blood pressure is low β no need for elastic muscles or
thick wall
ο Larger lumen
ο Blood flow because the contraction of muscle around
the veins
ο Backflow prevented by semilunar valves
17. Blood Plasma
ο Pale yellow liquid composing of 55% of the blood
ο Content: 90% water β 10% : Ions, Glucose, Urea, Plasma
proteins (amino acids, hormones, enzymes, antibodies
etc.)
18. Blood plasma - Importance
ο Contains hormones and other useful substances
ο Maintains pH and osmotic balance
19. Tissue Fluid
ο When passing through capillaries β plasma leaks into
the spaces between cells forming tissue fluid
ο Proteins cannot pass through
ο White blood cells can squeeze through
20. Tissue Fluid
ο The process is as such:
ο The high blood pressure at arterial end of capillary bed β
causes blood plasma to flow out of capillaries
ο High protein concentration in plasma = lower water potential,
osmotic pressure causes plasma to flow back into capillaries
at venule ends of the capillary bed
ο Hence tissue fluid maintains the osmotic balance of the cell
ο If blood pressure too high β at arterial ends too much of the
plasma flow into tissue fluid and accumulates β swelling in
the form of oedema
21.
22. Lymph
ο 90% of fluid that leaks out of capillary β seeps back
ο Another 10% is returned by the lymphatic system
ο Lymphatic systems: made up of lymph vessels
ο The lymphatic will allow tissue fluid to leak in
ο Lymph vessels have valves large enough for proteins
ο Lymph nodes: contain antibodies
ο https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I7orwMgTQ5I
23. The Lymphatic system
ο The lymphatic systemβs main job is to return blood
plasma to the blood and also to maintain the osmotic
balance by allowing protein to leak in from the tissue
fluid
ο The system is also where a lot of of the white blood
cells reside
24. Content of Blood
ο 5 dm3 blood = 5 kg
ο 5 x 1013 Red Blood Cells/ Erythrocytes
ο 6 x 1012 Platelets
ο 2.5 x 1011 White Blood Cells/ Leukocytes
25. Red Blood Cells
ο Small size = 7 micrometers
ο Biconcave shape
ο Small amount of organelles
ο High flexibility in membrane
27. Haemoglobin
ο Proteins found inside the red blood cells
ο They combine with oxygen to form Oxyhaemoglobin
ο They are tools Red blood cell uses for transporting
oxygen
ο Each haemoglobin has 4 haem groups with each one
containing an iron prosthetic group
ο This iron allows the molecule to combine with oxygen
and hence give a red color to blood
28. The Dissociation Curve
ο This is a curve used to show how haemoglobin combine
with oxygen at different partial pressure
ο It is important to show how haemoglobin pick up
oxygen but also how it releases those oxygen
molecules
29.
30. The Dissociation Curve
ο At low partial pressure of oxygen β percentage
saturation is very low β haemoglobin combines with
very little, in this case 1 oxygen molecule
ο As partial pressure increases, it gets easier
ο Plus haemoglobin changes shape after first
combination to make it easier for the other 3
ο https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HYbvwMSzqdY
31. The S-Curve
ο We must also take in account the changes of partial
pressure of Carbon Dioxide
ο Where there are high CO2 concentration (high partial
pressure) eg. Muscle cells β usually respiring cells that
actually do need oxygen
ο Oxygen will be released more readily
ο How so?
32. The Bohr Shift
ο When Carbon Dioxide enters the Red Blood cell, carbonic
anhydrase allows it to combine with water to form Carbonic
acid
ο The Carbonic acid dissociates into Hydrogen bicarbonate
and hydrogen ions
ο The hydrogen ion is actually taken up by the haemoglobin
ο And hence the oxygen has to be released
ο THIS IS PERFECT, BECAUSE NOW OXYGEN IS RELEASED
WHERE IT IS NEEDED MOST
33. Transport of Carbon
dioxide
ο Because of the Bohr shift β 85% of the CO2 is now
transported in the form of hydrogen bicarbonate ions
ο Another 10% of CO2 directly combines with
haemoglobin to form Carbaminohaemoglobin
ο The other 5% is transported in solution
36. Effects of Carbon
Monoxide
ο Haemoglobin combines very readily with
Carbon monoxide β even more so than oxygen
(250 times more)
ο To form Carboxyhaemoglobin β a very stable
molecule
ο Now the body cannot transport oxygen
ο Carbon monoxide quickly diffuse through
alveoli
ο Even 0.1% in the air may cause death by
asphyxiation
ο They are found in cigarette smokes β hence
most smokers actually have 5% of their blood
permanently combined with carbon monoxide
37. Effects of High Altitude
ο Partial pressure of oxygen in normal air is higher than
in air at high altitude
ο Haemoglobin becomes less saturated
ο Less oxygen carried around the body
ο Causing breathlessness and illness
38. Altitude Sickness
ο When the body doesnβt have enough time to adjust to
the change in altitude
ο Increase in rate/ depth of breath
ο Dizziness and weakness
ο Arterials dilate for more oxygen transport β blood flow
into the capillary bed more β oedema
ο Oedema in brains can lead to disorientation
ο The way to cure is simple β come down
39.
40. Adaptations
ο If the body is allowed to
acclimatized β number of Red
Blood Cells increases β
usually takes 2 -3 weeks
ο Permanent adaptations for
those living at high altitudes
ο Broader chest β for more lung
capacity
ο Larger right side of heart β to
pump blood to the lung
ο More haemoglobin
44. The Heart Structure
ο Mass: 300 g
ο Size: fist
ο A bag of muscle filled with blood
ο Muscles β cardiac muscles β interconnecting cells with
membranes tightly joined for electrical excitation to
pass through
45. Aorta
ο The largest artery
ο Arch shape
ο Branches leading to the
head
ο Main flow double back
down toward the body
ο High pressure blood flow
here
ο Connected to the left
ventricle
46. Venae Cavae
ο 2 large veins running vertically on the right side of the
heart, Connected to the right atrium
ο 1 vessel (superior vena cava) brings blood from rest of
the body
ο Another brings blood from the head
47. Pulmonary Arteries/ Veins
ο P Artery: takes blood out of the heart to
the lung β connected to the right ventricle
ο P Veins: Takes blood from the lung into the
hear β connected to the left atrium
ο The revers of the rest of the body β if veins
at the rest of the body carry deoxygenated
blood, pulmonary veins carries oxygenated
blood. Same goes for pulmonary arteries
ο Pulmonary artery branches off immediately
to the right and left lung
ο Pulmonary vein returns first into then
combine into one
49. The Cardiac Cycle
ο The sequence of events which make up one heartbeat
ο 3 stages
ο Atrial systole
ο Ventricular systole
ο Ventricular diastole
50. Atrial Systole
ο Heart is filled with blood β muscle ready to contract
ο Muscular wall of atrial are thin β contraction do not
produce much pressure
ο Pressure still forces Atrioventricular valves (tricuspid/
bicuspid) open
ο Blood flows from the atria into the ventricles
ο Valves in the veins prevent backflow
51. Ventricular Systole
ο 0.1 seconds after the atria contract
ο Ventricles contract
ο Atrioventricular valves pulled shut due to the pressure
in the ventricles exceeding the atria
ο Semi lunar valves forced open
ο Blood rushes into the arteries
ο This lasts for 0.3 seconds
52. Ventricular Diastole
ο The whole heart muscle relaxes
ο Semilunar valve shuts
ο Blood from veins flow into the atria β at low pressure β
but thin wall of atria gives not much resistance
ο Blood just begins flowing into the ventricles when the
atria contracts again
53. Control of heart beat
ο The muscles in the heart are myogenic
ο They naturally contract/ relaxes
ο The heart still has its own natural pacemaker
ο Sinoatrial node (SAN) - in the right atrium wall β it
can still respond to the brain
ο SAN works a little faster than the heart
ο It sends excitation waves across the atrial walls β
causing atrial systole
54. Control of heart beat
ο Muscles of the ventricle contracts 0.1 second after β this is
because of the AVN
ο The AVN (Atrioventricular node) receives excitation wave
which it withholds until the atria contracts, then it sends
down to the ventricles so that they can follow in contraction
ο Between atria and ventricle β a band of fiber that does not
conduct electrical impulse is there
ο The AVN send the impulse down through the purkyne
tissues in the septum which travels to the rest of the
ventricles