Plants transport water and nutrients throughout their bodies using specialized tissues. Water and minerals are absorbed by root hairs and transported through the xylem from roots to stems and leaves. Food synthesized in the leaves is distributed throughout the plant via the phloem. Substances move between plant cells via diffusion, active transport, and osmosis according to concentration gradients. Root hairs, xylem, and phloem tissues allow nutrients and water to reach all parts of multicellular plants.
osmoregulation
Types of osmoregulatory plants
Osmoregulation Works
Osmoconformers and Osmoregulators
Osmoregulation Strategies of Different Organisms
in plants
in animals
in mamlas
in humans
osmoregulation
Types of osmoregulatory plants
Osmoregulation Works
Osmoconformers and Osmoregulators
Osmoregulation Strategies of Different Organisms
in plants
in animals
in mamlas
in humans
Levels of organization life.
Atome-molecules-cells-tissues-organ-system-organism to the ecospehere.
With interactives exercises for the classroom lesson.
www. biodeluna.wordpress.com/
This subject is designed to enhance the understanding of the principles and concepts in the study of biology, particularly heredity and variation, and the diversity of living organisms, their structure, function, and evolution
Levels of organization life.
Atome-molecules-cells-tissues-organ-system-organism to the ecospehere.
With interactives exercises for the classroom lesson.
www. biodeluna.wordpress.com/
This subject is designed to enhance the understanding of the principles and concepts in the study of biology, particularly heredity and variation, and the diversity of living organisms, their structure, function, and evolution
• Active transport is a mode of transportation in plants, which uses stored energy to move the particles against the concentration gradient. In a plant cell, it takes place in the root cells by absorbing water and minerals.
• The intake of mineral ions by the root system along the concentration gradient by diffusion without the expenditure of energy is called passive absorption.
in details about the transport mechanism of Plants as per NCERT syllabus Class- XI. it includes why transport in plants is required and necessary,active n passive transport, diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, mass flow hypothesis, transpiration and its related theory,plant water relationship, water potential, symport,antiport ,uniport. proper diagrams and important definitions
Transportation in Plants | Xylem Transport in Plants - ExamPraxisExam Praxis
Get a close analysis report about the transportation in plants and xylem transport in plant based on previous 22 years exam questions. Read about means of transport in this analysis report
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
2. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
• Multicellular organisms possess millions of cells in their body.
• Every cell needs a constant supply of essential substances like
nutrients and oxygen to maintain life and survival.
• Food is the only source of energy and every cell gets its energy by the
breakdown of glucose. The cells utilise this energy and govern various
vital activities of life.
Plants Animals Fungus
3. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Water absorbed by the roots have to reach entire plant and the
food synthesised by the leaves have to be distributed to all the
parts of the plant.
To understand - the anatomy of the plants.
Water and mineral salts absorbed by the roots reach all parts of
the plant through the xylem.
The food synthesized by the leaves are translocated to all parts
of the plant through the phloem.
The bulk movement of substances through the vascular tissue is
called Translocation.
5. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
‘Transport’ means to carry things from one place to
another.
(Have you ever wondered how in animals the useful substances are
transported to other cells and toxic substances are removed? )
In larger organisms transport of nutrients, salts,
oxygen, hormones and waste products around the
body are performed by the ‘Circulatory system’.
The circulatory system consists of the circulating fluids,
the blood and lymph and the heart and blood
vessels which form the collecting and transporting
system.
6. Means of Transort in Plants
Means of Transport in Plants
14.1
The transport of materials in and out of the cells is carried out by diffusion
and active transport in plants.
7. 14.1.1 Diffusion
The movement of solid liquid and gaseous molecules
from a region of higher concentration to
a region of their lower concentration
without the utilization of energy is called Diffusion.
This is a passive process.
8. 14.1.2 Active
Transport
Active transport utilizes energy to pump molecules against a
concentration gradient.
Active transport is carried out by membrane bound proteins.
These proteins use energy to carry substances across the cell
membrane hence they are often referred to as pumps.
These pumps can transport substances from a low concentration to
a high concentration (‘uphill’ transport).
9. 14.1.3 Osmosis
Osmosis is the movement of solvent or water molecules from the
region of higher concentration to the region of lower
concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.
This process is carried out till an equilibrium is reached.
Osmosis is the passive movement of water or any other solvent
molecules.
11. Plasmolysis
It occurs when a living plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution
water molecule moves out of the cell and resulting in the shrinkage of
protoplasm away from the cell wall.
12. Imbibition
Imbibition is a type of diffusion in which a solid plant material
absorbs water and gets swelled up. eg. absorption of water by dry
seeds and grapes. If it were not for imbibition, seedlings would not
have been able to emerge out of the soil.
13. 14.2 Root Hair-Water Absorbing Unit
There are millions of root hairs on the tip of the root which absorb
water and minerals by diffusion. Root hairs are thin walled, slender
extension of epidermal cell that increase the surface area of
absorption.
14. 14.3 Pathway of Water Absorbed by Roots
Once the water enters the root hairs, the concentration of water
molecules in the root hair cells become more than that of the cortex.
Thus water from the root hair moves to the cortical cells by osmosis
and then reaches the xylem. From there the water is transported to
the stem and leaves.
15. 14.4 Types of Movement of
Water into the Root Cells
Once water is absorbed by
the root hairs, it can move
deeper into root layers by
two distinct pathways:
• Apoplast pathway
• Symplast pathway
16. 14.4.1 Apoplast Pathway
The apoplastic movement of water occurs exclusively through the
intercellular spaces and the walls of the cells.
Apoplastic movement does not involve crossing the cell membrane.
This movement is dependent on the gradient.
17. 14.4.2 Symplast Pathway
In this method, water molecules move to the adjacent cells, through
the plasma membrane, cytoplasm and plasmodesmata. This
method of transport is slow as water moves through plasma
membrane.
It is in accordance to the concentration gradient.
18.
19. • Plants do not have interstitial fluid and circulatory system.
• But they need to move various substances (water, minerals, organic nutrients,
growth regulators etc.) over long distances.
TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
20. Unidirectional transport:
E.g. Transport of water and minerals in
xylem (from roots to stems, leaves etc.).
Multidirectional transport:
E.g. Transport of photosynthates
(organic compounds), transport of
mineral nutrients etc.
TRANSPORT IN PLANTS Direction of transport
Sometimes, plant hormones and other
chemical stimuli are transported in a
polarized or unidirectional manner from
where they are synthesized to other parts.