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The blood circulatory system IGCSE
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood throughout the body in two circulation loops - pulmonary circulation to the lungs and systemic circulation to the rest of the body. Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products and circulates in a double circulation through arteries, veins, and capillaries where gas and nutrient exchange occurs. The circulatory system helps transport these materials, fight infections, regulate temperature and pH, and heal injuries through clotting.
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The blood circulatory system IGCSE
- 1. The Blood CirculatorySystem B M Subramanya Swamy M.Sc. B.Ed. CIE Co ordinator & Examination Officer Kanaan Global School Jakarta Indonesia subramanyaswamy1591978@gmail.com
- 2. The Blood CirculatorySystem
- 3. Circulatory System •The circulatory system consist of the heart, blood and blood vessels • The heart pumps blood throughout the body • Valves in the blood vessels and heart prevent the backflow of blood • This ensure that blood travels in only one direction • The human circulatory system is a closed system
- 4. Blood circulation Lungs Pulmonary circulation Body Oxygenated blood Deoxygenated blood Heart Systemic circulation
- 5. Different human circulatorysystems Mechanism Closed system Blood surges through the body in a closed network of vessels No blood escapes into tissues or mixes with the tissue fluid Double circulation Double circulatory system Both systems connected at the heart Circulation divided into oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood system Further division based on pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation In one complete circulation, blood passes through the heart twice
- 6. Comparison of thepulmonary and systemic circulation in the body Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation Pressure Low High Main artery From heart to lungs Circulation throughout body except lungs Affects Right ventricle Left ventricle
- 7. Blood vessels Bloodvessels consist of : • Arteries • Arterioles • Capillaries • Veins • Venules
- 10. Comparison of differenttypes of blood vessels Characteristic Artery Vein Capillaries Wall Thick, muscular elastic Thin, less muscular One cell thick, no muscles or elastic tissue Permeability X X Lumen Small Large Very small Valve X X Cross section Circular Oval Circular Colour Red Bluish red Bluish red Pressure High Low Slow rate of blood flow Blood transport From heart to organs From organs to heart From arteries to veins
- 11. Comparison of differenttypes of blood vessels Characteristic Artery Vein Capillaries Blood type Oxygenated blood, except pulmonary artery Deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein Oxygenated blood at arteriole end and deoxygenated blood at venule end Pulse Strong X X Location Deep in muscle Nearer to body surface Inside all tissue
- 12. Diffusion across thecapillary • Capillary walls are one cell thick • Great length of capillaries in a person throughout the body • There is an immense surface area for exchange of materials • This is the site of exchange of gases, nutrients and wastes • This exchange takes place by diffusion • The exchange is between blood in the capillary and the surrounding through tissue or interstitial fluids
- 13. Fluid exchange inTissue • At the arterial end, water and nutrient are forced out of the capillaries by higher blood pressure into the intercellular space • At the venous end, water and dissolved waste product returns to blood capillaries by osmosis
- 14. Properties of capillaries& Tissue Fluid Capillaries Tissue fluid Capillary wall very permeable Source of water and nutrients to body cells Large variety of solutes in the blood The waste products are discharged here Higher osmotic concentration than tissue fluid 2/3 of plasma from capillary diffuses into the tissue fluid and some returns to capillaries Blood pressure higher at artrial end than venous end. Other material drain into lymphatic vessels.
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- 16. Anterior vena cava Head and arms Carotid artery Pulmonary artery Lungs Pulmonary vein Vena cava Heart Aorta Hepatic vein Liver Hepatic artery Small intestine Renal vein Kidney Renal artery Femoral vein Abdomen and legs Femoral artery
- 17. HEART • Ahollow muscular organ • Situated in the left side of the chest, behind the sternum and between the lungs • The walls of the heart are made of cardiac muscle
- 18. Structure of theheart
- 19. Structure and functionof the heart Structure Function Left atrium Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via pulmonary vein Left ventricle Pumps blood to all parts of the body except the lungs via aorta Bicuspid valve Prevents backflow of blood to left atrium Chordae tendinae Tendons tighten to prevent valves from flapping backward Right atrium Receives deoxygenated blood Right ventricle Pumps blood to the lungs via pulmonary artery Tricuspid valve Prevents backflow of blood to right atrium Semi – lunar valve Prevents backflow of blood
- 20. Structure and functionof the heart Structure Function Septum Prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood Aorta Carries oxygenated blood Pulmonary artery Carries deoxygenated blood to the lung Pulmonary vein Carries oxygenated blood from the lung to the heart Superior vena cava Returns deoxygenated blood from head and arms to heart Inferior vena cava Returns deoxygenated blood from lower limbs and organs to heart
- 21. Heartbeat • Heartcontracts rhythmically • Each heartbeat has two phases : diastole and systole • During rest, a healthy adult has a heart rate of 72 beats per minute atrial ventricular systole systole diastole Events in a heartbeat
- 22. Summary of aheartbeat Diastole Atrial systole Ventricular systole Muscles Atria and ventricle relax Both atria contract Both ventricles relax Both ventricles contracts Blood flow Into autrium Into ventricles Into pulmonary artery/ aorta Bicuspid and tricuspid valves Open Open Close Atrial valves Close Close Open
- 23. Cardiovascular disease Cardiovasculardisease Causes Hypertension Also known as high blood pressure Arteriosclerosis and antherosclerosis Narrowing and hardening of arteries Fatty deposits (cholesterol) on the walls of the artery (antheroma) Coronary thrombosis Forming of blood clot (thrombus) in the artery Likely to occur in arrow arteries
- 24. Causes and preventionof heart disease Causes Prevention Unhealthy diet rich in cholesterol and saturated fats Leads to high blood cholesterol level Healthy diet and regular exercise Smoking increases heart rate and blood pressure Causes blood to clot more easily Tobacco has toxins which reduces the blood’s ability to carry oxygen Stop or do not start smoking Stress releases adrenaline which increases heart rate and blood pressure Reduce stress
- 25. BLOOD • Whena sample of blood is spun in a high speed centrifuge, blood separates into 2 layers • The upper layer is pale coloured plasma, it makes up 55 % of blood • The lower layer is darker blood cells, it makes up 45 % of blood
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- 27. Constituents of bloodand its function Blood Characteristic Function Plasma 90 % of water Plasma protein Albumin Globulin Fibrinogen Acts as a buffer in the blood Maintain osmotic pressure between blood and tissue fluid Medium of transport for soluble food substances, minerals, waste products and hormones Distributes heat around the body Maintain normal blood pressure Makes blood thick and viscous Proteins that include antibodies Forms blood clots
- 28. Constituents of bloodand its function Blood Characteristic Function RBC Biconcave disc, no nucleus, elastic membrane Squeeze into tiniest capillaries High surface area Contains 95 % haemoglobin Formed in bone marrow Survival about 120 days Efficient exchange of O2 and CO2 Contains iron, combines reversibly with oxygen
- 29. Constituents of bloodand its function Blood Characteristic Function WBC Larger than RBC Granular leucocytes (65%) Produced in bone marrow Agranular leucocytes (35%) Formed in lymph nodes Amoeboid movements Actively seeks out and digests bacteria Also called phagocytes Produce antibodies which destroy bacteria and neutralise toxins produced by bacteria Able to leave capillaries to fight infection at various tissues
- 30. Constituent of bloodand its function Blood Characteristic Function Platelets Tiny pieces of cytoplasm No nucleus Found in bone marrow Damaged tissues and platelets form enzyme thrombokinase Forms temporary plug for wounds Prothrombin thrombin Fibrinogen fibrin (meshwork that forms clot)
- 31. Function of blood Function Mode of action Transport Oxygen Carbon dioxide Haemoglobin combines reversibly with oxygen Hb + 4O2 Hb(O2)4 Release oxygen to cells lacking in oxygen Picks up CO2, combines with water in a series of reactions CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H2CO3 H+ + HCO3 – 70 % of ions remain in plasma H+ + HCO3 - H2CO3 H2CO3 CO2 + H2O Carbon dioxide is breathed out
- 32. Carbon dioxide transportin blood
- 33. Function of blood Function Mode of action Dissolved food substances, hormones, antibody, water Found in plasma Protection From invading bacteria by phagocytes and antibodies Neutralise toxins Form blood clots Regulation Body temperature by distribution of heat Metabolism Maintains concentration of tissue fluid
- 34. Antibodies and Immunity • All cells have surface markers called antigens • Lymphocytes produces proteins called antibodies • Each antibody is very specific
- 35. Cells of theImmune System White Blood Cells • Phagocytes - Neutrophils - Macrophages can engulf and then digest micro organisms, called phagocytosis • Lymphocytes produce antibodies
- 36. Phagocytes • Monocytesand macrophages • Provide a non-specific response to infection
- 37. Phagocytosis • Phagocytesare white blood cells with lobed nuclei • They are capable of amoeboid movements • Steps in phagocytosis Step Mode of action 1 Phagocytes at the site of infection 2 Forms pseudopodia (false feet) 3 Engulfs bacteria 4 Site of infection becomes inflamed 5 Dead tissue, dead and living bacteria and phagocytes form pus 6 Leaves body as harmless pus
- 38. Phagocytosis Microbes MACROPHAGE Vacuole Lysosome containing enzymes Pseudopodia surround microbes. Microbes are engulfed into cell. Vacuole containing microbes forms Vacuole and lysosome fuse. Toxic compounds and lysosomal enzymes Destroy microbes. Microbial debris is released by exocytosis.
- 39. Steps in phagocytosis Steps Mode of action 1 Phagocytes at the site of infection 2 Forms pseudopodia (false feet) 3 Engulfs bacteria 4 Site of infection become inflamed 5 Dead tissue, dead and living bacteria and phagocytes form pus 6 Leaves body as harmless pus
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- 41. Lymphocytes Provide aspecific immune response to infectious diseases. There are 2 types: - - T-cells - B-cells
- 42. Lymphocytes • Produceantibodies • B-cells mature in bone marrow then concentrate in lymph nodes and spleen • T-cells mature in thymus • B and T cells mature then circulate in the blood and lymph • Circulation ensures they come into contact with pathogens and each other
- 43. Active and PassiveImmunity Active immunity Lymphocytes are activated by antigens on the surface of pathogens Natural active immunity - acquired due to infection Artificial active immunity – vaccination Takes time for enough B and T cells to be produced to mount an effective response.
- 44. Active and PassiveImmunity Passive immunity B and T cells are not activated and plasma cells have not produced antibodies. The antigen doesn’t have to be encountered for the body to make the antibodies. Antibodies appear immediately in blood but protection is only temporary.
- 45. Active and PassiveImmunity Artificial passive immunity Used when a very rapid immune response is needed e.g. after infection with tetanus. Human antibodies are injected. In the case of tetanus these are antitoxin antibodies. Antibodies come from blood donors who have recently had the tetanus vaccination. Only provides short term protection as antibodies destroyed by phagocytes in spleen and liver.
- 46. Active and PassiveImmunity Natural passive immunity A mother’s antibodies pass across the placenta to the foetus and remain for several months. Colostrum (the first breast milk) contains lots of Immunoglobulin A which remain on surface of the baby’s gut wall and pass into blood
- 47. Transfusions • Bloodtransfusions : - injury - surgical operation - blood type of donor = blood type of patient - blood group type A, B, AB, O Blood group Can donate blood to Can receive blood from A A and AB A and O B B and AB B and O AB AB All groups O All groups O
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