A perfect informative presentation describing the wonders of human body and basics of circulation in platns as weel as in animals with beautiful pictures and required information.

1. Transportation ofTransportation of
Materials in Plants andMaterials in Plants and
AnimalsAnimals
Made By: AashayMade By: Aashay

2. ContentsContents
IntroductionIntroduction
Vascular system in plantsVascular system in plants
Transportation of minerals and waterTransportation of minerals and water
OsmosisOsmosis
Transportation of foodTransportation of food
TranspirationTranspiration
Transportation in protozoaTransportation in protozoa
Transportation in Hydra andTransportation in Hydra and
JellyfishJellyfish
Transportation in humansTransportation in humans
The bloodThe blood
Constituents of bloodConstituents of blood
Veins, Arteries and CapillariesVeins, Arteries and Capillaries
The heartThe heart
Circulation processCirculation process
What is ExcretionWhat is Excretion
Excretion in animalsExcretion in animals
Kidneys: Excretory OrganKidneys: Excretory Organ
Process of excretion in humansProcess of excretion in humans
Examination of UrineExamination of Urine

3. Introduction
 To stay alive, all living organisms need to
transport materials like food, water and
oxygen to various parts of the body.
Food and oxygen are transported to all
the cells in the body for respiration and
growth.
Waste products are transported from the
cells to organs that excrete them.
 There are various methods by which
materials are transported in plants and
animals.

4. Vascular system in plantsVascular system in plants
 All parts of a plant need water, minerals and food.All parts of a plant need water, minerals and food.
A transport system moves all these materialsA transport system moves all these materials
throughout the plant. Flowering plants have a well-throughout the plant. Flowering plants have a well-
developed transport system called vascular system.developed transport system called vascular system.
The vascular system is composed of pipe-likeThe vascular system is composed of pipe-like
vessels called xylem and phloem.vessels called xylem and phloem.
The cells of xylem are joined end-to-end formingThe cells of xylem are joined end-to-end forming
long tubes which extend from the tip of the rootslong tubes which extend from the tip of the roots
to the tip of the leaves. Xylem transports waterto the tip of the leaves. Xylem transports water
and minerals upwards from the roots.and minerals upwards from the roots.
Phloem cells also form long tubes forPhloem cells also form long tubes for
transportation of food. Phloem transports glucosetransportation of food. Phloem transports glucose
made in the leaves to other parts of the plant.made in the leaves to other parts of the plant.

6. Transportation of water andTransportation of water and
mineralsminerals
Water and mineralWater and mineral
salts dissolved in watersalts dissolved in water
enter the plant throughenter the plant through
the thin root hairthe thin root hair
present in roots. Rootpresent in roots. Root
hair are outgrowthshair are outgrowths
from the layer of outerfrom the layer of outer
cells of the root. Thecells of the root. The
root hair increases theroot hair increases the
surface area of thesurface area of the
root for the absorptionroot for the absorption
of water and mineralof water and mineral
saltssalts

7. OsmosisOsmosis
 Osmosis is the process of passage of water across a semiOsmosis is the process of passage of water across a semi
permeable membrane ( a semi permeable membrane is apermeable membrane ( a semi permeable membrane is a
membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to passmembrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass
through it by diffusion) from an area where there are no waterthrough it by diffusion) from an area where there are no water
molecules to an area where there are less. Water is absorbed bymolecules to an area where there are less. Water is absorbed by
the roots in the same way. The root hair are in close contactthe roots in the same way. The root hair are in close contact
with the water surrounding the soil particles. Normally, waterwith the water surrounding the soil particles. Normally, water
molecules are more crowded outside the root hair than inside.molecules are more crowded outside the root hair than inside.
So they move into the root hair by osmosis. They then moveSo they move into the root hair by osmosis. They then move
through the root tissues to the xylem in the root. The root cellsthrough the root tissues to the xylem in the root. The root cells
absorb water and mineral salts continuously from the soil. Thisabsorb water and mineral salts continuously from the soil. This
produces a force that pushes the water upwards. Theproduces a force that pushes the water upwards. The
transportation of water and dissolved mineral salts, from thetransportation of water and dissolved mineral salts, from the
root to the stem , leaves, etc. takes place through xylem. Thisroot to the stem , leaves, etc. takes place through xylem. This
upward movement of sap that contains water and minerals isupward movement of sap that contains water and minerals is
called ascent of sap.called ascent of sap.

9. Transportation of food
 The food prepared by the leaves is transported to all
parts of the plant in the form of a solution through a
process known as translocation. Translocation takes
place through the cells of phloem. Phloem has cells
called sieve tubes that are placed one above the other
to form long tubes through which food is transported.
The contents of phloem can move in the upward as well
as in the downward direction, whereas water in xylem
moves only in the upward direction.

11. Transpiration
 Large quantities of water are absorbed by a plant for
photosynthesis. All this water is not used by the plant.
The excess water escapes in the form of water vapour
mainly through the stomata present in the leaves. The
process of losing water in the form of water vapour from
a plant is known as transpiration. Transpiration of water in
the leaves creates a suction pull, which pulls water up the
plant from the roots. It is strong enough to force water
up high trees. As water is given out by transpiration, more
water is absorbed. Transpiration also cools the plant. If
water is lost through transpiration more quickly than it is
absorbed by the root hairs, the plant cells will lose water.
The leaves, stems and flowers will droop. This is called
wilting.

13. Transportation of Materials in Animals
Protozoa: Mode of
nutrition is holozoic or
parasitic. Digestion
takes place in food
vacuoles. The
nutrients reach every
part of the cell by
diffusion.
Eg: Amoeba,
Paramecium,
Plasmodium.

14. Transportation of Materials in Animals
Hydra and Jelly fish are simple
aquatic multicellular organisms. In
Hydra, tentacles are present
surrounding the mouth. They are
useful in locomotion, food-
gathering and defense.
Cnidoblasts occur in tentacles and
body walls.
In Jelly fish, A ‘water vascular
system’ occurs in the body. The
main function of this system is
locomotion and procurement of
food. It is also associated with
excretion and respiration.
In both, oxygen and nutrients are
transported by water that
circulates through their bodies.

15. Transportation in Humans
 The process of diffusion is too slow to work in
higher animals including humans. In such
animals, a well developed pick-up and delivery
system, known as the circulatory system, is
present. In the circulatory system, the blood
delivers food and oxygen to every cell in the
body. It also carries wastes away from every
cell in the body. The circulatory system
consists of the blood, the blood vessels and
the heart.

17. The Blood
Blood is a specialized bodily fluid that flows in blood
vessels. It transports:
digested food from the small intestine to all parts of the
body.
oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and carbon-
dioxide from the cells to the lungs.
liquid waste from the body cells to the kidneys for
removal from the body.
In an average healthy adult, the volume of blood is about
one-eleventh of the body weight. Normally, volume of
blood in an average human adult is between 4-5 litres.
The blood consists of a fluid known as plasma in which
three types of blood cells float.

18. Constituents of Blood
Plasma: Plasma is a liquid part of the blood. It is yellowish in colour
and contains about 90% water. It has proteins, antibodies,
fibrinogen, carbohydrates, fats, salts, etc.
RBC: RBCs are disc-shaped cells. They contain a red-coloured
protein called haemoglobin which absorbs O2 and transports it to
the cells all over the body. O2 combines with haemoglobin to form a
compound called oxyhaemoglobin. When blood reaches cells that
need oxygen, it breaks down to O2 and haemoglobin. The O2 is used
by cells for respiration.
WBC: They are slighter larger than RBCs and fewer in number.
Their main job is to fight against diseases by destroying harmful
bacteria and foreign materials. They are able to move on their own.
This helps them to pass through the walls of blood vessel and to
reach infected parts of the body.
Platelets: They are smaller than red blood cells. They help the
blood to clot whenever there is a wound on our body. This blocks
the flow of blood and prevents blood loss.

20. Veins, Arteries and CapillariesVeins, Arteries and Capillaries
 Blood circulates across the body through the network ofBlood circulates across the body through the network of
tubes called blood vessels. They are of three types:tubes called blood vessels. They are of three types:
Arteries carry blood away from the heart. As the heartArteries carry blood away from the heart. As the heart
pumps blood into the arteries, the blood flows rapidly and atpumps blood into the arteries, the blood flows rapidly and at
a high pressure. Arteries, therefore have thick elastic walls.a high pressure. Arteries, therefore have thick elastic walls.
Arteries branch into smaller and smaller arteries and finallyArteries branch into smaller and smaller arteries and finally
into capillaries. Capillaries are the thinnest blood vessels.into capillaries. Capillaries are the thinnest blood vessels.
They have very thin walls through which oxygen, digestedThey have very thin walls through which oxygen, digested
food, carbon-dioxide and other waster products arefood, carbon-dioxide and other waster products are
exchanged between the blood and the surrounding vessels.exchanged between the blood and the surrounding vessels.
The capillaries join to form the veins, which carry the bloodThe capillaries join to form the veins, which carry the blood
back to the heart. Veins have thin walls. They have valves,back to the heart. Veins have thin walls. They have valves,
which allow the blood to flow only towards the heart.which allow the blood to flow only towards the heart.

22. The HeartThe Heart
 The heart is a powerful fist-sized muscular organThe heart is a powerful fist-sized muscular organ
located between the lungs. It is centrally placedlocated between the lungs. It is centrally placed
but tilted to wards the left. It beats 60 to 80but tilted to wards the left. It beats 60 to 80
times a minute throughout our life. It is made up oftimes a minute throughout our life. It is made up of
strong cardiac muscles. The heart constantly pumpsstrong cardiac muscles. The heart constantly pumps
blood to different parts of the body, throughblood to different parts of the body, through
veins, capillaries and arteries, so that each cell getsveins, capillaries and arteries, so that each cell gets
the food and oxygen it needs.the food and oxygen it needs. The heart is dividedThe heart is divided
into four chambers. The top chambers withinto four chambers. The top chambers with
comparatively thinner walls are called auricles. Thecomparatively thinner walls are called auricles. The
two lower chambers with thick muscular walls aretwo lower chambers with thick muscular walls are
called ventricles.called ventricles.

24. Circulation ProcessCirculation Process
 The right auricle receives CO2 rich blood from the variousThe right auricle receives CO2 rich blood from the various
parts of the body. The right ventricle pumps the blood toparts of the body. The right ventricle pumps the blood to
the lungs, where CO2 is removed and oxygen is absorbed.the lungs, where CO2 is removed and oxygen is absorbed.
 The left auricle receives oxygen-rich blood as it comes backThe left auricle receives oxygen-rich blood as it comes back
to the heart from the lungs. The left ventricle pumps thisto the heart from the lungs. The left ventricle pumps this
blood to the rest of the body.blood to the rest of the body.
 The right side of the heart is completely separated fromThe right side of the heart is completely separated from
the left side with the help of a partition called septum sothe left side with the help of a partition called septum so
that the two types of blood do not mix. The heart has athat the two types of blood do not mix. The heart has a
number of valves that allow blood to flow in one directionnumber of valves that allow blood to flow in one direction
only. The blood enters the right side of the heart and isonly. The blood enters the right side of the heart and is
pumped to the lungs where it gives up carbon-dioxide andpumped to the lungs where it gives up carbon-dioxide and
picks-up oxygen. This oxygen-rich blood travels back to thepicks-up oxygen. This oxygen-rich blood travels back to the
left-side of the heart. It is again sent to all other parts ofleft-side of the heart. It is again sent to all other parts of
the body and the process is repeated again and again.the body and the process is repeated again and again.

27. What is Excretion?What is Excretion?
During life activities such as cellularDuring life activities such as cellular
respiration, several chemical reactions takerespiration, several chemical reactions take
place in the body. These are known asplace in the body. These are known as
metabolism. These chemical reactions producemetabolism. These chemical reactions produce
waste products, such as carbon-dioxide, waterwaste products, such as carbon-dioxide, water
salts, urea and uric acid. Accumulation ofsalts, urea and uric acid. Accumulation of
these wastes beyond a level inside the body isthese wastes beyond a level inside the body is
harmful to the body. The excretory organsharmful to the body. The excretory organs
remove these wastes. This process ofremove these wastes. This process of
elimination of metabolic wastes from the bodyelimination of metabolic wastes from the body
is known as excretionis known as excretion

28. Excretion in Animals
 In lower animals such as Amoeba, Paramecium, Hydra and Sponges,
there are no special excretory organs. Waste products such as
ammonia are excreted by the process of diffusion through the body
surface.
 In Paramecium, one or two contractile vacuoles are located in the cell.
They are associated with excretion and water balance.
 In sponges, removal of excretory material is through osculi alongwith
water current.
 In Tapeworm, liver fluke, Plan aria and Scolex, excretory system is
well branched and developed. Flame cells are units of excretion. They
open into excretory ducts. They open to the outside through and
excretory pore.
 In earthworms, neries, and leech, excretory units are called
nephridia. Excretion takes place through skin and through the
alimentary canal.
 In spiders, butterfly, cockroach and mosquitoes, excretion occurs
through Malpighian tubules or green glands. Excretory substances are
discharged after storage in exoskeleton during moulting also.