The Cardiovascular System: Life's Vital Transport System
The cardiovascular system, comprising the heart, blood vessels, and blood, is a fundamental physiological network in the body.
It facilitates the circulation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and immune cells while eliminating waste products.
Essential for maintaining tissue function, energy production, and overall homeostasis.
Defining the Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system, is a complex network responsible for circulating vital substances throughout the body.
Components of the Cardiovascular System
Heart: A muscular organ that pumps blood, generating the force required to propel blood through the blood vessels.
Blood Vessels: A network of tubes that carry blood to and from various body tissues.
Blood: A specialized fluid containing red and white blood cells, platelets, and plasma, essential for nutrient and gas exchange.
Exploring Applied Physiology of the Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is a cornerstone of human health, regulating the circulation of vital nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body.
Understanding the applied physiology of this system is essential for healthcare professionals to provide effective medical care and interventions.
Importance of Applied Cardiovascular Physiology
Effective healthcare requires a deep comprehension of how the cardiovascular system functions under various conditions.
Applied physiology knowledge empowers healthcare practitioners to make informed decisions, diagnose disorders, and formulate targeted treatment plans.
Focus on Practical Applications in Healthcare
This presentation delves into the practical aspects of cardiovascular physiology that directly impact clinical practice.
We will explore how physiological concepts are translated into real-world medical scenarios and interventions.
By grasping the applied physiology of the cardiovascular system, healthcare providers can optimize patient care, enhance diagnostics, and improve treatment outcomes.
Throughout this presentation, we'll bridge the gap between theoretical understanding and its practical implications in the field of healthcare.
Understanding the Components
The cardiovascular system comprises three crucial components: the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Heart: A muscular organ that pumps blood, ensuring a continuous flow throughout the body.
Blood Vessels: A network of tubes that transport blood to and from various tissues.
Blood: A specialized fluid that carries nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and removes waste products.
Role in Oxygen and Nutrient Delivery
Oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive system are transported to body tissues through the bloodstream.
These essential components are required for cellular metabolism and energy production.
right ventricle internal and external features-
interior is divided into inflowing and outflowing parts (infundibulum)
inflowing part is rough due to trabeculae corneae, - ridges, bridges, pillars. Chordae tendineae- are attached to pillars and cusps of tricuspid valve.
outflowing part is smooth, semilunar valve guards opening of pulmonary valve
Dhatus are the main constituents after the Doshas for the overall development and functioning of the Body, according to Ayurveda. Sama dosha, sama agni, sama dhatu and sama mala kriya leads to healthy state of the body. There are seven numbers of Dhatus present in our body Rasa, Rakta, Mamsa, Meda, Asthi, Majja and Shukra.
HEART RATE
REGULATION OF HEART RATE
VASOMOTOR CENTER – CARDIAC CENTER
MOTOR (EFFERENT) NERVE FIBERS TO HEART
FACTORS AFFECTING VASOMOTOR CENTER
for all medical & health care students
snayu are rope like fibrous structures which help to binds together the mamsa, asthi & medas in joints & different structures of the body and maintain the body postures by providing weight carrying capacity.
pramana sharira is a method of measurement of body & parts of body in Ayurveda as well as ancient time period. anjali pramana is the tools and techniques of measurement of volume where as angula pramana is used for length and dimensions of body and its anga pratayana (organs & parts).
Exploring Applied Physiology of the Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is a cornerstone of human health, regulating the circulation of vital nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body.
Understanding the applied physiology of this system is essential for healthcare professionals to provide effective medical care and interventions.
Importance of Applied Cardiovascular Physiology
Effective healthcare requires a deep comprehension of how the cardiovascular system functions under various conditions.
Applied physiology knowledge empowers healthcare practitioners to make informed decisions, diagnose disorders, and formulate targeted treatment plans.
Focus on Practical Applications in Healthcare
This presentation delves into the practical aspects of cardiovascular physiology that directly impact clinical practice.
We will explore how physiological concepts are translated into real-world medical scenarios and interventions.
By grasping the applied physiology of the cardiovascular system, healthcare providers can optimize patient care, enhance diagnostics, and improve treatment outcomes.
Throughout this presentation, we'll bridge the gap between theoretical understanding and its practical implications in the field of healthcare.
Understanding the Components
The cardiovascular system comprises three crucial components: the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Heart: A muscular organ that pumps blood, ensuring a continuous flow throughout the body.
Blood Vessels: A network of tubes that transport blood to and from various tissues.
Blood: A specialized fluid that carries nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and removes waste products.
Role in Oxygen and Nutrient Delivery
Oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive system are transported to body tissues through the bloodstream.
These essential components are required for cellular metabolism and energy production.
right ventricle internal and external features-
interior is divided into inflowing and outflowing parts (infundibulum)
inflowing part is rough due to trabeculae corneae, - ridges, bridges, pillars. Chordae tendineae- are attached to pillars and cusps of tricuspid valve.
outflowing part is smooth, semilunar valve guards opening of pulmonary valve
Dhatus are the main constituents after the Doshas for the overall development and functioning of the Body, according to Ayurveda. Sama dosha, sama agni, sama dhatu and sama mala kriya leads to healthy state of the body. There are seven numbers of Dhatus present in our body Rasa, Rakta, Mamsa, Meda, Asthi, Majja and Shukra.
HEART RATE
REGULATION OF HEART RATE
VASOMOTOR CENTER – CARDIAC CENTER
MOTOR (EFFERENT) NERVE FIBERS TO HEART
FACTORS AFFECTING VASOMOTOR CENTER
for all medical & health care students
snayu are rope like fibrous structures which help to binds together the mamsa, asthi & medas in joints & different structures of the body and maintain the body postures by providing weight carrying capacity.
pramana sharira is a method of measurement of body & parts of body in Ayurveda as well as ancient time period. anjali pramana is the tools and techniques of measurement of volume where as angula pramana is used for length and dimensions of body and its anga pratayana (organs & parts).
anatomy of Left atrium and left ventricle of the human heartGeetanjaliKarle1
left atrium- interior of auricle is rough due to musculi pectinate, rest chamber is smooth. fossa lunate is present on septal wall. 4 pulmonary veins open on posterior wall.
left ventricle- inflowing part is rough due to mitral or bicuspid valve apparatus, trabeculae carneae.
outflowing part is smooth called infundibulum. ascending aorta starts from infundibulum. aortic valve guards opening of ascending aorta
1 GNM - Anatomy unit - 4 - CVS by thirumurugan.pptxthiru murugan
By:M. Thiru murugan
Unit – IV:
Heart : Structure, functions including conduction system & cardiac cycle
Blood vessels : Types, Structure and position
Circulation of blood
Blood pressure and pulse
Heart
The circulatory system:
It consisting of blood, blood vessels, and heart.
This supplies oxygen and other nutrients,
Transports hormones
Removes unnecessary waste products.
Heart and its Structure
The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a fist,
located in mediastinum just behind and slightly left of the breastbone (sternum).
The heart pumps blood through the blood vessels (arteries and veins called the cardiovascular system).
Structure of heart:
Layers of the heart (3)
Chambers of the heart (4)
Valves of the heart (4)
Blood vessels of the heart (5)
3 layers of the heart:
Epicardium/pericardium: outer protective layer of the heart. Visceral and parietal (pericardial fluid). Protection for the heart and big vessels and prevent collapse of heart,
Myocardium: muscular middle layer wall of the heart. Responsible for keeping the heart pumping blood around the body.
Endocardium: the inner layer of the heart. Regulate blood flow through the chambers of the heart and pass the electrical impulses
Chambers of the heart:
The atria: These are the 2 upper chambers, which receive blood. RA / LA
The ventricles: These are the 2 lower chambers, which discharge blood. RV/ LV
A wall of tissue called the septum separates the left and right atria called atrial septum and the left and right ventricle called ventricular septum.
Valves in the heart:
There are four valves
Two-atrio ventricular valves: The 2 types: bicuspid (mitral) - LA & LV, and tricuspid valves - RA & RV.
Two-semilunar valves: The aortic valves and the pulmonary valve.
Major blood vessels of the heart
There are 5 major blood vessels
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
Aorta[artery]
Inferior vena cava [IVC] veins
Superior vena cava [SVC] veins
Functions of heart:
Pumping oxygenated blood to the body parts.
Pumping nutrients and other vital substances
Receiving deoxygenated blood and carrying metabolic waste products from the body
Pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
Maintaining blood pressure.
Conduction system
The electrical conduction system that controls the heart rate.
This system generates electrical impulses and conducts them throughout the muscle of the heart, stimulating the heart to contract and pump blood.
The electrical pulses determine the order in which the chambers contract & the heart rate
Conductive system consist of:
SA Node
AV Node
Bundle of his or His Bundles – bundle of branches
( right and left)
4. Purkinje fibres
Sinoatrial node (SA) : also known as the pace maker of the heart and Located in the upper wall of the right atrium
Made up of both muscle and nervous tissue
Here the electrical impulse begins
Atrioventricular (AV) node:
located between the atria and ventricles of the heart
The electrical impulse is carried fr
anatomy of Left atrium and left ventricle of the human heartGeetanjaliKarle1
left atrium- interior of auricle is rough due to musculi pectinate, rest chamber is smooth. fossa lunate is present on septal wall. 4 pulmonary veins open on posterior wall.
left ventricle- inflowing part is rough due to mitral or bicuspid valve apparatus, trabeculae carneae.
outflowing part is smooth called infundibulum. ascending aorta starts from infundibulum. aortic valve guards opening of ascending aorta
1 GNM - Anatomy unit - 4 - CVS by thirumurugan.pptxthiru murugan
By:M. Thiru murugan
Unit – IV:
Heart : Structure, functions including conduction system & cardiac cycle
Blood vessels : Types, Structure and position
Circulation of blood
Blood pressure and pulse
Heart
The circulatory system:
It consisting of blood, blood vessels, and heart.
This supplies oxygen and other nutrients,
Transports hormones
Removes unnecessary waste products.
Heart and its Structure
The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a fist,
located in mediastinum just behind and slightly left of the breastbone (sternum).
The heart pumps blood through the blood vessels (arteries and veins called the cardiovascular system).
Structure of heart:
Layers of the heart (3)
Chambers of the heart (4)
Valves of the heart (4)
Blood vessels of the heart (5)
3 layers of the heart:
Epicardium/pericardium: outer protective layer of the heart. Visceral and parietal (pericardial fluid). Protection for the heart and big vessels and prevent collapse of heart,
Myocardium: muscular middle layer wall of the heart. Responsible for keeping the heart pumping blood around the body.
Endocardium: the inner layer of the heart. Regulate blood flow through the chambers of the heart and pass the electrical impulses
Chambers of the heart:
The atria: These are the 2 upper chambers, which receive blood. RA / LA
The ventricles: These are the 2 lower chambers, which discharge blood. RV/ LV
A wall of tissue called the septum separates the left and right atria called atrial septum and the left and right ventricle called ventricular septum.
Valves in the heart:
There are four valves
Two-atrio ventricular valves: The 2 types: bicuspid (mitral) - LA & LV, and tricuspid valves - RA & RV.
Two-semilunar valves: The aortic valves and the pulmonary valve.
Major blood vessels of the heart
There are 5 major blood vessels
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
Aorta[artery]
Inferior vena cava [IVC] veins
Superior vena cava [SVC] veins
Functions of heart:
Pumping oxygenated blood to the body parts.
Pumping nutrients and other vital substances
Receiving deoxygenated blood and carrying metabolic waste products from the body
Pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
Maintaining blood pressure.
Conduction system
The electrical conduction system that controls the heart rate.
This system generates electrical impulses and conducts them throughout the muscle of the heart, stimulating the heart to contract and pump blood.
The electrical pulses determine the order in which the chambers contract & the heart rate
Conductive system consist of:
SA Node
AV Node
Bundle of his or His Bundles – bundle of branches
( right and left)
4. Purkinje fibres
Sinoatrial node (SA) : also known as the pace maker of the heart and Located in the upper wall of the right atrium
Made up of both muscle and nervous tissue
Here the electrical impulse begins
Atrioventricular (AV) node:
located between the atria and ventricles of the heart
The electrical impulse is carried fr
✓Heart
✓Anatomy of heart
✓Blood circulation
✓Blood Vessels
✓Structure and function of artery, vein and capillaries
✓Elements of conduction system of heart and heart beat
✓Its regulation by nervous system
✓Cardiac output
✓Cardiac cycle
✓Regulation of bood pressure
✓Pulse
✓Electrocardiogram
✓Disorder of heart
This system has three main components: the heart, the blood vessel and the blood itself. The heart is the system's pump and the blood vessels are like the delivery routes. Blood can be thought of as a fluid which contains the oxygen and nutrients the body needs and carries the wastes which need to be removed.
CARDIO VASCULAR SYSTEM.pdf for bsc nursing studentsshanmukhadevi
The cardiovascular system refers to the heart, blood vessels and the blood.
Blood contains oxygen and other nutrients, which your body needs to survive. The body takes these essential nutrients from the blood.
At the same time, the body dumps waste products like carbon dioxide, back into the blood, so they can be removed.
The main function of the cardiovascular system is therefore to maintain blood flow to all parts of the body, to allow it to survive.
Veins deliver used blood from the body back to the heart. Blood in the veins is low in oxygen (as it has been taken out by the body) and high in carbon dioxide (as the body has unloaded it back into the blood).
All the veins drain into the superior and inferior vena cava, which then drain into the right atrium.
The right atrium pumps blood into the right ventricle. Then the right ventricle pumps blood to the pulmonary trunk, through the pulmonary arteries and into the lungs.
In the lungs the blood picks up oxygen that we breathe in and gets rid of carbon dioxide, which we breathe out. The blood is becomes rich in oxygen, which the body can use.
From the lungs, blood drains into the left atrium and is then pumped into the left ventricle. The left ventricle then pumps this oxygen-rich blood out into the aorta, which then distributes it to the rest of the body through other arteries.
This blood will again return back to the heart through the veins and the cycle continues.
The cardiovascular system can be thought of as the transport system of the body.
This system has three main components: the heart, the blood vessel and the blood itself.
The heart is the system's pump and the blood vessels are like the delivery routes.
Blood can be thought of as a fluid, which contains the oxygen and nutrients the body needs and carries the wastes, which need to be removed.
This presentation is a combination of different slides which I re-purposed. I included a reference of all the slides I used at the end of my presentation.
This comprehensive PowerPoint presentation delves into the intricate details of the cardiovascular system. It is designed to engage students from 9th grade through to graduation, making it an invaluable resource for learners at various levels.
Similar to applied anatomy for undergraduates.pptx (20)
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a complex and progressive
condition characterised by high blood pressure in the lungs, leading
to significant health challenges. This book is dedicated to unravelling
the intricacies of PH, encompassing its pathophysiology, diagnosis,
management and emerging research trends. It is designed to serve
as a comprehensive guide for clinicians, researchers and students
in the field of cardiology and respiratory medicine, as well as a
valuable resource for patients and their families seeking to deepen
their understanding of this condition.
The chapters of this book are structured to provide a detailed
insight into the various facets of PH. Starting with the basic
pathophysiology and classification systems, I delve into the
clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria and the nuances of
managing this condition, including both pharmacological and
non-pharmacological approaches. Special attention is given to
the unique challenges posed by pediatric PH, PH in pregnancy
and the management of co-morbidities and complications.
Recognizing the rapid advancements in the field, this book also
dedicates a significant portion to discussing current research
trends, future therapeutic targets and evolving diagnostic
techniques. Real-world case studies and patient testimonies are
included to provide a practical perspective, highlighting the
impact of PH on patients’ lives and the importance of a patient-
centered approach to care.
The field of pulmonary hypertension is one of dynamic change
and I growing understanding. Through this book, we aim to
provide a thorough and up-to-date resource that reflects the
current state of knowledge and practice in the field of PH, while
also offering a glimpse into the future directions of research and
treatment. It is my hope that this book will not only enhance the
understanding of PH among healthcare professionals but also offer
support and information to patients and their families navigating
this challenging condition.
I wish to express our heartfelt gratitude to the following
individuals whose unwavering support and contributions have
played a pivotal role in the creation of this book "Innovations in
Cardiology: From Fundamentals to Frontiers – Short Notes in
Cardiology," My sincere thanks go to: Professor Sufia Rahman,
Professor Abdullah Al Shafi Majumder, Professor dr. Abduz
Zaher, Professor Syed Azizul Haque, Professor Dr Nurunnahar
Fatema Begum; Professor Md. Atahar Ali, Professor Dr. Afzalur
Rahman, Professor Fazila- Tun- Nessa Malik, Professor Kh.
Qamrul Islam; Professor Dr. GM Faruque, Professor M.
Maksumul Haq,Professo Dr. Sajal Krisna Banerjee; Professor
Dr. STM Abu Azam; Professor Mir Jamal Uddin, Professor
Mohammad Abdur Rashid, Professor Dr. AKM Fazlur Rahman,
Professor Dr. Abdul Kader Akanda, Professor Dr. AQM Reza,
Professor Dr. Saiful Islam; Dr. Shams Munwar; Professor Dr.
Chaudhury Meshkat Ahmed, Professor Dr. Khaled Mohsin,
Professor Abdul Wadud Chowdhury, Professor Razia Sultana
Mahmud,Professor Dr. M Touhidul Haque; Professor Dr. Md.
Sahabuddin, Professor Prabir Kumar Das, Professor Dr. Baren
Chakraborty, Professor Dr. Amirul Khusru, Dr. Kaiser Nasrullah
Khan, Professor Ashok Dutta, Professor Md. Khalequzzaman,
Dr. Abdullah Al Jamil, Professor Dr. Amal Kumar Choudhury,
Professor Mostafa Zaman Babul, Professor Dr Dipal Krishna
Adhikary, Professor Dr. Dipankar Chandra Nag professor Dr.
Moeen Uddin Ahmed, professor Mir nesar Uddin; Brig. Gen. Dr.
Syeda Aleya Sultana,Professor Dr Syed Nasir Uddin; Professor
Dr Mohsin Hossain; Dr. Sm Shahidul Haque; Professor Dr
Tawfiq Shahriar Huq; Dr. SM Quamrul Haque; Professor Dr.
Mamunur Rashid Sizar, Professor Dr. Mohsin Ahmed, Professor
Dr. Zillur Rahman; Professor Dr. Tanjima Parveen; Professor Dr.
Harisul hoque, Dr. Reyan Anis, Dr. Ashish Dey, Dr. Mohammad
Ullah firoz, Professor Dr. Udoy Shankar Roy; Dr. Nuruddin
Tareq; Dr. Md. Towhiduzzaman, Dr. Kh. Asaduzzaman, Dr.
AKM Monwarul Islam, Dr. Abdul Momen, Dr. Md. Shafiqur
Rahman Patwary, Dr. Md, Zulfiker Ali Lenin; Dr. Mahbub
Mansur, Dr. CM Shaheen Kabir, Dr. Rumi Alam, Dr. Farah
ii
Tasneem Mowmi, Dr. Rashid Ahmed, Dr. Mohammad Anowar
Hossain, Dr. Mohammad Nasimul Gani,Professor Dr abu Tarek
Iqbal, Dr. Husnayen Nanna, Dr. Abdul Malek, Dr, Ajoy Kumar
Datta, Dr. Nur Alam; Dr. Sahela Nasrin; Dr. Haripada sarker, Dr.
Anisul Awal, Dr. Shaila Nabi; Professor Dr. Umme Salma Khan;
Dr SM Ahsan Habib; Professor Dr Solaiman Hossain; Dr. Bijoy
Dutta,Dr. Shahana Zaman; Dr. Ishrat Jahan shimu, Dr. Ibrahim
Khalil. Dr. Chayan Kumar Singha, Dr. Kazi Nazrul Islam, Dr.
Kamal pasha; professor Dr. Liakat Hossain Tapan, Professor Dr.
Mamun Iqbal, Professor Dr. MG Azam, Dr. Lima Asrin Sayami,
Dr. Smita Kanungo; Dr. Sadequl Islam Shamol; Dr. Swadesh
chakraborty; Dr. Md. Rasul Amin Shepon; Dr. Saqif shahriar;
Your collective wisdom, expertise and commitment to the field
of cardiology have enriched the content of this book. Your
mentorship and guidance have been invaluable in shapi
Definition: Cardiac arrhythmias refer to abnormal heart rhythms, where the heartbeat may be too slow (bradycardia), too fast (tachycardia), or irregular.
These irregularities disrupt the normal electrical signaling in the heart.
In a world where hearts beat free and bold,
A silent foe creeps, its story untold,
Rheumatic whispers, in hushed refrain,
A tale of love's struggle, of heartache and pain.
A childhood song, innocent and sweet,
Takes a tragic turn, hearts skip a beat,
Rheumatic winds blow, fierce and unseen,
Leaving scars on hearts that once danced so keen.
Valves that should open, a rhythmic embrace,
Now bear the weight of this silent chase,
Rheumatic echoes, a haunting refrain,
Leaving imprints of sorrow, of loss and of pain.
But amidst the shadows, there's hope that glows,
A symphony of care, compassion bestows,
With knowledge and love, we stand side by side,
To mend these hearts, to be a healing guide.
Rheumatic battles, we'll face them anew,
A united front, a relentless crew,
For every heart deserves freedom's embrace,
And in the face of rheumatic storms, we'll find grace.
So let's raise our voices, let the world hear,
The fight against rheumatic pain, we hold dear,
With courage and faith, we'll rewrite the verse,
A tale of triumph, of hearts that converse.
"Rheumatic fever reminds us that our body is a delicate symphony, and neglecting even the slightest discord can lead to profound consequences." -
"In the battle against rheumatic fever, awareness and early intervention are our most potent allies."
"Rheumatic fever teaches us the vital lesson that the heart, both physical and emotional, must be nurtured with care and vigilance." -
"Every case of rheumatic fever avoided is a triumph of knowledge, compassion, and the will to protect our most vital instrument, the heart." -
"Rheumatic fever serves as a reminder that even the strongest fortresses need vigilant guardians to shield against the unseen enemies within." -
Case Scenario: You're presenting research findings on hypertension prevalence in
different regions. What Excel chart type would best visualize the variation in
prevalence across regions?
Options: A) Line chart B) Pie chart C) Bar chart D) Scatter plot E) Radar chart Answer:
C) Bar chart
Explanation: A bar chart effectively compares values across different categories,
making it ideal for visualizing the variation in hypertension prevalence across different
regions.
Case Scenario: You're analyzing patient demographics, and you want to find the
most common blood type among your patients. What Excel function would help
you identify the mode of the blood types?
Options: A) MEDIAN B) MODE C) COUNTIF D) AVERAGE E) SUM Answer: B)
MODE
Explanation: The MODE function in Excel helps you find the most frequently occurring
value in a range, making it suitable for identifying the most common blood type among
patients.
Case Scenario: You're conducting a study on the effects of exercise on blood
pressure. What Excel tool would you use to create a summary table showing
average blood pressure before and after exercise?
Options: A) Goal Seek B) PivotTable C) Data Validation D) Filter E) Sort Answer: B)
PivotTable
Explanation: A PivotTable in Excel can summarize data and calculate averages,
making it suitable for creating a summary table showing average blood pressure before
and after exercise.
Case Scenario: You're managing patient records and need to categorize patients
into age groups for analysis. What Excel function would you use to assign each
patient to a specific age category?
Options: A) VLOOKUP B) IF C) COUNTIF D) INDEX E) MATCH Answer: B)
IF
Explanation: The IF function in Excel allows you to apply conditional logic. It's useful
for categorizing patients into age groups based on their ages.
Case Scenario: You're analyzing the effectiveness of a new drug on reducing
cholesterol levels in patients. Which Excel function would you use to calculate
the percentage reduction in cholesterol for each patient?
Options: A) SUMIF B) AVERAGEIF C) MEDIAN D) COUNTIF E) IF Answer: E) IF
Explanation: The IF function in Excel allows you to apply conditional logic. It's useful
for calculating the percentage reduction in cholesterol levels based on the original and
post-treatment values.
Case Scenario: You're preparing a presentation on global prevalence rates of
different heart diseases. What Excel chart type would best display the proportion
of each disease in relation to the whole?
Options: A) Line chart B) Scatter plot C) Bar chart D) Pie chart E) Area chart Answer:
D) Pie chart
Explanation: A pie chart effectively displays proportions and percentages, making it
ideal for showcasing the proportion of each heart disease in relation to the total.
Case Scenario: You're managing a database of medical research papers, including
titles, authors, and publication years. What Excel tool can you use to quickly find
papers published between cert
5. A 5 years old boy presents with fever & swelling of knee and ankle joint for 3 weeks. Write down 3 important D/D. Discuss the treatment of acute rheumatic fever with carditis. (DU-09Ju)
Three important differential diagnoses of a 5-year-old boy presenting with fever and joint swelling for 3 weeks include:
Septic arthritis: This is an acute bacterial infection of a joint that causes similar symptoms to rheumatic fever but is usually monoarticular and associated with more severe pain, redness, and tenderness of the affected joint. Septic arthritis requires urgent drainage and antibiotics.
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: This is a group of chronic autoimmune disorders that can present with fever, joint swelling, and stiffness. The diagnosis is based on clinical features, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. The treatment may include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, and biologic agents.
Reactive arthritis: This is an inflammatory joint disease that can occur after an infection, especially with certain bacteria such as Chlamydia, Salmonella, or Shigella. Reactive arthritis usually affects the lower limb joints, such as knees, ankles, and feet, and may be associated with skin rash, eye inflammation, or urethritis. The treatment may include antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and corticosteroids.
Assuming the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever with carditis, the treatment usually involves a combination of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs. The antibiotics aim to eradicate the streptococcal infection and prevent further rheumatic fever recurrences, while the anti-inflammatory drugs aim to reduce the inflammation and symptoms of carditis. The specific regimen may vary depending on the severity of carditis, the presence of other complications, and the patient's age and weight. In general, the following principles apply:
Antibiotics: A 10-day course of oral or intramuscular penicillin is the first-line antibiotic for acute rheumatic fever, as it is effective against most strains of streptococci and has low toxicity. Alternative antibiotics may be used for patients who are allergic to penicillin or have recurrent rheumatic fever despite adequate penicillin therapy. Long-term prophylaxis with penicillin is recommended to prevent recurrences, usually until the age of 21 years or for 10 years after the last episode of rheumatic fever, whichever is longer.
Anti-inflammatory drugs: High-dose aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or naproxen are usually given for the first 2-3 weeks of acute rheumatic fever to control fever, pain, and inflammation. Corticosteroids such as prednisone or methylprednisolone may be used in severe cases of carditis or when other therapies are not effective or contraindicated. The duration and dose of anti-inflammatory drugs should be tailored to the patient's response and adverse effects, such as gastric
Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a type of heart disease that affects women during the last month of pregnancy or in the first few months after delivery. It is characterized by a weakened and enlarged heart muscle, which makes it difficult for the heart to pump blood efficiently to the rest of the body. The exact cause of PPCM is unknown, but it is believed to be related to the hormonal changes and increased demands on the heart that occur during pregnancy. Symptoms of PPCM can include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, swelling in the legs and feet, and palpitations. Treatment for PPCM usually involves medications to improve heart function and supportive care to manage symptoms. In severe cases, advanced treatments such as implantable devices or heart transplantation may be necessary. With early diagnosis and treatment, most women with PPCM can recover completely and go on to lead healthy lives.during pregnancy.
The diagnosis of PPCM is based on clinical symptoms, such as shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, and edema, along with imaging studies, such as echocardiography. Treatment for PPCM usually involves medications to improve heart function and supportive care to manage symptoms. These medications can include beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, diuretics, and inotropic agents. In severe cases, advanced treatments such as mechanical circulatory support or heart transplantation may be necessary.
The prognosis for PPCM varies depending on the severity of the disease and the presence of underlying comorbidities. However, with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, most women with PPCM can recover completely and go on to lead healthy lives. The recurrence rate of PPCM in subsequent pregnancies is approximately 20%, and women who have had PPCM are advised to avoid future pregnancies or undergo careful monitoring and management during pregnancy.
There are still many unanswered questions about PPCM, including its exact cause, optimal diagnostic and treatment strategies, and long-term outcomes. Further research is needed to better understand this complex and potentially life-threatening condition.
In conclusion, PPCM is a rare but serious form of heart disease that can occur during or after pregnancy. Early recognition and management of this condition are critical in preventing complications and improving outcomes for both the mother and the baby. Future research will continue to shed light on the pathophysiology and optimal management of PPCM.
Cardiac rehabilitation is a comprehensive program that aims to improve the health and quality of life of individuals with cardiovascular disease. This review article provides an overview of current evidence-based practices and the benefits of cardiac rehabilitation. The article discusses the components of cardiac rehabilitation, including medical evaluation, physical activity and exercise training, nutrition counseling and education, psycho social support and counseling, cardiac risk factor management, medication management, and tobacco cessation counseling. The article also discusses the effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation in reducing mortality rates, improving functional capacity, and reducing the risk of future cardiovascular events. Additionally, the article explores the future directions of cardiac rehabilitation, including personalized medicine, technology integration, home-based programs, expanded target populations, and a multidisciplinary approach. Healthcare providers play a crucial role in encouraging and referring eligible patients to cardiac rehabilitation programs as part of their treatment plan. The review concludes that cardiac rehabilitation is an essential aspect of the management of cardiovascular disease and highlights the need for further research and development in this dynamic field.
Outline of CPR manual
I. Introduction
A. Definition of CPR
1. Explanation of what CPR stands for
2. Definition of CPR as a life-saving technique
B. Importance of CPR
1. Statistics on cardiac arrest and survival rates
2. Explanation of why CPR is crucial for saving lives
C. Objective of the manual
1. Explanation of what readers will learn from the manual
2. Statement of the manual's purpose
II. Getting Started with CPR
A. Assessing the situation
1. Importance of assessing the situation before starting CPR
2. Factors to consider when assessing the situation
B. Checking for responsiveness
1. Explanation of how to check for responsiveness
2. Importance of checking for responsiveness
C. Activating the emergency response system
1. Explanation of when to activate the emergency response system
2. Step-by-step guide to activating the emergency response system
III. Basic Life Support Techniques
A. Key components of basic life support
1. Explanation of the components of basic life support
2. Importance of each component
B. The ABCs of CPR
1. Explanation of the ABCs of CPR
2. Importance of each step in the ABCs of CPR
C. Performing chest compressions
1. Explanation of how to perform chest compressions
2. Importance of proper chest compression technique
D. Delivering rescue breaths
1. Explanation of how to deliver rescue breaths
2. Importance of proper rescue breath technique
E. Utilizing an automated external defibrillator (AED)
1. Explanation of what an AED is and how it works
2. Step-by-step guide to using an AED
F. Administering medications during CPR
1. Explanation of medications used during CPR
2. Dosages and administration guidelines for each medication
IV. Advanced Life Support Techniques
A. Advanced airway management
1. Explanation of advanced airway management techniques
2. Importance of advanced airway management in CPR
B. Advanced monitoring techniques
1. Explanation of advanced monitoring techniques
2. Importance of advanced monitoring in CPR
C. Invasive interventions
1. Explanation of invasive interventions
2. Importance of invasive interventions in CPR
D. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
1. Explanation of ECMO
2. Importance of ECMO in CPR
V. Improving Outcomes in CPR
A. Factors influencing CPR outcomes
1. Explanation of factors that influence CPR outcomes
2. Importance of understanding these factors
B. Strategies for improving CPR outcomes
1. Explanation of strategies for improving CPR outcomes
2. Importance of implementing these strategies
C. The role of high-quality CPR in improving outcomes
1. Explanation of what high-quality CPR is
2. Importance of performing high-quality CPR
VI. Special Considerations in CPR
A. CPR in special populations
1. Explanation of special populations that require unique CPR techniques
2. Importance of understanding these unique CPR techniques
B. CPR in special settings
1. Explanation of special settings that require unique CPR techniques
2. Importance of understanding these unique CPR techniques
C.
I. Introduction
A. Brief explanation of World Hypertension Day
B. Importance of addressing hypertension as a global health issue
C. Overview of the objectives of the presentation
II. Understanding Hypertension
A. Definition and classification of hypertension
B. Prevalence and global burden of hypertension
C. Risk factors and causes of hypertension
D. Health implications and complications associated with hypertension
III. World Hypertension Day 2023
A. Background and significance of World Hypertension Day
B. Theme and key messages for World Hypertension Day 2023
C. Activities and events organized worldwide to raise awareness
IV. Goals and Objectives
A. Key goals set for World Hypertension Day 2023
B. Promoting prevention and early detection of hypertension
C. Encouraging healthy lifestyle modifications
D. Enhancing public knowledge about hypertension management
V. Initiatives and Campaigns
A. Overview of global initiatives and campaigns
B. Collaborations with international organizations, NGOs, and healthcare professionals
C. Campaign materials and resources available for public use
VI. Strategies for Hypertension Prevention and Control
A. Implementing population-level interventions
B. Screening and diagnosis strategies
C. Lifestyle modifications (diet, physical activity, stress management)
D. Pharmacological management and treatment guidelines
VII. Public Awareness and Education
A. Importance of raising public awareness about hypertension
B. Educational campaigns and resources for the general public
C. Role of healthcare professionals in educating patients
VIII. Impact and Achievements
A. Highlighting the impact of previous World Hypertension Day campaigns
B. Success stories and achievements in hypertension prevention and control
C. Lessons learned and areas for improvement
IX. Conclusion
A. Recap of the key points discussed
B. Call to action for individuals, communities, and policymakers
C. Encouragement to spread awareness and take steps towards hypertension prevention
. Introduction
A. Definition and prevalence of hypertension in the elderly
B. Importance of managing hypertension in this population
II. Risk Factors and Complications
A. Common risk factors for hypertension in the elderly
B. Potential complications associated with uncontrolled hypertension
III. Diagnostic Process
A. Blood pressure measurement techniques and guidelines
B. Target blood pressure goals for elderly patients
C. Identification of secondary causes of hypertension
IV. Non-Pharmacological Management
A. Lifestyle modifications
1. Dietary recommendations (e.g., DASH diet, sodium reduction)
2. Weight management and physical activity
3. Smoking cessation and alcohol moderation
B. Stress management and relaxation techniques
V. Pharmacological Management
A. First-line antihypertensive medications
B. Considerations for drug selection in the elderly
1. Drug interactions and comorbidities
2. Adverse effects and tolerability
C. Individualized treatment approach based on patient characteristics
VI. Monitoring and Follow-Up
A. Frequency of blood pressure monitoring
B. Importance of medication adherence
C. Adjusting treatment based on patient response
D. Collaborative care and involvement of healthcare professionals
VII. Special Considerations
A. Polypharmacy and medication management
B. Management of hypertension in frail and institutionalized elderly
C. Cognitive impairment and medication adherence
VIII. Controversies and Challenges
A. Blood pressure targets and guidelines in the elderly
B. Conflicting evidence on specific antihypertensive agents
C. Adherence issues and barriers to effective management
IX. Conclusion
A. Summary of key points discussed
B. Importance of comprehensive management in elderly patients
C. Future directions in hypertension management for the elderly
I. Introduction
A. Definition of CPR
1. Explanation of what CPR stands for
2. Definition of CPR as a life-saving technique
B. Importance of CPR
1. Statistics on cardiac arrest and survival rates
2. Explanation of why CPR is crucial for saving lives
C. Objective of the manual
1. Explanation of what readers will learn from the manual
2. Statement of the manual's purpose
II. Getting Started with CPR
A. Assessing the situation
1. Importance of assessing the situation before starting CPR
2. Factors to consider when assessing the situation
B. Checking for responsiveness
1. Explanation of how to check for responsiveness
2. Importance of checking for responsiveness
C. Activating the emergency response system
1. Explanation of when to activate the emergency response system
2. Step-by-step guide to activating the emergency response system
III. Basic Life Support Techniques
A. Key components of basic life support
1. Explanation of the components of basic life support
2. Importance of each component
B. The ABCs of CPR
1. Explanation of the ABCs of CPR
2. Importance of each step in the ABCs of CPR
C. Performing chest compressions
1. Explanation of how to perform chest compressions
2. Importance of proper chest compression technique
D. Delivering rescue breaths
1. Explanation of how to deliver rescue breaths
2. Importance of proper rescue breath technique
E. Utilizing an automated external defibrillator (AED)
1. Explanation of what an AED is and how it works
2. Step-by-step guide to using an AED
F. Administering medications during CPR
1. Explanation of medications used during CPR
2. Dosages and administration guidelines for each medication
IV. Advanced Life Support Techniques
A. Advanced airway management
1. Explanation of advanced airway management techniques
2. Importance of advanced airway management in CPR
B. Advanced monitoring techniques
1. Explanation of advanced monitoring techniques
2. Importance of advanced monitoring in CPR
C. Invasive interventions
1. Explanation of invasive interventions
2. Importance of invasive interventions in CPR
D. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
1. Explanation of ECMO
2. Importance of ECMO in CPR
V. Improving Outcomes in CPR
A. Factors influencing CPR outcomes
1. Explanation of factors that influence CPR outcomes
2. Importance of understanding these factors
B. Strategies for improving CPR outcomes
1. Explanation of strategies for improving CPR outcomes
2. Importance of implementing these strategies
C. The role of high-quality CPR in improving outcomes
1. Explanation of what high-quality CPR is
2. Importance of performing high-quality CPR
VI. Special Considerations in CPR
A. CPR in special populations
1. Explanation of special populations that require unique CPR techniques
2. Importance of understanding these unique CPR techniques
B. CPR in special settings
1. Explanation of special settings that require unique CPR techniques
2. Importance of understanding these unique CPR techniques
C. CPR during a pandemic
1
Professor DR Md . TOUFIQUR RAHMAN , FCPS, MD
Professor & Head, Cardiology, CMMC, Manikganj
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.com; drtoufiq1971@gmail.com
3. A 50 year old male presents with BP-180/100 mmHg. How will you investigate him? (DU-18Ju)
When investigating a patient with high blood pressure, several tests can be done to determine the cause and severity of the hypertension. Some of the tests that can be performed include:
Blood tests: This may include a complete blood count (CBC), kidney function tests, fasting glucose level, and lipid profile.
Urine tests: A urinalysis may be done to check for the presence of protein or blood in the urine, which could indicate kidney damage.
Electrocardiogram (ECG): This test records the electrical activity of the heart and can help detect any abnormalities in heart function.
Echocardiogram: This test uses sound waves to create an image of the heart and can help detect any structural abnormalities or problems with the heart's function.
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM): This is a portable device that measures blood pressure at regular intervals over a 24-hour period, providing a more accurate assessment of blood pressure patterns.
Renal artery ultrasound: This test uses sound waves to create an image of the renal arteries, which supply blood to the kidneys, and can help identify any blockages or narrowing in these arteries.
CT or MRI angiography: These imaging tests can provide detailed images of the blood vessels in the body, including the renal arteries, to help identify any blockages or narrowing.
The specific tests ordered will depend on the individual patient and their medical history, and should be decided by a healthcare professional.
4. A 25 year old woman has presented with repeated recordings of blood pressure above 160/100 mmHg. (DU- 21M)
a. What history and clinical signs you would look for?
b. What are the factors affecting the choice of antihypertensive drugs?
a. When evaluating a young woman with repeated recordings of high blood pressure, it is important to take a detailed history and perform a thorough physical exam to identify any underlying causes or risk factors. Some key points to consider include:
Family history of hypertension or cardiovascular disease
Personal history of kidney disease, diabetes, or other chronic medical conditions
Lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, and tobacco and alcohol use
Medications or supplements that may contribute to hypertension
Symptoms such as headaches, chest pain, or shortness of breath
Physical exam findings such as enlarged kidneys, abnormal heart sounds, or signs of hormonal imbalances
b. The choice of antihypertensive drugs depends on several factors, including the patient's age, overall health status, and specific blood pressure goals. Some factors to consider when selecting a medication include:
The drug's mechanism of action and potential side effects
The patient's medical history
Professor DR Md . TOUFIQUR RAHMAN , FCPS, MD
Professor & Head, Cardiology, CMMC, Manikganj
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.com; drtoufiq1971@gmail.com
What are the causes of sinus bradycardia? (DU-04Ja)
Sinus bradycardia is a condition where the sinus node in the heart beats slower than the normal range of 60-100 beats per minute. Some common causes of sinus bradycardia include:
Vagal stimulation: This occurs due to an increased activity of the vagus nerve, which is responsible for slowing down the heart rate.
Medications: Certain medications like beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and digoxin can cause sinus bradycardia.
Hypothyroidism: Inadequate production of thyroid hormones can cause a decrease in metabolic rate and lead to bradycardia.
Increased intracranial pressure: High pressure within the skull due to conditions like head injury, brain tumors or bleeding can affect the autonomic nervous system and cause bradycardia.
Obstructive sleep apnea: Repeated episodes of apnea during sleep can cause bradycardia due to decreased oxygen supply to the body.
Aging: As the body ages, the electrical activity of the heart can slow down, leading to sinus bradycardia.
Other causes of sinus bradycardia include viral infections, genetic disorders, and certain electrolyte imbalances.
2. A 25 years old female presented with palpitation, on examination her pulse was irregularly irregular. How will you assess and investigate her? (DU- 05Ja)
The patient's presentation suggests the possibility of atrial fibrillation, which is a common arrhythmia characterized by an irregularly irregular pulse. The following are the steps that can be taken to assess and investigate the patient:
History taking: Obtain a detailed history of the patient's symptoms, including the onset, duration, and frequency of palpitations, associated symptoms, and any relevant medical history.
Physical examination: Conduct a thorough physical examination, including a cardiovascular examination, to assess the patient's heart sounds, rhythm, and rate. Check for any signs of heart failure or underlying heart disease.
Electrocardiogram (ECG): Perform an ECG to confirm the diagnosis of atrial fibrillation and to determine the heart rate and rhythm. An ECG will also help rule out other arrhythmias or underlying heart conditions.
Blood tests: Check the patient's thyroid function, electrolyte levels, and other relevant blood tests to identify any underlying conditions that may be causing the arrhythmia.
Echocardiography: Perform an echocardiogram to assess the structure and function of the heart and to identify any underlying heart disease.
Holter monitor: Use a Holter monitor to monitor the patient's heart rate and rhythm over a 24-hour period to identify any episodes of atrial fibrillation that may not be captured during a routine ECG.
Other tests: Consider other tests, such as a stress test or electrophysiology study, if necessary, to further evaluate the patient's heart funct
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
3. • Brief overview of the cardiovascular system's
importance
• Focus on applied anatomy
4. The Cardiovascular System: Life's Vital Transport
System
• The cardiovascular system, comprising the heart,
blood vessels, and blood, is a fundamental
physiological network in the body.
• It facilitates the circulation of oxygen, nutrients,
hormones, and immune cells while eliminating
waste products.
• Essential for maintaining tissue function, energy
production, and overall homeostasis.
5. Applied Anatomy: Bridging Theory and Practice
• Our focus is on the applied anatomy of the
cardiovascular system – translating theoretical
knowledge into practical clinical applications.
• Understanding how structures interact enables
medical professionals to make informed decisions
in diagnoses, treatments, and interventions.
In this presentation, we'll explore the significance of
applied cardiovascular anatomy and how it directly
influences medical procedures and patient care.
6. Cardiovascular System Overview
• Definition of the cardiovascular system
• Components: heart, blood vessels, blood
• Function: transport oxygen, nutrients, waste
products
7. Defining the Cardiovascular System
• The cardiovascular system, also known as the
circulatory system, is a complex network responsible
for circulating vital substances throughout the body.
Components of the Cardiovascular System
• Heart: A muscular organ that pumps blood, generating
the force required to propel blood through the blood
vessels.
• Blood Vessels: A network of tubes that carry blood to
and from various body tissues.
• Blood: A specialized fluid containing red and white
blood cells, platelets, and plasma, essential for nutrient
and gas exchange.
Cardiovascular System Overview
8.
9.
10. Primary Functions of the Cardiovascular System
• Transportation: Oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the
digestive system are carried to cells, while waste products like
carbon dioxide are transported away.
• Gas Exchange: Oxygen is taken up by blood in the lungs and
released to tissues, while carbon dioxide is collected from tissues
and expelled through exhaling.
• Nutrient Distribution: Blood delivers nutrients such as glucose and
amino acids to cells, facilitating energy production and growth.
• Waste Removal: Metabolic waste products, like urea and lactic
acid, are transported to excretory organs for elimination.
• Hormone Circulation: Hormones are transported by the
bloodstream to regulate various physiological processes.
This overview highlights the key components and functions of the
cardiovascular system, setting the stage for a deeper exploration of
its applied anatomy.
Cardiovascular System Overview
11.
12. • Structure and location of the heart
• Chambers: atria and ventricles
• Valves: atrioventricular (AV) and semilunar
valves
13. Structure and Location of the Heart
• The heart is a muscular organ situated in the chest, between
the lungs, and slightly to the left of the midline.
• It is protected by the ribcage and rests on the diaphragm.
Chambers of the Heart
• Atria: Upper chambers that receive blood returning to the
heart. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the
body, while the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from
the lungs.
• Ventricles: Lower chambers responsible for pumping blood
out of the heart. The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated
blood to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated
blood to the body.
Heart Anatomy
14.
15.
16.
17. Valves in the Heart
• Atrioventricular (AV) Valves: Positioned between the atria
and ventricles on both sides.
– Tricuspid Valve (right side): Prevents backflow of blood from the
right ventricle to the right atrium.
– Bicuspid or Mitral Valve (left side): Prevents backflow of blood
from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
• Semilunar Valves: Found at the exit of the ventricles.
– Pulmonary Valve: Guards the entrance to the pulmonary artery,
preventing backflow into the right ventricle.
– Aortic Valve: Guards the entrance to the aorta, preventing
backflow into the left ventricle.
Understanding the heart's structure, chambers, and valves is
essential for comprehending blood flow dynamics and how the
heart functions as a pump.
Heart Anatomy
22. Heart Conduction System
• Sinoatrial (SA) node: pacemaker of the heart
• Atrioventricular (AV) node
• Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
• Importance of coordinated electrical signals
23. The Heart's Electrical Control: Coordinating Beats
• The heart's rhythmic contractions are orchestrated by
its intrinsic electrical conduction system, ensuring
synchronized pumping.
Sinoatrial (SA) Node: The Pacemaker
• The SA node, located in the right atrium, initiates
electrical impulses that set the heart's pace.
• It generates an electrical signal that spreads across the
atria, causing them to contract simultaneously.
Atrioventricular (AV) Node
• Positioned between the atria and ventricles.
• Delays the electrical impulse, allowing the ventricles
time to fill with blood from the atria before
contracting.
Heart Conduction System
24.
25.
26. Bundle of His and Purkinje Fibers
• The Bundle of His is a pathway that conducts the impulse
from the AV node to the ventricles.
• Purkinje fibers then distribute the impulse throughout the
ventricles, stimulating their coordinated contraction.
Importance of Coordinated Electrical Signals
• Coordinated signals ensure an organized sequence of atrial
and ventricular contractions, optimizing blood flow.
• Efficient contraction prevents issues like arrhythmias and
inefficient pumping.
Understanding the heart's conduction system is vital for
diagnosing and treating arrhythmias and other electrical
disorders that can affect heart function.
Heart Conduction System
29. Vital Pathways: Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
• The cardiovascular system's network comprises diverse
blood vessels optimized for specific functions.
Arteries, Veins and Capillaries
• Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
to body tissues.
• Veins: Transport deoxygenated blood from tissues back
to the heart.
• Capillaries: Microscopic vessels facilitating exchange of
nutrients, gases, and waste between blood and tissues.
Blood Vessels
30.
31.
32.
33. Layers of Blood Vessel Walls
• Tunica Intima: Innermost layer, in direct contact with blood. Composed of
endothelial cells that reduce friction.
• Tunica Media: Middle layer, primarily smooth muscle. Responsible for
vasoconstriction and vasodilation, regulating blood flow.
• Tunica Externa: Outer layer, composed of connective tissue. Provides
support and protection.
Arterial vs. Venous Structure Differences
• Arteries: Thicker tunica media to withstand higher pressure. Elastic fibers
allow them to stretch and recoil.
• Veins: Thinner walls, larger lumens and often possess valves to prevent
backflow.
• Arterial walls appear more rounded and robust, while venous walls are
thinner and collapse easily.
Understanding blood vessel structure aids in recognizing their functions and
diagnosing issues like atherosclerosis or venous insufficiency.
Blood Vessels
34. • Aorta: ascending, arch, descending
• Carotid arteries: supply to head and neck
• Coronary arteries: supply heart muscles
• Femoral and brachial arteries
35. Key Arteries: Delivering Life-Sustaining Blood
• Major arteries serve as conduits for oxygenated blood to various body
regions.
Aorta: Journey of the Great Artery
• Ascending Aorta: Originates from the heart's left ventricle, supplying blood
to the coronary arteries.
• Aortic Arch: Curves over the heart, giving rise to important arteries like the
brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries.
• Descending Aorta: Descends along the spine, providing oxygenated blood
to the body's lower half.
Carotid Arteries: Nourishing the Brain and Neck
• Common Carotid Arteries: Supply blood to the head and neck regions.
• Internal Carotid Arteries: Enter the skull, supplying the brain with oxygen
and nutrients.
• External Carotid Arteries: Serve superficial structures of the neck and face.
36.
37.
38. Coronary Arteries: Feeding the Heart Muscle
• Branch off the aorta, supplying oxygenated blood to the heart
muscle itself.
• Left Coronary Artery: Divides into the anterior descending
and circumflex branches.
• Right Coronary Artery: Supplies the right atrium, right
ventricle, and part of the left ventricle.
Femoral and Brachial Arteries: Upper and Lower Limb Supply
• Femoral Arteries: Supply blood to the lower limbs.
• Brachial Arteries: Provide oxygenated blood to the upper
limbs.
Understanding major arteries aids in recognizing their vital roles
in distributing oxygenated blood to specific regions of the body.
39. Major Veins
• Superior and inferior vena cava
• Jugular veins: drainage from the head
• Pulmonary veins: transport oxygenated blood
• Importance of valves in venous return
40. Essential Veins: Returning Deoxygenated Blood
• Major veins play a crucial role in transporting
deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
• Superior Vena Cava: Collects deoxygenated blood
from the upper body and delivers it to the right
atrium.
• Inferior Vena Cava: Gathers deoxygenated blood
from the lower body and conveys it to the right
atrium.
Major Veins
41.
42.
43. Jugular Veins: Draining the Head
• Internal Jugular Veins: Collect blood from the brain and facial regions,
draining into the superior vena cava.
• External Jugular Veins: Drain blood from the scalp and face, also emptying
into the superior vena cava.
Pulmonary Veins: Oxygen-Rich Return
• Unique among veins, pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the
lungs to the left atrium.
Importance of Valves in Venous Return
• Veins often possess one-way valves to prevent backflow of blood.
• These valves enhance venous return by promoting blood flow against
gravity.
• Dysfunction can lead to conditions like varicose veins or venous
insufficiency.
Understanding the role of major veins and their valve mechanisms is essential
for maintaining efficient venous return and preventing circulatory issues.
Major Veins
44. Coronary Circulation
• Blood supply to the heart
• Coronary arteries and their branches
• Collateral circulation: importance during
blockages
45. Nourishing the Heart: Coronary Circulation
• The heart, like any other organ, requires its own blood supply to sustain its
function.
Blood Supply to the Heart
• The coronary circulation is a network of blood vessels that provide
oxygenated blood to the heart muscle (myocardium).
• Oxygen and nutrients are vital for the myocardium's contraction and
energy production.
Coronary Arteries and Their Branches
• Left Coronary Artery: Divides into the anterior descending and circumflex
branches.
– Anterior Descending Branch: Supplies the front of the heart and
interventricular septum.
– Circumflex Branch: Supplies the left atrium and part of the left ventricle.
• Right Coronary Artery: Supplies the right atrium, right ventricle, and part
of the left ventricle.
Coronary Circulation
46.
47. Collateral Circulation: A Backup Plan
• Collateral circulation involves the development of alternate
pathways for blood flow in case of artery blockages.
• When a coronary artery is partially blocked, collateral vessels
can provide alternative routes for blood, reducing the risk of
heart muscle damage.
Importance of Collateral Circulation During Blockages
• Collateral circulation helps maintain oxygen supply to the
myocardium, preventing ischemia (lack of oxygen).
• It can lessen the severity of heart attacks and contribute to
better recovery outcomes.
Understanding coronary circulation and collateral pathways
underscores their importance in preventing heart muscle
damage during arterial blockages.
Coronary Circulation
50. • Pathway of oxygenated blood distribution to
body tissues Arteries branching into arterioles
and capillaries Exchange of nutrients and
waste products
51. Supplying the Body: Systemic Circulation
• Systemic circulation delivers oxygenated blood to all body
tissues and organs, ensuring their proper function.
Pathway of Oxygenated Blood Distribution
• Aorta: Oxygenated blood exits the left ventricle via the aorta.
• Arteries: The aorta branches into numerous arteries that
carry oxygen-rich blood to various parts of the body.
Arteries Branching into Arterioles and Capillaries
• Arteries divide into smaller arterioles, which further branch
into tiny capillaries.
• Arterioles regulate blood flow and control blood pressure.
• Capillaries are the site of nutrient and waste exchange
between blood and tissues.
Systemic Circulation
53. Exchange of Nutrients and Waste Products
• Oxygen and nutrients (glucose, amino acids) diffuse
from capillaries into tissues.
• Carbon dioxide and waste products (urea, lactic
acid) move from tissues into capillaries.
• This exchange is facilitated by the thin walls of
capillaries and the concentration gradients between
blood and tissues.
Understanding systemic circulation highlights how
oxygen and nutrients are distributed to tissues, while
waste products are efficiently removed.
54. Pulmonary Circulation
• Pathway of blood flow to the lungs
• Oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide
• Pulmonary arteries and veins
55. Pulmonary Circulation: Oxygenation in the Lungs
• Pulmonary circulation is responsible for sending blood to the
lungs for oxygenation and carbon dioxide removal.
Pathway of Blood Flow to the Lungs
1. Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium.
2. Blood flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
3. The right ventricle contracts, sending blood through the
pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery.
4. Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
5. In the lungs, blood releases carbon dioxide and picks up
oxygen through the process of gas exchange.
6. Oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary
veins.
Pulmonary Circulation
56.
57. Pulmonary Arteries and Veins
• Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood
from the heart to the lungs.
• Pulmonary veins transport oxygenated blood
from the lungs back to the heart.
Pulmonary circulation ensures proper
oxygenation of blood and removal of carbon
dioxide, supporting the body's respiratory needs.
Pulmonary Circulation
58. • Capillary structure and function
• Importance of capillary exchange
• Role in maintaining tissue health
59. Vital Capillaries: Microcirculation
• Microcirculation involves the smallest blood
vessels, capillaries, that play a critical role in
nutrient exchange and tissue health.
Capillary Structure and Function
• Capillaries consist of a single layer of
endothelial cells, allowing for efficient diffusion
of nutrients, gases, and waste products.
• Their small size and extensive network ensure
that nearly every cell in the body is in close
proximity to a capillary.
60.
61.
62. Importance of Capillary Exchange
• Capillaries facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients,
hormones, and waste products between blood and
surrounding tissues.
• Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from capillaries into tissues,
while waste products move from tissues into capillaries for
disposal.
Role in Maintaining Tissue Health
• Efficient capillary exchange is crucial for sustaining tissue
function, growth, and repair.
• Proper exchange supports cellular metabolism, ensuring cells
receive necessary resources and remove harmful waste.
Understanding the structure and function of capillaries sheds
light on their indispensable role in maintaining tissue vitality
and overall health.
63. Applied Anatomy: Clinical Considerations
• Atherosclerosis: plaque buildup in arteries
• Hypertension: high blood pressure effects
• Heart attacks and strokes: blockage of blood
vessels
• Varicose veins: weakened venous valves
64. Understanding Clinical Implications
• Applied anatomy knowledge is pivotal in
diagnosing and treating various cardiovascular
disorders.
Atherosclerosis: Plaque Buildup in Arteries
• Atherosclerosis is the accumulation of plaque
(cholesterol, fat, calcium) within arteries, narrowing
their lumen.
• Impairs blood flow, reducing oxygen and nutrient
delivery to tissues.
• Can lead to angina (chest pain), heart attacks, or
strokes if plaques rupture and block vessels.
65.
66.
67. Hypertension: Effects of High Blood Pressure
• Hypertension is persistently elevated blood
pressure, straining blood vessels.
• Damages arterial walls, increasing risk of
atherosclerosis, heart attacks, strokes, and kidney
problems.
Heart Attacks and Strokes: Blockage of Blood
Vessels
• Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction): Blockage of
coronary arteries, causing heart muscle damage.
• Stroke: Blockage or rupture of blood vessels in the
brain, leading to brain tissue damage.
Applied Anatomy: Clinical Considerations
68.
69.
70.
71. Varicose Veins: Weakened Venous Valves
• Varicose veins result from weakened venous
valves, causing blood to pool in veins, often in the
legs.
• May cause pain, discomfort, and cosmetic
concerns.
• In severe cases, can lead to skin ulcers or blood
clots.
Applied anatomy awareness aids healthcare
professionals in diagnosing, managing, and
educating patients about these cardiovascular
conditions.
72.
73. Applied Anatomy: Medical Procedures
• Angiography: visualization of blood vessels
• Coronary bypass surgery: rerouting blood flow
• Angioplasty and stent placement
• Pacemaker implantation
74. Applying Anatomy in Medical Interventions
• Understanding cardiovascular anatomy is essential for
successful medical procedures and interventions.
Angiography: Visualizing Blood Vessels
• Angiography involves injecting contrast dye into blood
vessels to visualize their structure and detect blockages
or abnormalities.
• Helps diagnose conditions like atherosclerosis or
aneurysms.
Coronary Bypass Surgery: Rerouting Blood Flow
• In cases of severe coronary artery blockages, bypass
surgery may be performed.
• A healthy vessel is harvested (often from the leg), and
blood flow is rerouted around the blocked artery.
Applied Anatomy: Medical Procedures
77. Angioplasty and Stent Placement
• Angioplasty uses a catheter with a balloon to
widen narrowed or blocked arteries.
• A stent (mesh-like tube) may be inserted to keep
the artery open and improve blood flow.
Pacemaker Implantation
• Pacemakers are devices that regulate heart rate
and rhythm.
• Implanted under the skin, they use electrical
signals to pace the heart if the natural pacemaker
(SA node) malfunctions.
An understanding of cardiovascular anatomy is vital
for healthcare professionals to perform these
procedures effectively and ensure patient safety.
Applied Anatomy: Medical Procedures
78.
79.
80. Conclusion
• Recap of key points about applied
cardiovascular anatomy
• Importance in clinical practice and medical
procedures
81. Applied Cardiovascular Anatomy: A Recap
• Explored the intricate structure of the
cardiovascular system, including the heart,
blood vessels, and blood.
• Discussed the role of the heart's conduction
system in regulating its rhythm and
coordinating contractions.
• Learned about major arteries and veins,
understanding their pathways and functions.
• Explored the significance of coronary and
systemic circulations in maintaining tissue
health.
Conclusion
82. Significance in Clinical Practice and Medical
Procedures
• Applied anatomy knowledge is fundamental for
diagnosing and treating cardiovascular disorders
effectively.
• Enables healthcare professionals to comprehend issues
like atherosclerosis, hypertension, and heart attacks.
• Essential for planning and performing medical
procedures such as angiography, bypass surgery, and
pacemaker implantation.
Incorporating applied cardiovascular anatomy enhances
patient care, improves outcomes, and contributes to the
advancement of medical interventions.
Conclusion
83. References
1. Guyton, A. C., & Hall, J. E. (2015). Textbook of Medical
Physiology. Saunders.
2. Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. H. (2017). Principles of
Anatomy and Physiology. Wiley.
3. Netter, F. H. (2018). Atlas of Human Anatomy. Elsevier.
4. Moore, K. L., Dalley, A. F., & Agur, A. M. (2018).
Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Wolters Kluwer.
5. Kumar, V., Abbas, A. K., Aster, J. C., & Robbins, S. L.
(2019). Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of
Disease. Elsevier.
6. American Heart Association (AHA). (www.heart.org)
7. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI).
(www.nhlbi.nih.gov)
8. UpToDate. (www.uptodate.com)