This document discusses transition series elements and their properties. It describes how transition elements have electrons that enter the (n-1)d orbitals, giving them variable oxidation states up to +8. Their atomic radii decrease across periods but increase down groups. Transition metals can conduct heat and electricity well and can be alloyed to improve strength. Some have magnetic properties depending on unpaired electrons. Their colored complexes are due to electron transitions between d orbitals. Common applications include stainless steel, bronze, and uses of copper and nickel in coins, batteries, and turbines.
PPT on transition elements which includes properties, trends, oxidation states, color, and magnetic behavior and position of transition elements in the periodic table.
This Presentation describes about the evidence of metal ligand bonding in a molecule. In this presentation various evidences are explained. Learn and grow.
Introductory PPT on Metal Carbonyls having its' classification,structure and applications.This is a basic level PPT specially prepared for UG/PG Chemistry students.
PPT on transition elements which includes properties, trends, oxidation states, color, and magnetic behavior and position of transition elements in the periodic table.
This Presentation describes about the evidence of metal ligand bonding in a molecule. In this presentation various evidences are explained. Learn and grow.
Introductory PPT on Metal Carbonyls having its' classification,structure and applications.This is a basic level PPT specially prepared for UG/PG Chemistry students.
Properties of periodic table by Saliha RaisSaliha Rais
The presentation "Properties of Periodic Table" is prepared for grade IX students. The slide show includes a brief description on the properties of elements in the periodic table, that shifts periodically, hence explaining the concept of periodicity. the main topics include Atomic Radii, Ionization energy, Electron affinity and Electronegativity.
A brief introduction to lanthanide elements is given.
Order .ppts like this at <https://www.fiverr.com/anikmal/teamup-with-you-to-prepare-the-best-presentation>
Along with their physical and chemical properties are also shown. Helpful for quick understanding on lanthanide series.
d-block elements are those in which the valence electrons enters the d orbital. d- block elements are also called transition elements. Transition elements have partially filled d orbitals.
Properties of periodic table by Saliha RaisSaliha Rais
The presentation "Properties of Periodic Table" is prepared for grade IX students. The slide show includes a brief description on the properties of elements in the periodic table, that shifts periodically, hence explaining the concept of periodicity. the main topics include Atomic Radii, Ionization energy, Electron affinity and Electronegativity.
A brief introduction to lanthanide elements is given.
Order .ppts like this at <https://www.fiverr.com/anikmal/teamup-with-you-to-prepare-the-best-presentation>
Along with their physical and chemical properties are also shown. Helpful for quick understanding on lanthanide series.
d-block elements are those in which the valence electrons enters the d orbital. d- block elements are also called transition elements. Transition elements have partially filled d orbitals.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
Transition Elements
1. Shri. Dr. R.G. Rathod Arts and Science college, Murtizapur
Presented by,
Dr. Gopalkrushna H. Murhekar
Shri Dr. R. G. Rathod Arts and Science, College
Murtizapur
3. ALCHEMISTS
Alchemist tried to make lead into gold.
They studies many materials and used mysterious
symbols to represent these materials.
4. TRANSITION ELEMENTS
The elements in which differentiating electron enter in (n-1)d
orbitals of (n-1)th main shell are called transition elements.
These elements are also known as bridge elements as they are
lying between s and p bolck elements in a periodic table.
Because the differenting electron in these elements enter in d
orbital so these elements are called as d-block elements.
5. Atomic Radius
The distance from centre of nucleus to the valence
shell of electron in an atom is known as atomic
radius.
Atomic radius is measured in cm.
Atomic radii actually decrease across a row in the
periodic table. Due to an increase in the effective
nuclear charge.
Within each group (vertical column), the atomic
radius tends to increase with the atomic number
number.
8. EXPLANATION
The transition metals can form a variety of ions
by losing one or more electrons.
For the first five metals the maximum possible
oxidation state corresponds to the loss of all
the 4s and 3d electrons.
Toward the right end of the period, maximum
oxidation state are not observed, in fact 2+ ions
are the most common because the 3d orbital
become lower in energy as the nuclear charge
increases, and the electrons become
increasingly difficult to remove.
9. IONIZATION ENERGY
Ionization energy, Ei: minimum
energy required to remove an
electron from the ground state
of atom (molecule) in the gas
phase. M(g) + h M+ + e.
Increase across row
But increase smaller than for
main-group elements
Also, 3rd transition row has
higher ionization E (generally)
than first 2 rows
Runs counter to main-
group elements
Due to outer e-’s being
held more tightly
11. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
1. Efficient conduction of heat and electricity
2. Malleability (they can be hammered into thin sheets)
3. Ductility (they can be pulled into wires)
4. A lustrous (shiny) appearance
5. All transition elements are metal at room temperature
except mercury which is liquid at room tempeture.
Platinum Sliver Gold Copper
12. ALLOYS
Alloys are a mixture of
metals to improve strength.
Examples of alloys include:
Gold jewelry (Au and Ag)
Bronze – Cu and Sn
Brass – Cu and Zn
Sterling silver – Cu and
Ag
13. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
• Although an electron behaves like a tiny
magnet, two electrons that are opposite in spin
cancel each other. Only atoms with unpaired
electrons exhibit magnetic susceptibility
• A paramagnetic substance is one that is weakly
attracted by a magnetic field, usually the result
of unpaired electrons.
• A diamagnetic substance is not attracted by a
magnetic field generally because it has only
paired electrons.
14. COLOR OF COMPLEX IONS
The color wheel:
absorption of color
appears as
complementary color
Color in causes lower d-
orbital e- to go up to
higher d-orbital state
Specific wavelength of
light kicked out
The complement of
color absorbed
Colorless complexes are
either d0 or d10
Don’t have d-orbital e-
’s to move up
15. e- in partially filled d sublevel absorbs
visible light
moves to slightly higher energy d orbital
18. TRANSITION METALS
Elements in groups
3-12
Less reactive harder
metals
Includes metals used
in jewelry and
construction.
Metals used “as
metal.”
19. BRONZE
Copper alloys containing tin, lead,
aluminum, silicon and
nickel are classified as bronzes.
Cu-Sn Bronze is one of the earliest
alloy to be discovered as Cu ores
invariably contain Sn.
Stronger than brasses with good
corrosion and tensile
properties; can be cast, hot worked
and cold worked.
Wide range of applications: ancient
Chinese cast artifacts,
skateboard ball bearings, surgical
and dental instruments.
20. COPPER
The second largest use of Cu
is probably in coins.
The U.S. nickel is actually 75%
copper. The dime, quarter,
and half dollar coins contain
91.67% copper and the Susan B
Anthony dollar is 87.5% copper.
The various Euro coins are
made of Cu-Ni, Cu-Zn-Ni or
Cu-Al-Zn- Sn alloys.
21. APPLICATIONS OF STAINLESS
STEELS
•Stainless steels - A group of steels
that contain at least 11% Cr.
Exhibits extraordinary corrosion
resistance due to formation of a
very thin layer of Cr2O3 on the
surface.
Categories of stainless steels:
Ferrite Stainless Steels – Composed
of ferrite (BCC)
Martens tic Stainless Steels – Can be
heat treated.
Austenitic Stainless Steels –
Austenite ( ) phase field is extended
to room temperature. Most corrosion
resistant.
Duplex Stainless Steels – Ferrite +
Austenite
22. Biological Importance of Iron
Plays a central
role in almost all
living cells.
Component of
hemoglobin and
myoglobin.
Involved in the
electron-transport
chain.