PPT on transition elements which includes properties, trends, oxidation states, color, and magnetic behavior and position of transition elements in the periodic table.
This is an effort to make ppt of p block elements , a topic in XII, chemistry(cbse) , whom as a tutor i have often felt students are horrified due to its large text size, long descriptipns, several information to be remembered and several reasonings to keep in mind.
Hope this ppt would solve thier problem of a thorough preparation of topic with all important aspects covered in the ppt.
Founder Dr Mona Srivastava
Masterchemclasses
A brief introduction to lanthanide elements is given.
Order .ppts like this at <https://www.fiverr.com/anikmal/teamup-with-you-to-prepare-the-best-presentation>
Along with their physical and chemical properties are also shown. Helpful for quick understanding on lanthanide series.
This is an effort to make ppt of p block elements , a topic in XII, chemistry(cbse) , whom as a tutor i have often felt students are horrified due to its large text size, long descriptipns, several information to be remembered and several reasonings to keep in mind.
Hope this ppt would solve thier problem of a thorough preparation of topic with all important aspects covered in the ppt.
Founder Dr Mona Srivastava
Masterchemclasses
A brief introduction to lanthanide elements is given.
Order .ppts like this at <https://www.fiverr.com/anikmal/teamup-with-you-to-prepare-the-best-presentation>
Along with their physical and chemical properties are also shown. Helpful for quick understanding on lanthanide series.
d-block elements are those in which the valence electrons enters the d orbital. d- block elements are also called transition elements. Transition elements have partially filled d orbitals.
S-Block Elements - Group I Metals (Alkali metals) and Group II Metals (Alkaline Earth Metals)
Physical and Chemical Properties # General characteristics # Distiguih between both groups of metals # Some Examples of both groups metals
Revision Slides for AQA A-Level Chemistry on the Group Two Elements. Designed for the new Exam Series of June 2017, but relevant for all series and exam boards.
d-block elements are those in which the valence electrons enters the d orbital. d- block elements are also called transition elements. Transition elements have partially filled d orbitals.
S-Block Elements - Group I Metals (Alkali metals) and Group II Metals (Alkaline Earth Metals)
Physical and Chemical Properties # General characteristics # Distiguih between both groups of metals # Some Examples of both groups metals
Revision Slides for AQA A-Level Chemistry on the Group Two Elements. Designed for the new Exam Series of June 2017, but relevant for all series and exam boards.
1. The Young's moduli of alkali metals are given below in units of GN m-1: Li
(11.5), Na (9.0), K (3.5), Rb (2.7), Cs (1.8) and Fr (1.7). Compare this with the
corresponding values of the melting points. Give a reason for this sequence.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
2. The transition elements (d block) and inner
transition elements (f block) in the periodic table.
3. Properties of the Transition
Metals
All transition metals are metals, whereas main-group elements
in each period change from metal to nonmetal.
Many transition metal compounds are colored and
paramagnetic, whereas most main-group ionic compounds are
colorless and diamagnetic.
The properties of transition metal compounds are related to the
electron configuration of the metal ion.
4. Electron Configurations of Transition
Metals and their Ions
The d-block elements have the general condensed ground-
state configuration [noble gas]ns2(n – 1)dx where n = 4 to 7
and x = 1 to 10.
Periods 6 and 7 elements include the f sublevel:
[noble gas]ns2(n – 2)f14(n – 1)dx where n = 6 or 7.
Transition metals form ions through the loss of the ns
electrons before the (n – 1)d electrons
5. Orbital Occupancy of the Period 4
Transition Metals
•The number of unpaired electrons increases in the first half of the series and decreases in the second half,
when pairing begins
6. Trends in the Properties of
Transition Metals
Across a period the following trends are
observed
Atomic size decreases at first, then remains relatively
constant.
- The d electrons fill inner orbitals, so they shield outer
electrons very efficiently and the 4s electrons are not pulled
closer by the increasing nuclear charge.
Electronegativity and ionization energies also increase
relatively little across the transition metals of a particular
period.
8. Trends in the Properties of Transition
Metals
Within a group the trends also differ from those
observed for main group elements.
Atomic size increases from Period 4 to 5, but not from
Period 5 to 6.
A Period 6 element has 32 more protons than its preceding
Period 5 group member instead of only 18.
The extra shrinkage from the increase in nuclear charge (called the
lanthanide contraction) is roughly equal to the normal size
increase due to adding an extra energy level.
9. Trends in the Properties of Transition
Metals
Electronegativity increases within a group from Period 4 to 5,
then generally remains unchanged from Period 5 to 6. The
heavier elements often have high EN values.
Although atomic size increases slightly down the group, nuclear
charge increases much more, leading to higher EN values.
Ionization energy values generally increase down a transition
group, also running counter to the main group trend.
Density increases dramatically down a group since atomic
volumes change little while atomic masses increase
significantly.
10. Oxidation States of Transition
Metals
Most transition metals have multiple oxidation states
The highest oxidation state for elements in Groups 3B(3) through 7B(7)
equals the group number.
- These states are seen when the elements combine with the highly
electronegative oxygen or fluorine.
Elements in Groups 8B(8), 8B(9) and 8B(10) exhibit fewer oxidation states.
The higher oxidation state is less common and never equal to the group
number.
- The +2 oxidation state is common because the ns2 electrons are readily
lost.
12. Metallic Behavior of Transition Metals
The lower the oxidation state of the transition metal, the more
metallic its behavior
Ionic bonding is more prevalent for the lower oxidation states,
whereas covalent bonding occurs more frequently for higher
oxidation states.
Metal oxides become less basic (more acidic) as the oxidation
state increases.
A metal atom in a positive oxidation state has a greater attraction
for bonded electrons, and therefore a greater effective
electronegativity, or valence-state electronegativity, than in the
zero oxidation state. This effect increases as its oxidation state
increases.
13. Standard Electrode Potentials of Period 4 M2+
Ions
In general, reducing strength
decreases across the series.
Half-Reaction E°(
V)
Ti2+(aq) + 2e− Ti(s)
V2+(aq) + 2e− V(s)
Cr2+(aq) + 2e− Cr(s)
Co2+(aq) + 2e− Co(s)
Fe2+(aq) + 2e− Fe(s)
Mn2+(aq) + 2e− Mn(s)
Ni2+(aq) + 2e− Ni(s)
Cu2+(aq) + 2e− Cu(s)
Zn2+(aq) + 2e− Zn(s)
-1.63
-1.19
-0.91
-0.76
0.34
-0.28
-0.25
-0.44
-1.18
14. Color and Magnetic Behavior
Most main-group ionic compounds are colorless and
diamagnetic because the metal ion has no unpaired
electrons.
Many transition metal ionic compounds are highly colored
and paramagnetic because the metal ion has one or more
unpaired electrons
Transition metal ions with a d0 or d10 configuration are also
colorless and diamagnetic.