Prokaryotes can exchange DNA with eukaryotes, although the mechanisms behind this process are not well understood. Suspected mechanisms include conjugation and endocytosis, such as when a eukaryotic cell engulfs a prokaryotic cell and gathers it into a special membrane-bound vesicle for degradation.
Prokaryotes can exchange DNA with eukaryotes, although the mechanisms behind this process are not well understood. Suspected mechanisms include conjugation and endocytosis, such as when a eukaryotic cell engulfs a prokaryotic cell and gathers it into a special membrane-bound vesicle for degradation.
Basic Knowledge about industrial microorganism. why industry choose microorganism rather than chemical. isolation technique of microorganism. source of microorganisms. Process of using microorganism. Disadvantages of using microorganisms in industry. Process of genetic modification of microorganisms. Storage process of microorganism. preservation methods of microorganism. Reculture methods of microorganism.
UNIT 4 Microbial genetics:Transformation,Transduction,Conjugation,Plasmids an...Shyam Bass
(6th Sem B.Pharma Pharmaceutical Biotechnology)
Microbial genetics:
• Transformation,
• Transduction,
• Conjugation,
• Plasmids and transposons,
• Study of the production of - Penicillins, Citric acid, Vitamin B12, Glutamic acid,
Griseofulvin,
• Blood Products: Collection, Processing, and Storage of whole human blood,Dried
human plasma, Plasma substitutes
BY- SHYAM BASS
transformation in bacteria is a classical example of horizontal gene transfer which leads to enhanced survivability and also introduction of variations that may lead to evolution
DNA Transfection in Animal tissue culture and its methods.pptxMethusharma
You will learn the definition of DNA transfection in this presentation its examples, along with the procedures that are employed, through the use of organised flowcharts and diagrams. The Animal Biotechnology course, it is the first technique to learn.
It is a microbiology topic based on transduction in bacteria, and there is a big role for bacteriophage as it also does it's lytic and lysogenic cycles. It is important on the view of health and medicine
Basic Knowledge about industrial microorganism. why industry choose microorganism rather than chemical. isolation technique of microorganism. source of microorganisms. Process of using microorganism. Disadvantages of using microorganisms in industry. Process of genetic modification of microorganisms. Storage process of microorganism. preservation methods of microorganism. Reculture methods of microorganism.
UNIT 4 Microbial genetics:Transformation,Transduction,Conjugation,Plasmids an...Shyam Bass
(6th Sem B.Pharma Pharmaceutical Biotechnology)
Microbial genetics:
• Transformation,
• Transduction,
• Conjugation,
• Plasmids and transposons,
• Study of the production of - Penicillins, Citric acid, Vitamin B12, Glutamic acid,
Griseofulvin,
• Blood Products: Collection, Processing, and Storage of whole human blood,Dried
human plasma, Plasma substitutes
BY- SHYAM BASS
transformation in bacteria is a classical example of horizontal gene transfer which leads to enhanced survivability and also introduction of variations that may lead to evolution
DNA Transfection in Animal tissue culture and its methods.pptxMethusharma
You will learn the definition of DNA transfection in this presentation its examples, along with the procedures that are employed, through the use of organised flowcharts and diagrams. The Animal Biotechnology course, it is the first technique to learn.
It is a microbiology topic based on transduction in bacteria, and there is a big role for bacteriophage as it also does it's lytic and lysogenic cycles. It is important on the view of health and medicine
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
2. Transformation
Transformation in bacteria was first demonstrated in 1928 by the
British bacteriologist Frederick Griffith.
Griffith was interested in determining whether injections of heat-
killed bacteria could be used to vaccinate mice against pneumonia.
Transformation is the process by which genetic makeup of an
organism is altered by the insertion of new gene(or exogenous DNA)
into its genome .
This is usually done using vectors such as plasmids.
3. Definitions
In molecular biology and genetics, transformation is the genetic
alteration of a cell
resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous
genetic material from its
surroundings through the cell membrane(s).
For transformation to take place,
the recipient bacterium must be in a state of competence,
which might occur in nature as a time-limited
response to environmental conditions such as
starvation and cell density, and may also be induced in a laboratory.
4. Transformation is one of three forms of horizontal gene transfer
that occur in nature among bacteria, in which DNA encoding for a
trait passes from
one bacterium to another and is integrated into the recipient genome
by homologous recombination; the other two are transduction,
carried out by means of
a bacteriophage, and conjugation, in which a gene is passed through
direct contact between bacteria.
5. Transformation" may also be used to describe the insertion of new
genetic material into nonbacterial cells, including animal and plant
cells; however, because "transformation" has a special meaning in
relation to animal cells, indicating progression to a cancerous state,
the process is usually called "transfection"
6. In transformation, the genetic material passes through the
intervening medium, and uptake is completely dependent
on the recipient bacterium.
Competence refers to a temporary state of being able to
take up exogenous DNA from the environment; it may be
induced in a laboratory.
7. Two types of transformation
Natural transformation
Natural transformation is a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer that
depends on the expression of numerous bacterial genes whose products
appear to be responsible for this process.
In general, transformation is a complex, energy-requiring
developmental process.
In order for a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine exogenous
DNA into its chromosome, it must become competent, that is, enter a
special physiological state.
Artificial transformation - chemical treatment. - physical treatment. -
enzymatic treatment.
8.
9.
10. Methods and mechanisms of transformation in laboratory
Bacterial
Artificial competence can be induced in laboratory procedures that
involve making the cell passively permeable to DNA by exposing it
to conditions that do not normally occur in nature.
Typically the cells are incubated in a solution containing divalent
cations under cold conditions.
Yeast
Most species of yeast, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, may be
transformed by exogenous DNA in the environment.
Several methods have been developed to facilitate this
transformation at high frequency in the lab.
1. Yeast cells may be treated with enzymes to degrade their cell
wall.
11. Plants
A number of methods are available to transfer DNA into plant
cells.
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is the easiest and most
simple plant transformation.
Plant tissue (often leaves) are cut into small pieces.
e.g. 10x10mm, and soaked for ten minutes in a fluid containing
suspended Agrobacterium. The bacteria will attach to many of
the plant cells exposed by the cut.
12. In this image, a gene from bacterial cell 1 is moved to bacterial cell 2. This process of
bacterial cell 2 taking up new genetic material is called transformation.
13.
14.
15.
16. Transfection is the process of deliberately introducing naked
or purified nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells.
It may also refer to other methods and cell types, although
other terms are often preferred: "transformation" is typically
used to describe non-viral DNA transfer in bacteria and non-
animal eukaryotic cells, including plant cells.
In animal cells, transfection is the preferred term as
transformation is also used to refer to progression to a
cancerous state (carcinogenesis) in these cells.
Transduction is often used to describe virus-mediated gene
transfer into eukaryotic cells.
17.
18.
19. The methods are divided into 3 categories:
1. Chemical methods
Calcium Phosphate - Lipids - Cationic polymer
2. Physical methods
- Electroporation
- Microinjection
- Laserfection
- Sonoporation - Biolistic particle delivery Methods of Transfection
3. Biological method - Virus-based
20.
21. Advantages:
1. Deliver nucleic acids to cells in a culture dish with high
efficiency.
2. Easy to use, minimal steps required; adaptable to high-
throughput systems.
3. Using a highly active lipid will reduce the cost of lipid and
nucleic acid, and achieve effective results.
Disadvantage:
1. Not applicable to all cell types 1. Lipid-Mediated Gene Delivery
● Also referred as lipofection or liposome-based gene transfection.
● Mode: Uses lipids to cause a cell to absorb exogenous DNA.
22.
23.
24. The main difference between transfection and transformation.
Is that the transfection refers to the introduction of foreign DNA into
mammalian cells while the transformation refers to the introduction
of foreign DNA into bacterial, yeast or plant cells.