Transgenes means genetically modified genesThe term transgenic was first used by Gordon and Ruddle in 1981. Transgenic crops are plants that have been genetically engineered, a breeding approach that uses recombinant DNA techniques to create plants with new characteristics. They are identified as a class of genetically modified organism (GMO)

1. TOPIC:TRANSGENIC CROPS AND THEIR IMPLICATION IN
ENVIRONMENT AND FOOD SAFETY.
WELCOME TO MASTERS SEMINAR
COURSE NAME: - MASTER’S SEMINAR
COURSE NO.: - GP-591
CREDIT HOURS: - 1(0+1) PRESNTED BY:-
Vipin Kumar Pandey
M.Sc. (Ag.), Genetics & Plant Breeding
Previous year, 2ND SEM.
ROLL NO :-120415008
SHAHEED GUNDAHOOR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE & RESEARCH
STATION KUMHRAWAND, JAGDALPUR, BASTAR 494005(C.G.)

2. ∗ WHAT IS TRNASGENIC CROPS?
∗ TYPES OF TRANSGENIC CROPS.
∗ TRANSGENIC CROP.
∗ IMPLICATION OF TRANSGENIC CROPS IN ENVIRONMENT AND FOOD SEAFTY.
∗ CONCLUSION .
CONTENTS

3. ∗ Transgenes means genetically modified genes.
∗ The term transgenic was first used by Gordon and Ruddle in 1981.
∗ Transgenic crops are plants that have been genetically engineered,
a breeding approach that uses recombinant DNA techniques to
create plants with new characteristics. They are identified as a class
of genetically modified organism (GMO).
First transgenic crop is tobacco created in 1938 resistant to an
antibiotic.
WHAT IS TRNASGENIC CROPS?

4. ∗ Transgenic crop for resistance to biotic stresses.
∗ Transgenic crop for resistance against abiotic stresses.
∗ Transgenic crop for productivity and nutritional quality.
∗ Transgenic crop for floriculture or ornamentals.
TYPES OF TRANSGENIC CROPS.

5. Transgenic crop for resistance to biotic stresses.
∗ It is a type of transgenic crop in which trans gene is incorporated to
development against resistant to herbicides, insects, viruses,
bacterial and fungal pathogens etc.
∗ Herbicide resistant transgenic plants.
∗ Herbicides normally affect processes like photosynthesis or
biosynthesis of essential amino acids.
∗ In the first approach, we try that either the target protein is
overproduced or the target molecules become insensitive to
herbicide.
∗ In the second approach, a pathway is introduced that will detoxify
the herbicide.

6. Transgenic crop for resistance to biotic stresses.
∗ Herbicide resistant crops
∗ Now: soybean, corn, canola
∗ Coming: sugarbeet, lettuce, strawberry
∗ alfalfa, potato, wheat .
• transgene = modified EPSP synthase or
∗ phosphinothricin-N-acetyltransferase

7. ∗ Insect resistant transgenic crop.
∗ It is a type of transgenic crop in which trans gene is incorporated to
development against resistant to insects generally carrying Bt toxin
gene.
∗ Generally two system are developed for insect resistance
transgenic crop.
1. Insect resistance due to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) gene.
2. Insect resistance due to Secondary metabolites.
Transgenic crop for resistance to biotic stresses.

8. ∗ Bacillus thuringiensis is gram positive soil bacterium.
∗ Some strain of Bt kill certain insects (Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and
Diptera ) due to an insecticidal protein called 8-endotoxin, which
disrupts the function of digestive system of these insect.
∗ 8-endotoxin is not harmful to mammals and is degraded within 20
seconds in digestive tract of a mammal.
∗ Bt toxins, symbolized as Cry meaning crystalline, were initially
classified into four distinct classes these are CryI (active against
Lepidoptera), Cryll (active against Lepidoptera), are Crylll (active
against Coleoptera), are CryIV (active against Diptera),
Transgenic crop for resistance to biotic stresses.
1. Insect resistance due to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) gene.

9. Transgenic crop for resistance to biotic stresses.
Cry protein Origin
(Bt subspecies)
Major target insects
Order Common names
CrylA(a) kurstaki Lepidoptera Tobacco horn worm, European corn borer.
CrylB thuringiensis Lepidoptera Cabbage worm.
CryllB kurstaki Lepidoptera Gypsy moth, tobacco horn worm.
CryllC shanghi Lepidoptera Gypsy moth, tobacco horn worm.
List of Cry protein and their activity against specific insect species.
Img. GM corn (insect resistane)

10. Transgenic crop for resistance to biotic stresses.
Information about Cry genes used for production of insect resistant transgenic crops.
Transgenic crop Transgenes
Potato CrylA(a), CrylllA(a)
Corn CrylA(b), CrylA(c)
Cotton CrylA(a), CrylA(b), CrylA(c)
Tobacco CrylA(b), CrylA(c)
Tomato CrylA(b)
Rapeseed CrylA(b)
Brinjal CrylA(a), CrylA(c), CrylA(abc)
Chickpea CrylA(c)
Pigeonpea CrylA(c)
Rice CrylA(c), CrylB(a), CrylA(a), Cry2A(b)

11. Resistance against viruses, bacterial and fungal pathogens.
∗Resistance against viruses:-
∗Gene for Virus Coat or Capsid Protein (CP) from Positive Strand
RNA Viruses. Eg. Alfalfa mosaic virus, potato virus X, Y, and potato
leaf roll virus.
Transgenic crop for resistance to biotic stresses.
Papaya ringspot resistanceCMV infected CMV resistant (GM)

12. ∗ It is a type of transgenic crop in which trans gene is incorporated to
development against resistant to drought, high and low
temperature, salinity, metal toxicity and flooding etc.
∗ Drought resistance
∗ For incorporation of trans gene is isolated in many wild and algae,
bryophytes, lichens, ferns and some angiosperms that withstanding
these abiotic stresses.
∗ Trehalose is a non-redusing disaccharide, which accumulates upon
heat, cold or osmotic, stress.
∗ Proline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) gene used to drought
resistance.
Transgenic crop for resistance against abiotic stresses.

13. Transgenic plant Genes Gene product Cellular role
TOBACO Trehalose-6-phosphate synthases TPS Trehalose
POTATO Trehalose-6-phosphate synthases TPS Trehalose
TOMATO AVP1 Gene H+ pyrophosphatase H+PPase activity
CORN Cold shock protein gene Cold shock protein RNA activity
increase
RICE HVA 1 Gene LEA protein Embryogenesis
WHEAT HVA 1 Gene LEA protein Embryogenesis
Transgenic crop for resistance to abiotic stresses.
TRANSGENIC PLANTS WITH DROUGHT RESISTANCE

14. ∗ For high temperature tolerance used heat shock proteins genes it
regulates thermo tolerance response of plant cells and enhanced
survival at high temperature.
∗ High level of theromotolerance in transgenic plants has also been
achieved through altered levels of osmolytes, components that
regulate membrane fluidity.
Transgenic crop for resistance to abiotic stresses.
Resistance against high and low temperature

15. ∗ Salinity is a environmental stress and most common factors limiting
the productivity of agricultural crops.
∗ Plants respond o salinity either by restricting the uptake of salts or
by sequestering and accumulating the salt into the cell vacuoles.
∗ Major process involved salt tolerance:
1. Synthesis of compatible solutes like proline, glycinebetaine or
trehalose for osmotic adjustment.
2. Establishment of ion homoeostasis using ion transpoters.
3. Increased ability of plants to neutralize reactive oxygen species
using superoxide dismutase, glyoxylase enzymes.
Transgenic crop for resistance to abiotic stresses.

16. Transgenic plant Genes Gene product Cellular role Parameter used
Rice OstA, B, TPS1 Trehalose-6-p
synthase
Trehalose Biomass, growth
Tomato BADH Betaine
dehydrogenase
Glycinebetaine Root growth
Maize AgNHX1 Na+/H+ antiporter Na+ vacuole
sequester
Biomass
Transgenic crop for resistance to abiotic stresses.
Transgenic plants with salt tolerance

17. ∗ It is a type of transgenic crop in which trans gene is incorporated to
development of enhanced to productivity and nutritional quality of
crop yield.
Approaches for increased crop productivity by transgenes
1. Improved harvest index by overexpression of PHY A gene.
2. Higher biomass production using bacterial hemoglobin gene (VHB).
3. Transgenic plants for hybrid seed production using barnes barstar genes.
Approaches for improved nutritional quality by transgenes
1. By the improvement of functional food and neutraceuticals.
i. Improved quality of storage proteins.
ii. Altered fatty acid composition in edible oil.
iii.A variety of vitamins.
iv.Anti oxidants.
v. Cholesterol lowering margarine with plant sterols.
vi.Low caloric polysaccharides.
vii.High concentration of iron
Transgenic crop for productivity and nutritional quality.

18. 2. By the improved oil composition in rapeseed and other oil crops.
i. Essential fatty acids (EFAs)and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA).
3. Manipulation of grain quality in cereals.
i. Composition of essential amino acids.
ii. Quality of seed starch.
iii. Bread making and chapati making qualities.
4. Super food bio fortified for micronutrients.
i. Golden rice rich in vitamin A.
ii. Golden mustard rich in vitamin A.
iii. Cassava rich in vitamin A.
iv. Multivitamin corn (rich in three vitamins).
Transgenic crop for productivity and nutritional quality.

19. ∗ In the year 1996, the first transgenic ornamental was marketed in
the form of carnation with altered flower colour.
∗ It is a type of transgenic crop in which trans gene is incorporated to
development of production of transgenics with novel aesthetic
properties of ornamental crops like novel flower colours, fragrance,
plant and flower architecture, longer self life etc.
For transgenic ornamental following approaches are used :
1. Plant size and flower yield using rolC gene.
2. Flower colour using antisense RNA or RNAi .
3. Flower and inflorescence architecture using mutant gene.
4.Flowers with longer life using aco gene.
5. Improved flower fragrance.
Transgenic crop for floriculture or ornamentals.

20. In the plant cells insertion of foreign DNA is called transformation .
The transformation is two types integrative or heritable and non
integrative or non heritable transformation.
The incorporation of foreign gene is following methods used:-
1.Agrobacterium mediated gene transformation.
2.Direct gene transfer.
HOW TO MADE A TRANSGENIC CROP.

21. 1. Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer.
The important requirements for Agrobacterium mediated gene
transfer in higher plants include the flowing:
1.The plant explant must produce active compounds to induce vir
genes for virulence.
2.Induced Agrobacterium should have access to replicating DNA.
3.The transformation competent cells should be able to regeneration
in whole plants not chimeric plant.
HOW TO MADE A TRANSGENIC CROP.

22. 1. Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer.
∗ A rod shaped, Gram negative soil bacterium
A natural genetic engineer
2 species
 A.tumefaciens (produces a gall)
 A. rhizogenes (produces roots)
•Disease producing Agrobacterium are highly pathogenic and do not
benefit the plant
•In the presence of exudates (e.g. acetosyringone) from wounded
plants, Virulence (VIR) genes are activated and cause the t-DNA to
be transferred to plants.
HOW TO MADE A TRANSGENIC CROP.

23. 1. Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer.
∗
HOW TO MADE A TRANSGENIC CROP.

24. Direct gene transfer.
Without help of any biological vector like agrobacterium transfer of DNA in plant
Cells and obtain an integrative transformation is called direct gene transfer.
•Direct gene transfer are following methods:-
1.By Electroporation.
2.By Particle gun.
3.By Lipofection.
4.By Micro-injection.

25. Direct gene transfer.
By Electroporation.

26. Direct gene transfer.
By Particle gun
• Biolistic are particle bombardment is a physical
method that use accelerated microprojectiles to
deliver DNA into intact tissues and cells.
• The gene gun is a device that literally fires DNA into
target cells.
• The DNA to be transferred into the cells is coated onto
microscopic beads made of either gold or tungsten.

27. IMPLICATION OF TRANSGENIC CROPS IN ENVIRONMENT AND FOOD
SAFETY.
 In agricultural practices biotic stress have been responsible for serious
losses in crop yields. The transgenic crops reduces over 60-80% yield
losses of biotic stress. So we use the transgenic crop for reduction of
yield losses and its some effects on environment.
Any Transgenic crops are have at least one foreign gene or some times many
gene in which these gene is beneficial in generally, but if the gene is
transferred on other crops, effect on non target pest, produced allergic
reactions and more other harmful effect on environment.

28. IMPLICATION OF TRANSGENIC CROPS IN ENVIRONMENT AND FOOD
SAFETY.
 its implication on environment are:-
What direct effects could genetically modified plants have on the
environment?
Gene flow
Non-target species
What indirect effects could genetically modified plants have on the
environment?
Agricultural practices
Pesticide use
Herbicide use
Pest and weed resistance
Difficult agricultural conditions
Out crossing

29. IMPLICATION OF TRANSGENIC CROPS IN ENVIRONMENT AND FOOD
SAFETY.
1. Gene flow.
Gene flow is a processes in which the trans genes of transgenic crop is
transferred to other natural crop like land races, wild species and
conventionally bred crops or weeds.
Effects of gene flow are:
•Genetic drift or pollen drift.
•Transfer of insect resistance gene into weeds.
•Transfer of herbicide resistance gene into weeds (evolution of super weeds).
•Transfer of high yielding gene into weeds.
•Disturbance of gene population of environment.
•Decrease genetic variability due to presence of same gene in all plant.
•Development of more virulent and difficult to control viruses through virus
alteration
Source & ©: FAO "The State of Food and Agriculture 2003-2004"

30. Out-crossing
 The movement of genes from GM plants into conventional crops or related
species in the wild (referred to as “out crossing or gene flow”), as well as the
mixing of crops derived from conventional seeds with those grown using GM
crops, may have a direct effect on food safety and food security.
pollens
Direction of
wind
GM Crops Conventional crops

31. Super Weeds :A wild plant that has been accidentally pollinated by a
genetically-modified plant and now contains that plant's abilities to resist
herbicides and insects.
Examples of weeds resistant to Glyphosate
•Common Ragweed
•Italian Ryegrass
Super Weeds

32. ∗ Antibiotic resistance
There is also concern that transgenic plants growing in the field will
transfer their antibiotic resistance genes to soil micro-organisms,
thus causing a general increase in the level of antibiotic resistance
in the environment. However, many soil organisms have naturally
occurring resistance as a defense against other organisms that
generate antibiotics, so genes contributed occasionally by
transgenic plants are unlikely to cause a change in the existing level
of antibiotic resistance in the environment.
Gene flow
Antibiotic resistance
antibiotic resistance gene having soil micro-organisms
Normal soil micro-organisms

33. IMPLICATION OF TRANSGENIC CROPS IN ENVIRONMENT AND FOOD
SAFETY.
2. Non-target species
• Some transgenic traits - such as the pesticidal toxins expressed by Bt genes
may affect non-target species as well as the crop pests they are intended to
control.
Trait effects on non-target species are:
• Allergenicity
• Bt maize killed monarch butterflies.
• Risk for aquatic life.
• Development of more virulent and difficult to control viruses through virus
alteration
Source & ©: FAO "The State of Food and Agriculture 2003-2004"

34.  In India, hundreds of laborers picking cotton and working in cotton
ginning factories developed allergic reactions when handling the BT
cotton. This didn’t happen with the non-Bt varieties. [Ashish Gupta et.
al., “Impact of Bt Cotton on Farmers’ Health (in Barwani and DharDistrict
of Madhya Pradesh),” Investigation Report, Oct–Dec 2005]
 Hospital records: “ Show that victims of itching have increased massively
this year, and all of them are related to BTcotton farming.” [The Sunday
Indian, 10/26/08]
Allergenicity
Itching all over the body, eruptions, wounds, discoloration

35. Ethical issues
 Unacceptable intervention in
“God’s creation” violating
barriers in natural world!!
 Objections to consuming
animal genes in plants and
vice-versa
 GM food are easily possible
to create biological weapon
or it is raw material for
bioweapon or auto modified
to epidemic on environments.

36. Transgenic crops and their gens.
Crops and genes Functions Sources of gene
Tobacco insect resistance gene Trypsin inhibitor protein
production
Cow pea
Tomato anti freezing gene Cold resistance Fish (Winter flounder)
Tobacco cold resistance gene Cold resistance Arabidopsis thaliana
Alfalfa protein quality gene Ovalbumin production Chicken
Potato protein quality gene Serum Ovalbumin production Human
rapeseed male sterility gene Sterile pollen production B. amyloliquefaciens

37. Warangal Attempt
Cattle and sheep dying on consuming Bt cotton plants in Warangal
Dist. of Andhra Pradesh??
(Rao, 2007)

38. Conclusion
Transgenic crops have potential to solve world’s hunger and
malnutrition problems
Safety testing and regulations can ensure its superiority
The society should be enlightened about the scientific
technology
Newer and faster techniques required to evaluate transgenic
products

39. Thank you.