Recommended
Recommended
More Related Content
What's hot
What's hot (20)
Similar to Presentaion transgenic plants
Similar to Presentaion transgenic plants (20)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
Presentaion transgenic plants
- 2. MOHSIN KHAN DEPART: OF BOTANY 7TH SEMESTER
- 3. Transgenic Plants Genetically Modified plants
- 4. Important Traits for Crop Improvement High crop yield High nutritional quality Abiotic stress tolerance Pest resistance Adaptation to inter-cropping Nitrogen Fixation Insensitivity to photo-period Elimination of toxic compounds
- 5. TRANSGENIC PLANTS NUTRITIONAL QUALITY BIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE ABIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE PHARMACEUTICALS & EDIBLE VACCINE HYBRID DEVELOPMENT FOR HIGHER YIELD ENHANCED SHELF LIFE INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
- 6. 1985 1992 1988 1994 1998 1996 1999 2000 1st transgenic plants produced Particle bombardment developed GM crops considered substantially equivalent to hybrid varieties Flavr-Savr tomato is released Herbicide- and insect-resistant crops approved for cultivation 4.3 million acres of GM crops planted GM food is dangerous (UK TV) GM corn is excluded from its baby food Greenpeace starts anti-GM campaign 75 million acres of GM crops planted
- 10. Blue Roses
- 11. Insect Resistance Delayed Fruit Ripening Nutritional Enhancing Herbicide Resistance Virus Resistance The big five successful traits
- 12. Glyphosate Resistance i. Glyphosate = “Roundup”, “Tumbleweed” = Systemic herbicide ii. Marketed under the name Roundup, glyphosate inhibits the enzyme EPSPS (S-enolpyruvlshikimate-3 phosphate – involved in chloroplast amino acid synthesis), makes aromatic amino acids. iii. The gene encoding EPSPS has been transferred from glyphosate- resistant E. coli into plants, allowing plants to be resistant. Glufosinate Resistance i. Glufosinate (the active ingredient being phosphinothricin) mimics the structure of the amino acid glutamine, which blocks the enzyme glutamate synthase. ii. Plants receive a gene from the bacterium Streptomyces (bar gene) that produce a protein that inactivates the herbicide. Herbicide Resistance
- 13. Bromoxynil Resistance i. A gene encoding the enzyme bromoxynil nitrilase (BXN) is transferred from Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria to plants. ii. Nitrilase inactivates the Bromoxynil before it kills the plant. Sulfonylurea. i. Kills plants by blocking an enzyme needed for synthesis of the amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine. ii. Resistance generated by mutating a gene in tobacco plants (acetolactate synthase), and transferring the mutated gene into crop plants. Herbicide Resistance
- 14. Roundup Ready Soybeans A problem in agriculture is the reduced growth of crops imposed by the presence of unwanted weeds. Herbicides such as Roundup are able to kill a wide range of weeds and have the advantage of breaking down easily. Development of herbicide resistant crops allows the elimination of surrounding weeds without harm to the crops.
- 15. Insect resistance Anti-Insect Strategy - Insecticides a) Toxic crystal protein from Bacillus thuringensis Toxic crystals found during sporulation • Corn borer catepillars • Cotton bollworm catepillars • Tobacco hornworm catepillars Sprayed onto plants – but will wash off The Bt toxin isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis has been used in plants. The gene has been placed in corn, cotton, and potato, and has been marketed.
- 16. Insect Resistance Corn hybrid with a Bt gene Corn hybrid susceptible to European corn borer Various insect resistant crops have been produced. Most of these make use of the Cry gene in the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt); this gene directs the production of a protein that causes paralysis and death to many insects.
- 17. a) Plants may be engineered with genes for resistance to viruses, bacteria, and fungi. b) Virus-resistant plants have a viral protein coat gene that is overproduced, preventing the virus from reproducing in the host cell, because the plant shuts off the virus’ protein coat gene in response to the overproduction. c) Coat protein genes are involved in resistance to diseases such as cucumber mosaic virus, tobacco rattle virus, and potato virus X. Virus resistance
- 18. a) Allow for crops, such as tomatoes, to have a higher shelf life. b) Tomatoes generally ripen and become soft during shipment to a store. c) Tomatoes are usually picked and sprayed with the plant hormone ethylene to induce ripening, although this does not improve taste d) Tomatoes have been engineered to produce less ethylene so they can develop more taste before ripening, and shipment to markets Delayed Fruit Ripening
- 19. First biotech plant product – Flav’r Sav’r tomato “Rot-Resistant Tomato” Anti-sense gene complementary to polygalacturonase (PG) PG = pectinase accelerates plant decay/rotting
- 20. 1.More than one third of the world’s population relies on rice as a food staple, so rice is an attractive target for enhancement. 2.Golden Rice was genetically engineered to produce high levels of beta-carotene, which is a precursor to vitamin A. Vitamin A is needed for proper eyesight. 3.Other enhanced crops include iron-enriched rice and tomatoes with three times the normal amount of beta- carotene Nutritionally Enhanced Plants
- 21. Normal rice “Golden” rice Golden Rice Transgenic technology produced a type of rice that accumulates beta-carotene in rice grains. Once inside the body, beta-carotene is converted to vitamin A. “Normal” rice
- 22. The prototype of golden rice was developed in 2000 and is a light yellow color (b). It contains 1.6 mg/g of carotenoid. In 2005, new transgenic lines were developed that dramatically increased the amount of carotenoid synthesized, making the rice a deep golden color (c). This latest form contains 37 mg/g of carotenoid, of which 84% is b-carotene – trial