Production of synthetic seed involves encapsulating somatic embryos, shoot buds, or cell aggregates using tissue culture techniques. This allows for the large-scale, low-cost propagation of plants while maintaining genetic uniformity. Synthetic seeds can be stored longer than traditional seeds and planted directly in fields without the need for transplanting. While synthetic seeds have advantages over traditional micropropagation methods, their production and germination rates can still be limited for some plant species.
Somaclonal Variation in Plant tissue culture - Variation in somaclones (somatic cells of plants)
Somaclonal variation # Basis of somaclonal variation # General feature of Somaclonal variations # Types and causes of somaclonal variation # Isolation procedure of somaclones via without in-vitro method and with in-vitro method with their limitations and advantages # Detection of isolated somaclonal variation # Application (with examples respectively related to crop improvement) # Advantages and disadvantages of somaclonal variations.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZwrkgADM3I
Also watch, Gametoclonal variation slides to understand, how to changes occur in gametoclones of plants.
https://www.slideshare.net/SharmasClasses/gametoclonal-variation
A process where an embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Somatic embryos (SEs) are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in embryo formation.
Embryos formed by somatic embryogenesis are called Embryoids.
The process was discovered for the first time in Daucas carota L. (carrot) by Steward (1958), Reinert (1959).
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL SEED..?
Artificial seed can be defined as artificial encapsulation of somatic embryos, shoot bud or aggregates of cell of any tissues which has the ability to form a plant in in-vitro or ex-vivo condition.
Artificial seed have also been often referred to as synthetic seed.
HISTORY
Artificial seeds were first introduced in 1970’s as a novel analogue to the plant seeds.
The production of artificial seeds is useful for plants which do not produce viable seeds. It represents a method to propagate these plants.
Artificial seeds are small sized and these provides further advantages in storage, handling and shipping.
The term, “EMBLING” is used for the plants originated from synthetic seed.
• The use of synthetic varieties for commercial cultivation was first suggested in Maize (Hays & Garber, 1919).
Somaclonal Variation in Plant tissue culture - Variation in somaclones (somatic cells of plants)
Somaclonal variation # Basis of somaclonal variation # General feature of Somaclonal variations # Types and causes of somaclonal variation # Isolation procedure of somaclones via without in-vitro method and with in-vitro method with their limitations and advantages # Detection of isolated somaclonal variation # Application (with examples respectively related to crop improvement) # Advantages and disadvantages of somaclonal variations.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZwrkgADM3I
Also watch, Gametoclonal variation slides to understand, how to changes occur in gametoclones of plants.
https://www.slideshare.net/SharmasClasses/gametoclonal-variation
A process where an embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Somatic embryos (SEs) are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in embryo formation.
Embryos formed by somatic embryogenesis are called Embryoids.
The process was discovered for the first time in Daucas carota L. (carrot) by Steward (1958), Reinert (1959).
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL SEED..?
Artificial seed can be defined as artificial encapsulation of somatic embryos, shoot bud or aggregates of cell of any tissues which has the ability to form a plant in in-vitro or ex-vivo condition.
Artificial seed have also been often referred to as synthetic seed.
HISTORY
Artificial seeds were first introduced in 1970’s as a novel analogue to the plant seeds.
The production of artificial seeds is useful for plants which do not produce viable seeds. It represents a method to propagate these plants.
Artificial seeds are small sized and these provides further advantages in storage, handling and shipping.
The term, “EMBLING” is used for the plants originated from synthetic seed.
• The use of synthetic varieties for commercial cultivation was first suggested in Maize (Hays & Garber, 1919).
Organogenesis, in plant tissue cultureKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Definition
Types of organogenesis
Organogenesis through callus formation (indirect organogenesis)
Growth regulators for indirect organogenesis
Organogenesis through adventitious organ (direct organogenesis)
Growth regulators for direct organogenesis
Factor affecting the soot bud differentiation
Organogenic differentiation
Application of organogenesis
Conclusion
References
Somatic embryogenesis, in plant tissue culture 2KAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Types of somatic embryogenesis
Developmental stages
Factors affecting somatic embryogenesis
Importance
Conclusions
References
The process of regeneration of embryos from somatic cells, tissue or organs is regarded as somatic or asexual embryogenesis.
opposite of zygotic or sexual embryogenesis.
Embryo-like structures which can develop into whole plants in a way that is similar to zygotic embryos are formed from somatic cells.
The presentation gives overview of production of secondary metabolites using callus culture as well as tissue culture techniques. Various batch and continuous culturing process are described on the basis of secondary metabolite to be synthesised.
Artificial Seed - Definition, Types & Production ANUGYA JAISWAL
Somatic embryogenesis is expected to be the only clonal propagation system economically viable for crops currently propagated by seeds However, it would require mechanical planting of somatic embryogenesis. Although suggestions have been made to use naked embryos for large scale planting, it would be desirable to convert them into 'synthetic seeds' or 'synseeds' by encapsulating in a protective covering.
Kitto and Janick (1982, 1985a,b) selected polyoxyethylene (Polyox r) which is readily soluble in water and dries to form a thin film, does not support growth of microorganism and is non-toxic to the embryos.
Invitro culture of unpollinated ovaries and ovules represents an alternative for the production of haploid plant
First successful report on the induction of gynogenic haploid was in barley by San Noeum in 1976
Haploid plants are obtained from ovary and ovule culture of rice, wheat, maize, sunflower, tobacco, poplar, mulberry etc
Whites or MS or N6 inorganic salt medium supplement with growth substances are used
Organogenesis, in plant tissue cultureKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Definition
Types of organogenesis
Organogenesis through callus formation (indirect organogenesis)
Growth regulators for indirect organogenesis
Organogenesis through adventitious organ (direct organogenesis)
Growth regulators for direct organogenesis
Factor affecting the soot bud differentiation
Organogenic differentiation
Application of organogenesis
Conclusion
References
Somatic embryogenesis, in plant tissue culture 2KAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Types of somatic embryogenesis
Developmental stages
Factors affecting somatic embryogenesis
Importance
Conclusions
References
The process of regeneration of embryos from somatic cells, tissue or organs is regarded as somatic or asexual embryogenesis.
opposite of zygotic or sexual embryogenesis.
Embryo-like structures which can develop into whole plants in a way that is similar to zygotic embryos are formed from somatic cells.
The presentation gives overview of production of secondary metabolites using callus culture as well as tissue culture techniques. Various batch and continuous culturing process are described on the basis of secondary metabolite to be synthesised.
Artificial Seed - Definition, Types & Production ANUGYA JAISWAL
Somatic embryogenesis is expected to be the only clonal propagation system economically viable for crops currently propagated by seeds However, it would require mechanical planting of somatic embryogenesis. Although suggestions have been made to use naked embryos for large scale planting, it would be desirable to convert them into 'synthetic seeds' or 'synseeds' by encapsulating in a protective covering.
Kitto and Janick (1982, 1985a,b) selected polyoxyethylene (Polyox r) which is readily soluble in water and dries to form a thin film, does not support growth of microorganism and is non-toxic to the embryos.
Invitro culture of unpollinated ovaries and ovules represents an alternative for the production of haploid plant
First successful report on the induction of gynogenic haploid was in barley by San Noeum in 1976
Haploid plants are obtained from ovary and ovule culture of rice, wheat, maize, sunflower, tobacco, poplar, mulberry etc
Whites or MS or N6 inorganic salt medium supplement with growth substances are used
Much faster rates of growth can be induced in vitro than by traditional means.
Multiplication of plants which are very difficult to propagate by cuttings or other traditional methods.
Production of large numbers of genetically identical clones in a short time
Seeds can be germinated with no risk of damping off/ predation.
Under certain conditions, plant material can be stored in vitro for considerable periods of time with little or no maintenance
Tissue culture techniques are used for virus eradication, genetic manipulation, somatic hybridization and other procedures that benefit propagation, crop improvement, and basic research.
By means of tissue culture it is possible to produce pathogen free plantlets by mass multiplication in a very limited amount of area from a very small sterile part of a mother plant. This method is also used to produce/ multiply plants that are to be transported across national border and so for their faster multiplication.But the establishment of a tissue culturing unit needs huge financial investments, skilled labors/technicians and required areas for its establishment are major constraints. Plant tissues grow and multiply in the labs only when there is an uncompetitive, growing condition with uninterrupted supply of nutrients.
Medium:
It contains all the elements that contribute the required nutrients that aid to the growth of the tissues; it is in liquid state or semi-solid in nature. The tissues are grown on the media. It consists of 95% of water, major and minor nutrients, plant growth hormones, vitamins, sugar rich compounds and chelating agents.
Totipotency:
It is the ability of a tissue or an organ of a plant to produce the whole plant, under the optional laboratory conditions and this is called as Totipotency. This is the baseline over which plant tissue culture relies upon.
Callus Culture:
When the cells divide into an undifferentiated mass it is called as callus. Any part of a plant can be used to produce the calli. It may be a stem, leaf, meristem or any other part. It is used to produce variations among the plantlets.
Suspension culture:
The callus produced from the explants are grown on nutrient solutions (that are semi solid) for a period of time and they are induced to produce plants with new traits.
Embryo Culture:
The method of culturing mature and immature embryos in media is called embryo culture. By this method, it is possible to produce plants from dormant seeds and seeds with metabolites that inhibit germination. This method is very important in crop improvement programs.
Somatic Embryogenesis:
When the plants are grown on nutrient media, calli are formed. When these calli are subjected to growth in cytokinin medium, somatic embryos are formed. They are circular, elongated,
Single cell culture
• As stated earlier, cells derived from a single cell through mitosis constitute a clone and the process of obtaining clones is called cloning (asexual progeny of a single individual make up.
Plant Tissue Culture Technique and its applicationsKomal Jalan
Plant tissue culture and its application on horticultural crops.it is the best method to grow the crops in high number especially the highly demanding ones.
Plant Tissue Culture Technique and its applicationsKomal Jalan
Plant tissue culture technique and its commercial application on horticultural crops.It is the best technique used all over the world to produce the replica of the plant in high number especially used for highly demanding crops.
MEDICINAL PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY UNIT 2, MPG, SEM 2. NOTES Different tissue culture techniques: Organogenesis and embryogenesis, synthetic seed and monoclonal variation
Protoplast fusion, Hairy root multiple shoot cultures and their applications.
Micro propagation of medicinal and aromatic plants.
Sterilization methods involved in tissue culture, gene transfer in plants and their applications.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2. Introduction:
• Synthetic seed can be defined as the artificial encapsulation of somatic embryo,
shoot buds or aggregates of cell or any tissues which has the ability to form a
plant in in-vitro or ex vivo condition.
• Synthetic seeds can be stored for a long time in appropriate condition.
• Synthetic seed production and used technology is rapidly growing branch of seed
biotechnology.
• Toshio Murashige in 1970 first coined the term synthetic seed.
• Synthetic seed production requires the large scale production of viable plant
material in lab condition using invitro culture system.
3. What is seed?
• Botanically- Seed is a ripened ovule
• Genetically- Connecting link between two generations for transfer of traits
• Agriculturally- Any plant part with regeneration capacity
What is synthetic seed?
• Synthetic seeds are artificially encapsulated somatic embryos or other vegetative
parts such as shoot buds, cell aggregates, auxiliary buds, or any other
micropropagules which can be sown as a seed and converted into a plant under
in vitro or in vivo conditions
4.
5.
6.
7. Production of Synthetic Seed:
• Explant is selected from choice of plant
• In a laboratory using tissue culture techniques callus is induced in the explants.
• Using tissue culture techniques somatic embryo is induced in the callus.
• Somatic embryo are proliferated
• Histodifferentiation and maturation of somatic embryo
• Desiccation and tolerance induction using tissue culture techniques.
• Encapsulation of somatic embryo
• Invitro germination or transported to field for germination.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12. Need for Synthetic seed production technology
• Characteristics of Clonal Propagation Systems
• Micropropagation
• Low volume, small scale propagation method
• Maintains genetic uniformity of plants
• Acclimatisation of plantlets required prior to field planting
• High cost per plantlet
• Relatively low multiplication rate
• Greenhouse cuttings
• Rooting of plantlets required prior to field planting
• Multiplication rate limited by mother plant size
• Artificial seeds
• High volume, large scale propagation method
• Direct delivery of propagules to the field, thus eliminating transplants
• Lower cost per plantlet
• Rapid multiplication of plants.
13.
14. • Based on the techniques two types of synthetic seeds are produced such as desiccated
and hydrated.
•Desiccated synthetic seeds:
• Desiccated synthetic seeds are produced nacked or polyoxyethylene glycol
encapsulated somatic embryo.
• This type of synthetic seeds is produced in decciation tolerant species of plant.
•Hydrated synthetic seeds:
• Hydrated synthetic seeds are produced by encapsulating the somatic embryos in
hydrogels like sodium alginate, potassium alginate, carrageenan, sodium pectate or
sodium alginate with gelatine.
• Encapsulation or synthetic seed or artificial seed are used to provide protection to the
artificially produced propagules.
• Encapsulation technologies are used to produce artificial or synthetic seeds of species
belonging to angiosperm and gymnosperm families.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19. Applications of Synthetic Seeds:
Hybrid plants can be easily propagated using synthetic seed technology
Genetically modified plant or crops can be propagated using synthetic seed technology.
Endangered species can be propagated using synthetic seed technology.
Elite genotype can be preserved and propagated using artificial seed technology.
Synthetic seed production is cost effective when compared to traditional method.
Synthetic seeds can be directly used in fields
Genetic uniformity is maintained by using synthetic seed technology.
Synthetic seeds can be transported from one country to another without obligations
from quarantine department.
Cereals, fruits and medicinal plants can be studied anywhere in the world using
synthetic seeds.
Synthetic seed transportation is easy as these do not contain any disease causing
agents. As synthetic seeds are produced using sterile plant materials produced using
plant tissue culture techniques.
20. Synthetic seeds are small therefore they are easy to handle.
Synthetic seed encapsulation provides aseptic condition to the plant material or
explant, which is present inside the capsule.
While producing the synthetic seed encapsulation herbicides can be added to the
formulation, this herbicide will provide extra protection to the explants against
pests and diseases.
Synthetic seed plantation can be done by using the sowing farm machinery.
Synthetic seed crops are easy to maintain because of uniform genetic
constituent.
This technology improves the food production and also produces environment
friendly plantation.
21. Advantages of synthetic seeds
• This method is for large scale productions.
• It maintains genetic uniformity for a high number of generations. Most plant
tissue culture methods fail to maintain genetic uniformity for longer durations.
• According to literature, the costs of producing a plant using this technology is
low.
• It facilitates rapid multiplication of plants.
• One of the biggest merit of this method is direct delivery of plant parts
(protected with viable coating) to the field.
• These seeds have potential for short and medium term storage without losing
viability.
• As compared to plantlets, it is easy to handle and tranport synthetic seeds.
22. Disadvantages
• Somatic embryos have low survival rates for most plant species, which also limits the
value of synthetic seeds.
• There are not many protocols available to produce propagules from different plant
parts using plant tissue culture methods. Hence less useful material available for
producing synthetic seeds.
• In some cases, inefficient maturation of somatic embryos leads to poor germination and
hence poor growth and development.
• According to scientists, somatic embryos from some plants species are not capable of
germinating out of the capsule or coating. Hence, they are not able to form normal
plants rapidly.
• The concentration of coating material is also a limiting factor for producing synthetic
seeds. It should have nutrient supplementing materials for facilitating germination and
growth.
• When the shape of synthetic seeds is not matching the farm machinery then it is hard
to use them for transplantation. Hence, seeds should be transplantable.
• One of the major problems these seeds face is quick drying out of capsules. You need to
store them in a humid environment and coat them with hydrophobic materials to
prevent drying.