The document discusses the history and applications of genetically modified plants. The first genetically modified plant was produced in 1982 using an antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant. The first genetically modified crop approved for commercial sale in the US was the FlavrSavr tomato in 1994, which had a longer shelf life. Genetic engineering techniques are used to improve crop traits like herbicide and insect resistance, virus resistance, oil and fruit content, and abiotic stress tolerance.
Meristem tip culture for the production of the virus free plantsArjun Rayamajhi
This presentation gives general idea on the meristem tip culture for the production of the virus free plants. The principles, methods and procedures of the meristem tip culture included. General idea on different in vitro culture techniques for virus elimination meristem tip culture viz. thermotherapy, cryotherapy,chemotherapy and electrotherapy are provided.
A process where an embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Somatic embryos (SEs) are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in embryo formation.
Embryos formed by somatic embryogenesis are called Embryoids.
The process was discovered for the first time in Daucas carota L. (carrot) by Steward (1958), Reinert (1959).
An overview of the Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer process. Moreover, studied different kinds of Agrobacterium species are involved in this mechanism.
Agrobacterium is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria found mostly in the soil. It is a plant pathogen that is responsible for causing crown gall disease in them. This bacteria is also known as the natural genetic engineer because of it's the ability to integrate its plasmid Gene into the plant genome.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfer of their genetic material T-DNA of Ti-plasmid into the plant cell: A: Agrobacterium tumefaciens; B: Agrobacterium genome; C: Ti Plasmid : a: T-DNA , b: Vir genes , c: Replication origin , d: Opines catabolism genes; D: Plant cell
A Ti-Plasmid (tumor-inducing plasmid) is a ds, circular DNA that often, but not always. It's a piece of genetic equipment that transfers genetic material from bacterial cells means Agrobacterium tumefaciens into plant cells used to induce tumors in the plant. The Ti-plasmid is damage when Agrobacterium is grown above 28 °C. Such cured bacteria don't induce crown gall disease in the plant due to they are avirulent. The Ti-Plasmid are classified into two types on the basis of opine genes are present in T-DNA.
The Plasmid has 196 genes that code for 195 proteins. There is no one structural RNA. The plasmid is 206.479 nucleotides long. the GC content is 56% and 81% of the genetic material is coding genes.
The modification of this plasmid is a very important source in the production of transgenic plants.
The T-DNA must be cut out of the circular plasmid. A VirD1/D2 complex nicks the DNA at the left and right border sequences. The VirD2 protein is covalently attached to the 5' end. VirD2 contains a motif that leads to the nucleoprotein complex being targeted to the type IV secretion system (T4SS).
In the cytoplasm of the recipient cell, the T-DNA complex becomes coated with VirE2 proteins, which are exported through the T4SS independently from the T-DNA complex. Nuclear localization signals, or NLS, located on the VirE2 and VirD2 are recognized by the importin alpha protein, which then associates with importin beta and the nuclear pore complex to transfer the T-DNA into the nucleus. So that the T-DNA can integrate into the host genome.
We inoculate Agrobacterium containing our genes of interest, onto wounded plant tissue explants. The Agrobacterium then transfers the gene of interest into the DNA of the plant tissue.
The different types of external stresses that influence the plant growth and development.
These stresses are grouped based on their characters
Biotic
Abiotic
Almost all the stresses, either directly or indirectly, lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that create oxidative stress in plants.
This damages the cellular constituents of plants which are associated with a reduction in plant yield.
1.What is plant tissue culture?
2.Production of virus free plants.
3.History.
4.Virus elimination by heat treatment.
5.Virus elimination by Meristem Tip culture.
6.Factor affecting virus eradication by Meristem Tip culture.
7.Chemotherapy.
8.Virus elimination through in vitro shoot-tip Grafting.
9.Virus Indexing.
10.Conclusion .
11.References .
Meristem tip culture for the production of the virus free plantsArjun Rayamajhi
This presentation gives general idea on the meristem tip culture for the production of the virus free plants. The principles, methods and procedures of the meristem tip culture included. General idea on different in vitro culture techniques for virus elimination meristem tip culture viz. thermotherapy, cryotherapy,chemotherapy and electrotherapy are provided.
A process where an embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Somatic embryos (SEs) are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in embryo formation.
Embryos formed by somatic embryogenesis are called Embryoids.
The process was discovered for the first time in Daucas carota L. (carrot) by Steward (1958), Reinert (1959).
An overview of the Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer process. Moreover, studied different kinds of Agrobacterium species are involved in this mechanism.
Agrobacterium is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria found mostly in the soil. It is a plant pathogen that is responsible for causing crown gall disease in them. This bacteria is also known as the natural genetic engineer because of it's the ability to integrate its plasmid Gene into the plant genome.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfer of their genetic material T-DNA of Ti-plasmid into the plant cell: A: Agrobacterium tumefaciens; B: Agrobacterium genome; C: Ti Plasmid : a: T-DNA , b: Vir genes , c: Replication origin , d: Opines catabolism genes; D: Plant cell
A Ti-Plasmid (tumor-inducing plasmid) is a ds, circular DNA that often, but not always. It's a piece of genetic equipment that transfers genetic material from bacterial cells means Agrobacterium tumefaciens into plant cells used to induce tumors in the plant. The Ti-plasmid is damage when Agrobacterium is grown above 28 °C. Such cured bacteria don't induce crown gall disease in the plant due to they are avirulent. The Ti-Plasmid are classified into two types on the basis of opine genes are present in T-DNA.
The Plasmid has 196 genes that code for 195 proteins. There is no one structural RNA. The plasmid is 206.479 nucleotides long. the GC content is 56% and 81% of the genetic material is coding genes.
The modification of this plasmid is a very important source in the production of transgenic plants.
The T-DNA must be cut out of the circular plasmid. A VirD1/D2 complex nicks the DNA at the left and right border sequences. The VirD2 protein is covalently attached to the 5' end. VirD2 contains a motif that leads to the nucleoprotein complex being targeted to the type IV secretion system (T4SS).
In the cytoplasm of the recipient cell, the T-DNA complex becomes coated with VirE2 proteins, which are exported through the T4SS independently from the T-DNA complex. Nuclear localization signals, or NLS, located on the VirE2 and VirD2 are recognized by the importin alpha protein, which then associates with importin beta and the nuclear pore complex to transfer the T-DNA into the nucleus. So that the T-DNA can integrate into the host genome.
We inoculate Agrobacterium containing our genes of interest, onto wounded plant tissue explants. The Agrobacterium then transfers the gene of interest into the DNA of the plant tissue.
The different types of external stresses that influence the plant growth and development.
These stresses are grouped based on their characters
Biotic
Abiotic
Almost all the stresses, either directly or indirectly, lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that create oxidative stress in plants.
This damages the cellular constituents of plants which are associated with a reduction in plant yield.
1.What is plant tissue culture?
2.Production of virus free plants.
3.History.
4.Virus elimination by heat treatment.
5.Virus elimination by Meristem Tip culture.
6.Factor affecting virus eradication by Meristem Tip culture.
7.Chemotherapy.
8.Virus elimination through in vitro shoot-tip Grafting.
9.Virus Indexing.
10.Conclusion .
11.References .
Somaclonal Variation in Plant tissue culture - Variation in somaclones (somatic cells of plants)
Somaclonal variation # Basis of somaclonal variation # General feature of Somaclonal variations # Types and causes of somaclonal variation # Isolation procedure of somaclones via without in-vitro method and with in-vitro method with their limitations and advantages # Detection of isolated somaclonal variation # Application (with examples respectively related to crop improvement) # Advantages and disadvantages of somaclonal variations.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZwrkgADM3I
Also watch, Gametoclonal variation slides to understand, how to changes occur in gametoclones of plants.
https://www.slideshare.net/SharmasClasses/gametoclonal-variation
Aseptic techniques in plant tissue culturekumarkanika
Importance of practising Aseptic Techniques in plant tissue culture and what are these techniques what precautions should be taken when doing tissue culture
A presentation covering the process of protoplast culture including protoplast isolation, protoplast fusion, culture of protoplast, its application, factors affecting protoplast culture and the future of protoplasts.
this presentation deals with Molecular Ph(f)arming, and bio-safety issues related to it. This was presented by me in credit seminar in the division of Agricultural physics, IARI, New Delhi.
the sources used are duly acknowledged in the figures and slides.
Somaclonal Variation in Plant tissue culture - Variation in somaclones (somatic cells of plants)
Somaclonal variation # Basis of somaclonal variation # General feature of Somaclonal variations # Types and causes of somaclonal variation # Isolation procedure of somaclones via without in-vitro method and with in-vitro method with their limitations and advantages # Detection of isolated somaclonal variation # Application (with examples respectively related to crop improvement) # Advantages and disadvantages of somaclonal variations.
Also watch, Gametoclonal variation slides to understand, how to changes occur in gametoclones of plants.
https://www.slideshare.net/SharmasClasses/gametoclonal-variation
Haploid Production - Techniques, Application & Problem ANUGYA JAISWAL
Haploid is applied to any plant originating from a sporophyte (2n) and containing (n) number of chromosomes.
Artificial production of haploids was attempted through distant hybridization, delayed pollination, application of irradiated pollen, hormone treatment and temperature shock.
The artificial production of haploids until 1964 was attempted through:
1. Distant hybridization
2. Delayed pollination
3. Application of irradiated pollen
4. Hormone treatments
5. Temperature shocks
The development of numerous pollen plantlets in anther cultures of Datura innoxia, first reported by two Indian scientists (Guha and Maheshwari, 1964, 1966), was a major breakthrough in haploid breeding of higher plants.
The technique of haploid production through anther culture ('anther - androgenesis') has been extended successfully to numerous plant species, including many economically important plants, such as cereals and vegetable, oil and tree crops.
The concept of gene for gene hypothesis was first developed by Flor in 1956 based on his studies of host pathogen interaction in flax, for rust caused by Melampsora lini. The gene for gene hypothesis states that for each gene controlling resistance in the host, there is corresponding gene controlling pathogenicity in the pathogen. The resistance of host is governed by dominant genes and virulence of pathogen by recessive genes. The genotype of host and pathogen determine the disease reaction. When genes in host and pathogen match for all loci, then only the host will show susceptible reaction. If some gene loci remain unmatched, the host will show resistant reaction. Now gene – for –gene relationship has been reported in several other crops like potato, sorghum, wheat, etc. The gene for gene hypothesis is also known as “Flor Hypothesis.”
Somaclonal Variation in Plant tissue culture - Variation in somaclones (somatic cells of plants)
Somaclonal variation # Basis of somaclonal variation # General feature of Somaclonal variations # Types and causes of somaclonal variation # Isolation procedure of somaclones via without in-vitro method and with in-vitro method with their limitations and advantages # Detection of isolated somaclonal variation # Application (with examples respectively related to crop improvement) # Advantages and disadvantages of somaclonal variations.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZwrkgADM3I
Also watch, Gametoclonal variation slides to understand, how to changes occur in gametoclones of plants.
https://www.slideshare.net/SharmasClasses/gametoclonal-variation
Aseptic techniques in plant tissue culturekumarkanika
Importance of practising Aseptic Techniques in plant tissue culture and what are these techniques what precautions should be taken when doing tissue culture
A presentation covering the process of protoplast culture including protoplast isolation, protoplast fusion, culture of protoplast, its application, factors affecting protoplast culture and the future of protoplasts.
this presentation deals with Molecular Ph(f)arming, and bio-safety issues related to it. This was presented by me in credit seminar in the division of Agricultural physics, IARI, New Delhi.
the sources used are duly acknowledged in the figures and slides.
Somaclonal Variation in Plant tissue culture - Variation in somaclones (somatic cells of plants)
Somaclonal variation # Basis of somaclonal variation # General feature of Somaclonal variations # Types and causes of somaclonal variation # Isolation procedure of somaclones via without in-vitro method and with in-vitro method with their limitations and advantages # Detection of isolated somaclonal variation # Application (with examples respectively related to crop improvement) # Advantages and disadvantages of somaclonal variations.
Also watch, Gametoclonal variation slides to understand, how to changes occur in gametoclones of plants.
https://www.slideshare.net/SharmasClasses/gametoclonal-variation
Haploid Production - Techniques, Application & Problem ANUGYA JAISWAL
Haploid is applied to any plant originating from a sporophyte (2n) and containing (n) number of chromosomes.
Artificial production of haploids was attempted through distant hybridization, delayed pollination, application of irradiated pollen, hormone treatment and temperature shock.
The artificial production of haploids until 1964 was attempted through:
1. Distant hybridization
2. Delayed pollination
3. Application of irradiated pollen
4. Hormone treatments
5. Temperature shocks
The development of numerous pollen plantlets in anther cultures of Datura innoxia, first reported by two Indian scientists (Guha and Maheshwari, 1964, 1966), was a major breakthrough in haploid breeding of higher plants.
The technique of haploid production through anther culture ('anther - androgenesis') has been extended successfully to numerous plant species, including many economically important plants, such as cereals and vegetable, oil and tree crops.
The concept of gene for gene hypothesis was first developed by Flor in 1956 based on his studies of host pathogen interaction in flax, for rust caused by Melampsora lini. The gene for gene hypothesis states that for each gene controlling resistance in the host, there is corresponding gene controlling pathogenicity in the pathogen. The resistance of host is governed by dominant genes and virulence of pathogen by recessive genes. The genotype of host and pathogen determine the disease reaction. When genes in host and pathogen match for all loci, then only the host will show susceptible reaction. If some gene loci remain unmatched, the host will show resistant reaction. Now gene – for –gene relationship has been reported in several other crops like potato, sorghum, wheat, etc. The gene for gene hypothesis is also known as “Flor Hypothesis.”
This articles is based on information regarding how to produce microbial enzymes, methods of enzyme purification including sources and application of microbial enzymes.
production and information on Hyaluronic acid.Riddhi Karnik
history and information about hyaluronic acid its Production of hyaluronic acid. the traditional way and by genetically modifying organisms.source used is molecular biotechnology 4th edition by GICK.
Epidemiology of marburg hemorrhagic feverRiddhi Karnik
Epidemiology of Marburg virus Hemorrhagic Fever, quick insights into epidemiology of a less known virus. it covers the data collected from various trusted sites. do like and share if helpful!!!
scientific communication has become crucial to make you a successful in scientific community. Become aware of various modes available to communicate the scientific knowledge and add this skill to your career, see the change!!!
antimicrobial potential of parthenium plant extracts and studyRiddhi Karnik
this is a small project done at undergrad level on pathenium plant which is a harmful weed especially in INDIA it destroys the crops to a very large extent
a quick visual understanding of what actually nervous tissue is made up of at cellular level its functions nerve cell types chemical synapse detailed structure of neuron
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
2. Was under trial and error for almost 9900 years.
The first genetically modified plant was produced in 1982,
using an antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant.
The first genetically modified crop approved for sale in the
U.S., in 1994, was the FlavrSavr tomato, which had a
longer shelf life, as it took longer to soften after ripening.
As of mid-1996, a total of 35 approvals had been granted
to commercially grow 8 transgenic crops and one flower
crop of carnations, with 8 different traits in 6 countries
plus the EU. In 2000, with the production of golden rice,
scientists genetically modified food to increase its
nutrient value for the first time.
HISTORY
3. • To improve the agricultural, horticultural or ornamental
value of a crop plant
• To serve as a bioreactor for the production of economically
important proteins or metabolites
• To provide a powerful means for studying the action of
genes (and gene products) during development and other
biological processes
WHY GENETICALLY ENGINEER PLANTS?
4. Applications of Plant Genetic
Engineering
A.Crop Improvement
B.Genetically Engineered Traits: The Big Six
1.Herbicide Resistance
2.Insect Resistance
3.Virus Resistance
4.Altered Oil Content
5.Delayed Fruit Ripening
6.Pollen Control
C.Biotech Revolution: Cold and Drought
Tolerance and Weather-Gaurd Genes
D.Genetically Engineered Foods
1.Soybeans
2.Corn
3.Cotton
4.Other Crops
6. Leaf Disc Method for A. t. Mediated Transformation
Leaf Disk Preparation Co-cultivation with Agrobacterium Selection for Transformation
Regeneration of Shoots
6
7. Genetic engineering techniques
applied to plants
METHOD SALIENT FEATURES
1.VECTOR MEDIATED GENE
TRANSFER
a. Agrobacterium mediated
gene transfer
b. Plant viral vectors
Very efficient but limited to a selected group of plants
Ineffective, hence not widely used
2.DIRECT OR VECTORLESS
DNA TRANSFER
a. Electroporation
b. Microprojectile
c. Liposome fusion
d. Silicon carbide fibres
Mostly confined to protoplasts that can be regenerated to
viable plants
Limited use only one cell can be microinjected at a time
Confined to protoplasts that can be regenerated into viable
whole plants
Requires regenerable cell suspensions
3 CHEMICAL METHODS
a. Polyethylene glycol
mediated
b.Diethylaminoethyl(DEAE)dext
ran- mediated
Confined to protoplasts. Regeneration of fertile plants is
frequently problematical
Very less results
8. Herbicides are generally non-selective (killing both
weeds and crop plants) and must be applied before
the crop plants germinate
Four potential ways to engineer herbicide resistant
plants
1. Inhibit uptake of the herbicide
2. Overproduce the herbicide-sensitive target protein
3. Reduce the ability of the herbicide-sensitive target
to bind to the herbicide
4. Give plants the ability to inactivate the herbicide
HERBICIDES AND HERBICIDE-RESISTANT
PLANTS
9. HERBICIDE-RESISTANT PLANTS:
REDUCING THE ABILITY OF THE HERBICIDE-SENSITIVE
TARGET TO BIND TO THE HERBICIDE
Herbicide: Glyphosate (better known as Roundup)
Resistance to Roundup (an inhibitor of the enzyme
EPSP involved in aromatic amino acid biosynthesis)
was obtained by finding a mutant version of EPSP
from E. coli that does not bind Roundup and
expressing it in plants (soybean, tobacco, petunia,
tomato, potato, and cotton)
5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase
(EPSP) is a chloroplast enzyme in the shikimate
pathway and plays a key role in the synthesis of
aromatic amino acids such as tyrosine and
phenylalanine
10. Genetic engineering here is more challenging;
however, some strategies are possible:
Individually or in combination express pathogenesis-
related (PR) proteins, which include b1,3-glucanases,
chitinases, thaumatin-like proteins, and protease
inhibitors
Overexpression of the NPR1 gene which encodes the
“master” regulatory protein for turning on the PR
protein genes
Overproducing salicylic acid in plants by the addition
of two bacterial genes; SA activates the NPR1 gene
and thus results in production of PR proteins
FUNGUS- AND BACTERIUM-RESISTANT
PLANTS
11. Modification of plant nutritional
content: increasing the vitamin A
content of plants
• 124 million children
worldwide are deficient in
vitamin A, which leads to
death and blindness
• Mammals make vitamin A
from b-carotene, a common
carotenoid pigment normally
found in plant photosynthetic
membranes
• Here, the idea was to
engineer the b-carotene
pathway into rice
• The transgenic rice is yellow
or golden in color and is
called “golden rice”
*Expression of enzymes
of β-carotene pathway
in rice endosperm
*Amelioration of Vitamin
A deficiency
12. Edible Vaccines – Ongoing
Research Areas
Hepatitis B
Dental caries - Anti-tooth decay Ab
Autoimmune diabetes
Cholera
Rabies
HIV
Rhinovirus
Foot and Mouth
Enteritis virus
Malaria
Influenza
Cancer
13. EDIBLE VACCINES FROM PLANTS
Two strategies for production
1) Expression of foreign antigens in plant via stable
transformation
2) Delivery of vaccine epitopes via plant virus
(Mason and Arntzen, 1995)
14. Strategy for the production of candidate vaccine
antigens in plant tissues
15. e
RABIES VIRUS G PROTEIN IN TOMATO
• Gene linked to CaMV35S
promoter
• Introduced to tomato plants by
Agrobacterium- mediated
transformation
• Expression of recombinant
glycoprotein in leaves and fruits
• Protein localized in Golgi bodies,
vesicles and plasma lemma
16. Norwalk virus (cold virus) capsid protein in potato
and tobacco
• Causative agent for acute epidemic
gastroenteritis
• NVCP was fused to CaMV35S promoter
• Transformation by Agrobacterium
• Expression level: varies with plant
(
17. DEVELOPMENT OF STRESS- AND
SENESCENCE-TOLERANT PLANTS: GENETIC
ENGINEERING OF SALT-RESISTANT PLANTS
Overexpression of
the gene encoding
a Na+/H+ antiport
protein which
transports Na+ into
the plant cell
vacuole
This has been done
in Arabidopsis and
tomato plants
allowing them to
survive on 200 mM
salt (NaCl)
18. Frost Resistance
• Ice-minus bacteria
• Ice nucleation on plant surfaces caused by
bacteria that aid in protein-water coalescence
forming ice crystals @ 0oC (320F)
• Ice-minus Pseudomonas syringae
• Modified by removing genes responsible for
crystal formation
• Sprayed onto plants
• Displaces wild type strains
• Protected to 23oF
• Dew freezes beyond this point
• Extends growth season
• First deliberate release experiment – Steven
Lindow – 1987- sprayed potatoes
19. Development of stress- and senescence-tolerant
plants: genetic engineering of flavorful tomatoes
Fruit ripening is a natural aging or senescence process that involves two
independent pathways, flavor development and fruit softening.
Typically, tomatoes are picked when they are not very ripe (i.e., hard and
green) to allow for safe shipping of the fruit.
Polygalacturonase is a plant enzyme that degrades pectins in plant cell
walls and contribute to fruit softening.
In order to allow tomatoes to ripen on the vine and still be hard enough
for safe shipping of the fruit, polygalacturonase gene expression
was inhibited by introduction of an antisense polygalacturonase
gene and created the first commercial genetically engineered
plant called the FLAVR SAVR tomato.
Flavor development pathway
Fruit softening pathway
Green Red
Hard Soft
polygalacturonaseantisense polygalacturonase
20. Crop Organization Gene
Brinjal IARI, New Delhi cr y1Ab, cr y1Ac
MAHYCO, Mumbai
Cauliflower MAHYCO, Mumbai cr y1Ac
Sungrow Seeds Ltd., New Delhi
Cabbage Sungrow Seeds Ltd., New Delhi cr y1Ac
Chickpea ICRISAT, Hyderabad cr y1Ac, cr y1Ab
Groundnut ICRISAT, Hyderabad IPCVcp, IPCV replicase,
Maize Monsanto, Mumbia CP4 EPSPS
Mustard IARI, New Delhi CodA, Osmotin,
NRCWS, Jabalpur bar, barnase, barstar
TERI, New Delhi Ssu-maize, Psy, Ssu-tpCr tI
UDSC, New Delhi bar, barnase, barstar
Okra MAHYCO, Mumbai cr y1Ac
Pigeonpea ICRISAT, Hyderabad cr y1Ab + SBTI
MAHYCO, Mumbai cr y1Ac
Potato CPRI, Simla cr y1Ab
NCPGR, New Delhi Ama-1
Rice Directorate of Rice Research, Bacterial blight res, Xa -21,
Hyderabad
Osmania University, Hyderabad cr y1Ab, gna gene,
IARI, New Delhi gna
MAHYCO, Mumbai Bt, chitinase, cr y1Ac and Aa
MKU, Madurai cr y1Ac
MSSRF, Chennai chitinase, B -1,3-glucanase
TNAU, Coimbatore chitinase
Sorghum MAHYCO, Mumbai cr y1Ac
Transgenic crop under development and field trials in India
21. • improved nutritional quality
• increased crop yield
• insect resistance
• disease resistance
• herbicide resistance
• salt tolerance
• biopharmaceuticals
• saving valuable topsoil
• ability to grow plants in harsh environments
ADVANTAGES OF GM CROPS
22. • Damage to human health
•allergies
•horizontal transfer and antibiotic resistance
•eating foreign DNA
•changed nutrient levels
• Damage to the natural environment
•crop-to-weed gene flow
•leakage of GM proteins into soil
•reductions in pesticide spraying: are they real?
• Disruption of current practices of farming and food
production in developed countries
•crop-to-crop gene flow
• Disruption of traditional practices and economies in
less developed countries.
• Lack of research on consequences of transgenic
crops.
DISADVANTAGES OF GM CROPS
23. Foods produced using biotechnology has not been
established as safe and are not adequately
regulated.
Crops produced using biotechnology will negatively
impact the environment.
The long term
effects of foods developed using biotechnology are
unknown.
MYTHS RELATED TO GENETIC MODIFICATION
24. Genetically-modified foods have the potential
to solve many of the world's hunger and
malnutrition problems, and to help protect and
preserve the environment by increasing yield
and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides
and herbicides. Yet there are many challenges
ahead for governments, especially in the areas
of safety testing, regulation, international
policy and food labeling. Many people feel that
genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of
the future and that we cannot afford to ignore
a technology that has such enormous potential
benefits. However, we must proceed with
caution to avoid causing unintended harm to
human health and the environment as a result
of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology.
CONCLUSION
25. Principles of genetic manipulations.
PRIMROSE 5th EDITION
INTERNET
MOLECULAR BIOTECHNOLOGY by GLICK
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_crops
REFERENCES