Topic 4 Wave optics (English).pptx
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This document discusses various topics in wave optics including wavefronts, interference, diffraction from single and double slits, and diffraction gratings. It defines key terms such as coherence, optical path difference, and constructive and destructive interference. It presents Huygens' principle which describes how wavefronts propagate. Young's double slit experiment is used to demonstrate interference patterns. Formulas are provided for interference fringe spacing, single slit diffraction, and diffraction from diffraction gratings.
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1) Fresnel's theory of diffraction explains that diffraction occurs due to the interference of secondary wavelets produced by unobstructed portions of the wavefront.
2) When considering the diffraction pattern at a point P, Fresnel divided the wavefront into concentric half-period zones centered on the point's pole O. The contribution of each zone to the intensity at P depends on the zone's area and distance from P.
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1. Diffraction refers to the bending of light around the corners of an obstacle or aperture into the region of geometrical shadow.
2. Fraunhofer diffraction occurs when there is a planar wavefront and the observation is at infinity, producing fixed diffraction patterns. Fresnel diffraction involves cylindrical wavefronts and a finite observation distance, producing patterns that change as you propagate downstream.
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1) Wave interference occurs when two waves meet while traveling along the same medium, causing the medium to take on a shape resulting from the net effect of the individual waves.
2) Constructive interference occurs when wave displacements are in the same direction, like two crests or two troughs meeting, increasing displacement. Destructive interference occurs when displacements oppose each other, like a crest and trough meeting, decreasing displacement.
3) When waves interfere according to the principle of superposition, the resulting displacement at each location is the algebraic sum of the individual displacements. This can produce standing wave patterns with points of no displacement called nodes and maximum displacement called antinodes.
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3. Thin films can produce interference and appear colored due to the path differences between light rays reflecting and refracting within the film, with different colors seen for different path differences satisfying the interference conditions.
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1. Diffraction occurs when light bends around obstacles and into regions of geometric shadows. Diffraction patterns from a single slit include a central maximum surrounded by alternating dark and bright fringes whose angles follow mathematical formulas.
2. The theory of diffraction is based on the principle of interference of secondary wavelets emerging from different parts of a wavefront.
3. Polarization of light waves occurs as the electric field oscillates perpendicular to the direction of propagation, and polarizers and analyzers can be used to study polarized light according to Malus' Law.
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This document provides information on various topics related to wave optics, including electromagnetic waves, diffraction, diffraction at a single slit, the theory of diffraction, polarization of light waves, Malus' law, polarization by reflection, and polaroids. Some key points summarized:
- Diffraction is the bending and spreading of light waves around obstacles or through openings, resulting in interference patterns of light and dark fringes. Diffraction occurs due to the superposition of secondary wavelets from the wavefront.
- At a single slit, a central bright fringe and a series of alternating bright and dark fringes are observed at increasing angles from the center. The locations and widths of these fringes can be explained by the theory of
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in wave optics, including electromagnetic waves, diffraction, interference, and polarization. It discusses how electromagnetic waves have oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Diffraction is defined as the bending of light around obstacles and into shadow regions. The document then examines diffraction at a single slit in detail, providing equations to describe the angles and widths of diffraction maxima and minima. Other topics covered include Fresnel distance, the differences between interference and diffraction, polarization of light waves and mechanical waves, Malus' law, polarization by reflection, and uses of polarizing filters.
Interference And Youngs two Slit
The document discusses the principles of interference and Young's double-slit experiment. It provides examples of interference patterns created by light and water waves. Students will learn about coherent sources, the conditions for bright fringes, and how changing various experimental factors affects fringe spacing. Young's experiment demonstrated the wave nature of light by showing it forms interference patterns. The document also includes sample problems calculating fringe spacing using the interference equation.
Diffraction of Light waves
Light waves superimpose each other and the redistribution of energy due to this can be observed in terms of well defined patterns of maxima and minima. Wherein, maxima refers to more energy and minima refers to less energy. Diffraction can also be called as interference in secondary wavelets.
2 interference and diffraction
Wave optics explains phenomena like interference and diffraction that are observed when light behaves as a wave. Interference occurs when two light waves superimpose, with constructive interference creating bright fringes and destructive interference creating dark fringes. Young's double slit experiment demonstrated this by passing light through two slits and observing the resulting interference pattern of alternating bright and dark bands on a screen. The conditions for interference are that the light sources must be coherent and have the same wavelength. [END SUMMARY]
04 UNIT-4 (WAVES) .pptx
The document discusses waves, including:
1) Progressive waves transfer energy from one point to another through periodic disturbance. Transverse waves have particles vibrating perpendicular to propagation, while longitudinal waves have particles vibrating parallel.
2) Transverse waves produce crests and troughs. Longitudinal waves produce compressions and rarefactions.
3) Characteristics of waves include wavelength, time period, frequency, amplitude, and wave velocity which equals frequency multiplied by wavelength.
Optical Instrumentation 3. Interference
This article discusses the basics of Interference phenomenon of light. Young's Double Slit Experiment is discussed to understand the phenomenon of Interference and also to understand the wave behaviour of light. Newton's Ring experiment, Lloyd's Mirror experiment, Fresnel's Biprism experiment are studued here to establish the wave nature of light. Also the bright and the dark fringes and there mathematical expressions are elaborated here in this article.
6.wave_optics_1.ppt
1. The document discusses key concepts in wave optics including wavefronts, Huygens' principle, and refraction of light using Huygens' principle.
2. Huygens' principle states that each point on a wavefront acts as a source of secondary wavelets, and the new wavefront is the envelope of all the secondary wavelets.
3. Refraction is explained using Huygens' principle, where the refracted wavefront is the envelope of secondary wavelets emerging from the incident wavefront after passing through the interface between two media.
Physics ip
Physics Investigated Project for CBSE Class 12
To get the whole "WORD" file DM me at
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( INCLUDING COVER PAGE, CERTIFICATE, AKNOWLEDGEMENT,INDEX, THEORY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY)
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Constructive and destructive interference occur when waves meet. Constructive interference happens when waves are in phase, amplifying the combined effect. Destructive interference occurs when waves are out of phase, canceling each other out temporarily. For interference to happen, the path difference between waves must be an integer multiple of the wavelength for constructive interference or an integer plus half a wavelength for destructive interference.
Lo7
Waves can interfere constructively or destructively when they meet. Constructive interference occurs when waves are in phase and their amplitudes add, increasing the net amplitude. Destructive interference occurs when waves are out of phase and their amplitudes cancel out. For interference to occur, the path length difference between waves must be an integer multiple of the wavelength. Spherical waves spread out from their source and decrease in amplitude with distance.
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This chapter discusses alkyl halides and nucleophilic substitution reactions. Alkyl halides contain a halogen atom bonded to a carbon. They undergo nucleophilic substitution via one of two mechanisms: SN1 or SN2. The SN1 mechanism is a two-step process involving a carbocation intermediate. The SN2 mechanism is a single step with simultaneous bond breaking and making. The type of alkyl halide determines whether the reaction will proceed by SN1 or SN2, with more substituted halides favoring SN1. The stability of carbocation intermediates also influences the rates and stereochemistry of these reactions.
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Topic 4 Wave optics (English).pptx
- 1. Topic 4 Wave Optics • Wave front • Interference • Diffraction - Single slit - Diffraction grating • Laser and their uses
- 2. Wave A B C D E F G H I J K L M State the distances that correspond to one .
- 3. Huygen’s assumption (herhens) • Light travels in the form of waves. • When a point source emit light, spherical waves propagate from this source. • Each sphere is the locus of points of the same phase. • Every surface of the sphere is called a wavefront. • An arrow represents a ray. The direction of propagation of the wave is perpendicular to the wavefront.
- 4. Huygen principle on how the wavefronts move Every point on the wavefront acts as a secondary point source that is spherical. After a time t, the position for the next wavefront is the surface that touches all the wavelets from their sources.
- 5. Concept of coherens • Two wave sources are said to be coherent sources if both waves have the same frequency and a constant phase difference. • This means that both waves have the same wavelength. When the phase difference is zero, both waves are said to be in phase.
- 6. Beza fasa yang tetap
- 7. Explain if the sources below are coherent or not. A B C D E
- 8. Optical path difference • The difference in distance travelled by two waves is call the path difference. Path difference =
- 9. What is the path difference in each situation below?
- 10. Superposition principle In phase Out of phase Wave 1 Wave 2 Superposition
- 11. Interferens Interferens is the superposition or the addition of two or more waves. During interference, the superposition of the waves can result in a wave of higher amplitude (constructive interference) or a wave with a smaller amplitude (destructive interference) depending on their relative phases. To get a steady interference pattern • The two sources must be coherent. • The two sources are close to each other
- 12. Constructive interference When the crest of a wave superimpose on the crest of another wave, the resultant wave has a higher amplitude and constructive interference occur. The place where constructive interference occur is called the antinode. For constructive interference to occur, Path difference = m where m = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...
- 13. Destructive interference When the crest of a wave superimpose on the trough of another wave, the resultant wave has a lower amplitude and destructive interference occur. The place where constructive interference occur is called the node. For destructive interference to occur, Path difference = (m+½) where m = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...
- 14. Interference pattern Antinode (bright) Node (dark)
- 15. Young’s double slit interference pattern Apakah akan berlaku kepada corak interferens apabila a) jarak di antara dua sumber bertambah b) frekuensi sumber berkurang c) jarak antara sumber dengan layar berkurang
- 16. Young’s interference formula Assume that the source is far from the screen and the sources are coherent. Assume screen is far, therefore small. .. 1 For D size of slit, the blue triangle is almost a right angle triangle. ’ sin ’ = /a ..2 From 1 and 2, /a = y/D = ay/D = path difference Adakah interference membina atau membinasa berlaku kalau beza lintasan adalah a) 0 b) ½ 1 2 3
- 17. Constructive interference ay/D = m where m = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ... Destructive interference ay/D = (m+½) where m = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...
- 18. Constructive interference ay/D = m di mana m = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ... When m = 1 , Distance between bright fringes, y1 = D/a y1 m=0 m=1 m=2
- 21. First minima of single slit diffraction sin = /a ---- 1
- 22. tan = y/L -----2 From 1 sin = /a ---- 1 small, therefore sin tan
- 23. Diffraction grating When we have more slits like 100 slits per mm, 1. what happens to the bright lines seen in the single slit envelope? 2. will we get more bright lines within the principal maxima of the single slit?
- 25. y1 = D/d y2 = 2D/d Diffraction grating d sinθ = mλ y =L a Single slit Centre of principal maxima to first minima Double slit D e.g. 10000 lines per cm d = 1x10-6 m e.g. a = 4x10-6 m e.g. d = 1.2x10-4 m
- 26. d sinθ = mλ, for a given m, bigger wavelength <==> bigger angle