The document provides information about tonsillitis, including its:
1. Anatomy, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management. It discusses the anatomy of the tonsils and their role in the immune system.
2. Classification into acute, subacute, and chronic forms. Acute tonsillitis is usually bacterial or viral in nature and commonly seen in children.
3. Treatment approaches which include medications, supportive care, and potentially tonsillectomy for recurrent or severe cases. Post-operative complications are also reviewed.
Tonsillitis slideshare for medical students NehaNupur8
Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils that is usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection. The tonsils are located in the back of the throat and help the body fight infections. There are different types of tonsillitis, including acute, subacute, and chronic, depending on the causative agent and duration of symptoms. Common symptoms include sore throat, fever, difficulty swallowing, and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck. Tonsillitis is usually diagnosed based on symptoms and signs during a physical exam. It is often treated with antibiotics, pain relievers, and gargling saline for relief. In some cases of recurring tonsillitis, surgery to remove the tonsils (tonsillectomy)
Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, two oval-shaped pads of tissue at the back of the throat — one tonsil on each side. Signs and symptoms of tonsillitis include swollen tonsils, sore throat, difficulty swallowing and tender lymph nodes on the sides of the neck
Otitis media is a group of inflammatory diseases of the middle ear. The two main types are acute otitis media (AOM) and otitis media with effusion (OME). AOM is an infection of rapid onset that usually presents with ear pain.
Pharyngitis- Easy PPT for Nursing StudentsSwatilekha Das
Pharyngitis- Easy PPT for Nursing Students
organs of the respiratory system
Definition
Acute Pharyngitis definition
Causes
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Nutritional therapy
Chronic Pharyngitis
types
Clinical manifestations
Medical management
This document defines acute pharyngitis (sore throat) as a sudden painful inflammation of the pharynx caused by viral or bacterial infections. Common symptoms include pain when swallowing, fever, redness and swelling in the throat. Diagnosis involves a physical exam, culture tests, and rapid strep tests. Treatment focuses on antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and a soft diet. Chronic pharyngitis is a persistent throat inflammation characterized by multiple white growths on the tonsils or throat, often in people exposed to irritants like dust, voice overuse, smoking or drinking. Medical management aims to relieve symptoms and correct infections through medications, surgery and lifestyle changes.
Both acute and chronic pharyngitis are common diseases and they are important for the students to understand, Moreover acute tonsillitis is also very common and it becomes one of the most important causes of throat pain and fever.
This document discusses peritonsillar abscess, which is a collection of pus between the tonsillar capsule and surrounding tissues that can develop after a tonsillar infection progresses to a local cellulitis and abscess. Recurrent tonsillitis and foreign bodies can cause peritonsillar abscess. Symptoms include fever, pain when swallowing, dribbling saliva, inability to open the mouth, and tender swollen lymph nodes. Diagnosis involves a physical exam and imaging tests. Treatment consists of antibiotics, corticosteroids, throat irrigation, and occasionally procedures to manage an airway if obstruction occurs. Surgical options for management include needle aspiration, incision and drainage, or tonsillectomy. Comp
otitis media is the inflammation of the ear drum or tympanic membrane this topic include its definition , etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and its treatment which can be used by nursing students for taking care of the patient suffering from otitis media and for learning for their examination and knowledge purpose
and care of the child with acute otitis media and chronic otitis media and make their family aware about the complication of the otitis media like hearing loss meningitis
Tonsillitis slideshare for medical students NehaNupur8
Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils that is usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection. The tonsils are located in the back of the throat and help the body fight infections. There are different types of tonsillitis, including acute, subacute, and chronic, depending on the causative agent and duration of symptoms. Common symptoms include sore throat, fever, difficulty swallowing, and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck. Tonsillitis is usually diagnosed based on symptoms and signs during a physical exam. It is often treated with antibiotics, pain relievers, and gargling saline for relief. In some cases of recurring tonsillitis, surgery to remove the tonsils (tonsillectomy)
Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, two oval-shaped pads of tissue at the back of the throat — one tonsil on each side. Signs and symptoms of tonsillitis include swollen tonsils, sore throat, difficulty swallowing and tender lymph nodes on the sides of the neck
Otitis media is a group of inflammatory diseases of the middle ear. The two main types are acute otitis media (AOM) and otitis media with effusion (OME). AOM is an infection of rapid onset that usually presents with ear pain.
Pharyngitis- Easy PPT for Nursing StudentsSwatilekha Das
Pharyngitis- Easy PPT for Nursing Students
organs of the respiratory system
Definition
Acute Pharyngitis definition
Causes
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Nutritional therapy
Chronic Pharyngitis
types
Clinical manifestations
Medical management
This document defines acute pharyngitis (sore throat) as a sudden painful inflammation of the pharynx caused by viral or bacterial infections. Common symptoms include pain when swallowing, fever, redness and swelling in the throat. Diagnosis involves a physical exam, culture tests, and rapid strep tests. Treatment focuses on antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and a soft diet. Chronic pharyngitis is a persistent throat inflammation characterized by multiple white growths on the tonsils or throat, often in people exposed to irritants like dust, voice overuse, smoking or drinking. Medical management aims to relieve symptoms and correct infections through medications, surgery and lifestyle changes.
Both acute and chronic pharyngitis are common diseases and they are important for the students to understand, Moreover acute tonsillitis is also very common and it becomes one of the most important causes of throat pain and fever.
This document discusses peritonsillar abscess, which is a collection of pus between the tonsillar capsule and surrounding tissues that can develop after a tonsillar infection progresses to a local cellulitis and abscess. Recurrent tonsillitis and foreign bodies can cause peritonsillar abscess. Symptoms include fever, pain when swallowing, dribbling saliva, inability to open the mouth, and tender swollen lymph nodes. Diagnosis involves a physical exam and imaging tests. Treatment consists of antibiotics, corticosteroids, throat irrigation, and occasionally procedures to manage an airway if obstruction occurs. Surgical options for management include needle aspiration, incision and drainage, or tonsillectomy. Comp
otitis media is the inflammation of the ear drum or tympanic membrane this topic include its definition , etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and its treatment which can be used by nursing students for taking care of the patient suffering from otitis media and for learning for their examination and knowledge purpose
and care of the child with acute otitis media and chronic otitis media and make their family aware about the complication of the otitis media like hearing loss meningitis
Laryngitis is an inflammation of the larynx or voice box that can be caused by viral or bacterial infection, chemical irritation, or vocal overuse. Common symptoms include hoarseness, coughing, throat pain, and difficulty speaking or swallowing. Acute laryngitis lasts less than 3 weeks and is often caused by viruses. Chronic laryngitis produces lingering hoarseness from long term irritation or misuse. Treatment focuses on voice rest, inhaling steam, cough suppressants, and sometimes short term steroids or antibiotics. Voice therapy can help restore normal voice quality and prevent future issues.
This document discusses tonsillitis, an inflammation of the tonsils. It defines tonsillitis and lists its common causes as various bacteria like streptococcus, staphylococcus, and pneumococcus. Risk factors include poor oral hygiene, poor nutrition, and upper respiratory tract infections. The document outlines the clinical features of tonsillitis such as sore throat, dysphagia, fever, and enlarged tonsils. It also discusses the diagnosis, management with antibiotics and other treatments, and potential complications of tonsillitis like peritonsillar and parapharyngeal abscesses.
Otitis media is an inflammatory disease of the middle ear that is most common in infants and young children under 2 years old. It can be acute, chronic, or present with effusion in the middle ear. Common symptoms include ear pain, fever, irritability, and hearing loss. Treatment involves antibiotics, analgesics, and sometimes surgical drainage or tube insertion. Nursing care focuses on medication administration, ear cleaning, and patient/family education to prevent recurrence.
Rhinitis is inflammation of the nasal cavity that can be allergic or non-allergic in nature. Allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever, is caused by an allergen triggering an immune response. Non-allergic rhinitis includes acute viral/bacterial rhinitis from infections as well as chronic rhinitis from long-term irritation or obstruction. Symptoms include sneezing, congestion, and rhinorrhea. Treatment focuses on environmental control, medications like antihistamines, nasal steroids, and immunotherapy for allergies. Chronic rhinitis can lead to sinusitis if mucus is unable to drain properly from the sinuses.
This document discusses the common cold. It begins by introducing the topic and defining the common cold as a viral infection of the nose and throat that is usually harmless. It then discusses risk factors for the common cold like age, weakened immune system, season, and exposure. Next, it outlines the typical symptoms over the course of 1-5 days. It also discusses the most common viruses that cause colds and their seasonal patterns. Additional sections cover facts about transmission, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment options and their evidence, complications, and a case study example.
Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the palatine tonsils caused commonly by Group A Streptococcus bacteria. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, enlarged tonsils, and difficulty swallowing. Diagnosis involves physical examination and rapid strep tests. Treatment involves antibiotics, pain medication, fluids, and sometimes tonsillectomy for recurrent cases. Nurses manage tonsillitis by promoting airway clearance, maintaining fluid volume, and relieving pain. Complications can include peritonsillar abscess. Prevention involves hand washing and avoiding sharing utensils.
1. Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes that causes mucus buildup and difficulty breathing. It can be acute, lasting a few weeks, or chronic, lasting over 3 months.
2. Smoking is a major cause of both acute and chronic bronchitis. Other causes include viral infections, air pollution, and repeated lung irritation.
3. Treatment for bronchitis focuses on relieving symptoms through rest, hydration, cough suppressants, bronchodilators, antibiotics if bacterial infection is present, and removing irritants like smoking. Managing symptoms can help prevent complications like pneumonia.
Otalgia refers to ear pain or ear ache, which can be primary (originating in the ear) or referred (originating elsewhere but felt in the ear). Primary causes include infections, wax buildup, trauma, and tumors of the outer ear canal, eardrum, middle ear bones, inner ear, and mastoid bone behind the ear. Referred otalgia can occur via cranial nerves from areas like the teeth, throat, larynx, neck, or due to conditions like shingles. Risk factors include inserting objects in the ear, swimming in polluted water, and respiratory infections. Treatment involves relieving pain, promoting healing, restoring function, and removing foreign bodies through irrigation, antibiotics, surgery
This document discusses mastoiditis, an inflammation of the mastoid process behind the ear that is connected to the middle ear. It can be acute or chronic. Acute mastoiditis is a complication of acute otitis media, while chronic mastoiditis is associated with chronic suppurative otitis media or cholesteatoma. Signs and symptoms include ear pain, swelling, discharge, and hearing loss. Diagnosis involves examination, imaging tests, and fluid culture. Treatment includes antibiotics, ear irrigation, analgesics, and sometimes surgery like mastoidectomy, myringotomy, or tympanoplasty. Nursing care focuses on pain management, medication administration, and monitoring for infection.
PYLORIC STENOSIS
Pyloric stenosis is a medical condition in which the pylorus, the muscular valve between the stomach and the small intestine, becomes abnormally narrowed or obstructed, leading to the obstruction of the gastric outlet. This narrowing of the pylorus prevents the proper passage of food from the stomach to the small intestine.
The exact cause of pyloric stenosis is still unknown, but it is believed to have a multifactorial etiology.
Genetic factors are thought to play a role, as there is a higher incidence of pyloric stenosis among siblings and family members.
Environmental factors may also contribute to the development of the condition, but specific triggers remain unidentified.
The hallmark symptom of pyloric stenosis is projectile vomiting, which occurs shortly after feeding.
Vomitus is often non-bilious and may resemble curdled milk.
Forceful vomiting that may project several feet away from the infant.
Signs of hunger and irritability despite frequent feeding attempts.
Weight loss or poor weight gain.
Dehydration and electrolyte imbalances due to excessive vomiting.
Palpable “olive-shaped” mass in the epigastric region.
Infants appear hungry, irritable, and unsatisfied after feeds.
Physical Examination:
Palpation of the abdomen may reveal a palpable “olive-shaped” mass in the epigastric region, which represents the hypertrophied pylorus.
The “olive” can often be felt when the infant is in a relaxed state and the stomach is empty.
Abdominal Ultrasound:
Abdominal ultrasound is the primary diagnostic tool for confirming pyloric stenosis.
Fluid and Electrolyte Management:
Prior to surgery, infants with pyloric stenosis often require fluid resuscitation and correction of electrolyte imbalances caused by excessive vomiting.
Intravenous hydration and electrolyte replacement may be necessary to restore the infant’s fluid and electrolyte balance.
Atropine Therapy:
In some cases, medical management with intravenous atropine may be attempted as a temporary measure to relieve pyloric spasm and improve the passage of food.
Surgical management of pyloric stenosis involves performing a pyloromyotomy.
This procedure is typically done under general anaesthesia and can be performed as an open surgery or laparoscopically.
Postoperative Nursing Care:
Monitor vital signs, surgical site, and signs of infection, such as fever, redness, swelling, or discharge.
Administer prescribed pain medications and antibiotics.
Observe for complications, such as bleeding or infection, and report any abnormalities to the healthcare team.
Encourage early feeding and monitor for successful feeding tolerance, ensuring the infant is retaining and digesting food properly.
Educate parents about postoperative care, including incision care, feeding techniques, and signs of potential complications, emphasizing the importance of follow-up visits and ongoing care.
The document discusses pharyngitis, including that it is a common condition with many unanswered questions about its causes and treatment, and describes the symptoms, signs, and management of both acute and chronic forms of pharyngitis which can be caused by viral, bacterial, and other infectious agents and environmental irritants.
Meniere's disease is a balance disorder caused by abnormal fluid balance in the inner ear. It is characterized by episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, and fluctuating hearing loss. The cause is unknown but may involve excess fluid accumulation in the inner ear. Treatment involves managing symptoms with medication and a low-sodium diet. If conservative measures fail, surgical procedures like endolymphatic sac decompression or vestibular nerve sectioning can be performed to eliminate vertigo attacks.
Epistaxis, or nosebleed, is caused by rupture of tiny blood vessels in the nasal cavity. It is common and can occur in any age group. Bleeding most often originates from an area in the front of the nose called Little's area. Epistaxis can be anterior, originating in the front part of the nose, or posterior, originating in the back part. Causes include local trauma, infections, medications, and systemic conditions like high blood pressure. Treatment depends on the location and severity of bleeding and may include pressure, cauterization, nasal packing, or medication. Nursing care focuses on monitoring vital signs, controlling bleeding, preventing anxiety, and providing discharge teaching to prevent future episodes.
This document discusses tonsillitis, including its definition, types, causes, symptoms, treatments, and nursing management. Tonsillitis is an infection and swelling of the tonsils, which are located in the throat. It is usually caused by bacterial or viral infections. Common symptoms include fever, sore throat, and difficulty swallowing. Treatment involves antibiotics, pain medication, soft diet, and sometimes surgery to remove the tonsils (tonsillectomy). Nursing care focuses on pain management, adequate fluid and nutrition intake, and health education about proper diet, hygiene and medication adherence.
This document discusses differential diagnoses of nasal obstruction and neoplasms of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It provides a list of structural, infectious, allergic and other causes of unilateral and bilateral nasal obstruction. It also classifies benign and malignant nasal tumors and describes the presentation, diagnosis and treatment of inverted papilloma and sinonasal carcinomas such as maxillary sinus carcinoma. The treatment of maxillary sinus carcinoma includes surgery such as total maxillectomy with options like orbital exenteration or anterior cranio-facial resection depending on tumor extent.
This document discusses sinusitis, including definitions of types of sinusitis, causes, symptoms, signs, investigations, treatments, and complications. It defines acute, subacute and chronic sinusitis. Maxillary sinusitis is the most common type. Causes include viral and bacterial infections, mechanical obstruction, allergic rhinitis, and trauma. Symptoms vary depending on the affected sinus. Investigations include endoscopy, x-ray, and CT scan. Treatment involves antibiotics, nasal irrigation, and sometimes surgery. Complications can include orbital cellulitis if the infection spreads.
Otitis externa, also known as swimmer's ear, is an infection of the outer ear canal caused by bacteria or fungi. It commonly affects children ages 7-12 and the elderly. Symptoms include ear pain, itching, discharge and temporary hearing loss. Diagnosis is made through physical exam, microscopy and culture of discharge. Treatment focuses on removing debris, using antibiotic/antifungal ear drops, and dry ear precautions to prevent recurrence, especially in high-risk groups like diabetics who are prone to the more serious malignant otitis externa infection.
This document defines and classifies rhinitis as an inflammation of the nasal mucosa that can be acute or chronic. It discusses the causes of rhinitis including viruses, allergens, and medications. The clinical features and treatment options are also outlined. Rhinitis presents with symptoms like sneezing, nasal obstruction, and watery discharge that typically resolve within a week without treatment but may require decongestants, antihistamines, corticosteroids, or antibiotics if a secondary bacterial infection develops.
Ototoxicity refers to damage to the inner ear caused by certain drugs or chemicals. Common ototoxic drugs include aminoglycoside antibiotics, loop diuretics, cytotoxic agents, antiprotozoals, antiepileptics, and environmental chemicals. Symptoms of ototoxicity include hearing loss, tinnitus, and balance disorders and can be temporary or permanent depending on the offending agent. Diagnosis involves assessing a patient's exposure history and test results. While there are no treatments to reverse damage, management focuses on rehabilitation and avoiding further ototoxic exposure.
The document discusses diseases of the pharynx, including pharyngitis, tonsillitis, adenoids hypertrophy, and cancer. It describes the pharynx's anatomy and function. Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the pharynx often caused by viruses and bacteria. Tonsillitis is the inflammation of the tonsils, which can be caused by viruses or bacteria. Adenoids hypertrophy is the abnormal enlargement of the adenoids, usually due to infection. Cancers that can affect the pharynx include nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, and hypopharyngeal cancers. Risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment methods are outlined for each condition.
Questions to ask to elicit a diagnosis.
Give your differential diagnosis.
Give management plan of most probable diagnosis.
Differentiate between viral upper respiratory tract infection from bacterial pharyngitis / tonsillitis.
Discuss the criteria to prescribe antibiotics for URTI.
Write prescription for viral URTI.
A sore throat is pain or irritation of the throat that often worsens when you swallow.
Fever is the temporary increase in the body's temperature in response to a disease or illness.
There are many clinical scenarios where sore throat is associated with fever. E.g. pharyngitis, tonsilitis, influenza, laryngitis.
.
Laryngitis is an inflammation of the larynx or voice box that can be caused by viral or bacterial infection, chemical irritation, or vocal overuse. Common symptoms include hoarseness, coughing, throat pain, and difficulty speaking or swallowing. Acute laryngitis lasts less than 3 weeks and is often caused by viruses. Chronic laryngitis produces lingering hoarseness from long term irritation or misuse. Treatment focuses on voice rest, inhaling steam, cough suppressants, and sometimes short term steroids or antibiotics. Voice therapy can help restore normal voice quality and prevent future issues.
This document discusses tonsillitis, an inflammation of the tonsils. It defines tonsillitis and lists its common causes as various bacteria like streptococcus, staphylococcus, and pneumococcus. Risk factors include poor oral hygiene, poor nutrition, and upper respiratory tract infections. The document outlines the clinical features of tonsillitis such as sore throat, dysphagia, fever, and enlarged tonsils. It also discusses the diagnosis, management with antibiotics and other treatments, and potential complications of tonsillitis like peritonsillar and parapharyngeal abscesses.
Otitis media is an inflammatory disease of the middle ear that is most common in infants and young children under 2 years old. It can be acute, chronic, or present with effusion in the middle ear. Common symptoms include ear pain, fever, irritability, and hearing loss. Treatment involves antibiotics, analgesics, and sometimes surgical drainage or tube insertion. Nursing care focuses on medication administration, ear cleaning, and patient/family education to prevent recurrence.
Rhinitis is inflammation of the nasal cavity that can be allergic or non-allergic in nature. Allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever, is caused by an allergen triggering an immune response. Non-allergic rhinitis includes acute viral/bacterial rhinitis from infections as well as chronic rhinitis from long-term irritation or obstruction. Symptoms include sneezing, congestion, and rhinorrhea. Treatment focuses on environmental control, medications like antihistamines, nasal steroids, and immunotherapy for allergies. Chronic rhinitis can lead to sinusitis if mucus is unable to drain properly from the sinuses.
This document discusses the common cold. It begins by introducing the topic and defining the common cold as a viral infection of the nose and throat that is usually harmless. It then discusses risk factors for the common cold like age, weakened immune system, season, and exposure. Next, it outlines the typical symptoms over the course of 1-5 days. It also discusses the most common viruses that cause colds and their seasonal patterns. Additional sections cover facts about transmission, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment options and their evidence, complications, and a case study example.
Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the palatine tonsils caused commonly by Group A Streptococcus bacteria. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, enlarged tonsils, and difficulty swallowing. Diagnosis involves physical examination and rapid strep tests. Treatment involves antibiotics, pain medication, fluids, and sometimes tonsillectomy for recurrent cases. Nurses manage tonsillitis by promoting airway clearance, maintaining fluid volume, and relieving pain. Complications can include peritonsillar abscess. Prevention involves hand washing and avoiding sharing utensils.
1. Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes that causes mucus buildup and difficulty breathing. It can be acute, lasting a few weeks, or chronic, lasting over 3 months.
2. Smoking is a major cause of both acute and chronic bronchitis. Other causes include viral infections, air pollution, and repeated lung irritation.
3. Treatment for bronchitis focuses on relieving symptoms through rest, hydration, cough suppressants, bronchodilators, antibiotics if bacterial infection is present, and removing irritants like smoking. Managing symptoms can help prevent complications like pneumonia.
Otalgia refers to ear pain or ear ache, which can be primary (originating in the ear) or referred (originating elsewhere but felt in the ear). Primary causes include infections, wax buildup, trauma, and tumors of the outer ear canal, eardrum, middle ear bones, inner ear, and mastoid bone behind the ear. Referred otalgia can occur via cranial nerves from areas like the teeth, throat, larynx, neck, or due to conditions like shingles. Risk factors include inserting objects in the ear, swimming in polluted water, and respiratory infections. Treatment involves relieving pain, promoting healing, restoring function, and removing foreign bodies through irrigation, antibiotics, surgery
This document discusses mastoiditis, an inflammation of the mastoid process behind the ear that is connected to the middle ear. It can be acute or chronic. Acute mastoiditis is a complication of acute otitis media, while chronic mastoiditis is associated with chronic suppurative otitis media or cholesteatoma. Signs and symptoms include ear pain, swelling, discharge, and hearing loss. Diagnosis involves examination, imaging tests, and fluid culture. Treatment includes antibiotics, ear irrigation, analgesics, and sometimes surgery like mastoidectomy, myringotomy, or tympanoplasty. Nursing care focuses on pain management, medication administration, and monitoring for infection.
PYLORIC STENOSIS
Pyloric stenosis is a medical condition in which the pylorus, the muscular valve between the stomach and the small intestine, becomes abnormally narrowed or obstructed, leading to the obstruction of the gastric outlet. This narrowing of the pylorus prevents the proper passage of food from the stomach to the small intestine.
The exact cause of pyloric stenosis is still unknown, but it is believed to have a multifactorial etiology.
Genetic factors are thought to play a role, as there is a higher incidence of pyloric stenosis among siblings and family members.
Environmental factors may also contribute to the development of the condition, but specific triggers remain unidentified.
The hallmark symptom of pyloric stenosis is projectile vomiting, which occurs shortly after feeding.
Vomitus is often non-bilious and may resemble curdled milk.
Forceful vomiting that may project several feet away from the infant.
Signs of hunger and irritability despite frequent feeding attempts.
Weight loss or poor weight gain.
Dehydration and electrolyte imbalances due to excessive vomiting.
Palpable “olive-shaped” mass in the epigastric region.
Infants appear hungry, irritable, and unsatisfied after feeds.
Physical Examination:
Palpation of the abdomen may reveal a palpable “olive-shaped” mass in the epigastric region, which represents the hypertrophied pylorus.
The “olive” can often be felt when the infant is in a relaxed state and the stomach is empty.
Abdominal Ultrasound:
Abdominal ultrasound is the primary diagnostic tool for confirming pyloric stenosis.
Fluid and Electrolyte Management:
Prior to surgery, infants with pyloric stenosis often require fluid resuscitation and correction of electrolyte imbalances caused by excessive vomiting.
Intravenous hydration and electrolyte replacement may be necessary to restore the infant’s fluid and electrolyte balance.
Atropine Therapy:
In some cases, medical management with intravenous atropine may be attempted as a temporary measure to relieve pyloric spasm and improve the passage of food.
Surgical management of pyloric stenosis involves performing a pyloromyotomy.
This procedure is typically done under general anaesthesia and can be performed as an open surgery or laparoscopically.
Postoperative Nursing Care:
Monitor vital signs, surgical site, and signs of infection, such as fever, redness, swelling, or discharge.
Administer prescribed pain medications and antibiotics.
Observe for complications, such as bleeding or infection, and report any abnormalities to the healthcare team.
Encourage early feeding and monitor for successful feeding tolerance, ensuring the infant is retaining and digesting food properly.
Educate parents about postoperative care, including incision care, feeding techniques, and signs of potential complications, emphasizing the importance of follow-up visits and ongoing care.
The document discusses pharyngitis, including that it is a common condition with many unanswered questions about its causes and treatment, and describes the symptoms, signs, and management of both acute and chronic forms of pharyngitis which can be caused by viral, bacterial, and other infectious agents and environmental irritants.
Meniere's disease is a balance disorder caused by abnormal fluid balance in the inner ear. It is characterized by episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, and fluctuating hearing loss. The cause is unknown but may involve excess fluid accumulation in the inner ear. Treatment involves managing symptoms with medication and a low-sodium diet. If conservative measures fail, surgical procedures like endolymphatic sac decompression or vestibular nerve sectioning can be performed to eliminate vertigo attacks.
Epistaxis, or nosebleed, is caused by rupture of tiny blood vessels in the nasal cavity. It is common and can occur in any age group. Bleeding most often originates from an area in the front of the nose called Little's area. Epistaxis can be anterior, originating in the front part of the nose, or posterior, originating in the back part. Causes include local trauma, infections, medications, and systemic conditions like high blood pressure. Treatment depends on the location and severity of bleeding and may include pressure, cauterization, nasal packing, or medication. Nursing care focuses on monitoring vital signs, controlling bleeding, preventing anxiety, and providing discharge teaching to prevent future episodes.
This document discusses tonsillitis, including its definition, types, causes, symptoms, treatments, and nursing management. Tonsillitis is an infection and swelling of the tonsils, which are located in the throat. It is usually caused by bacterial or viral infections. Common symptoms include fever, sore throat, and difficulty swallowing. Treatment involves antibiotics, pain medication, soft diet, and sometimes surgery to remove the tonsils (tonsillectomy). Nursing care focuses on pain management, adequate fluid and nutrition intake, and health education about proper diet, hygiene and medication adherence.
This document discusses differential diagnoses of nasal obstruction and neoplasms of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It provides a list of structural, infectious, allergic and other causes of unilateral and bilateral nasal obstruction. It also classifies benign and malignant nasal tumors and describes the presentation, diagnosis and treatment of inverted papilloma and sinonasal carcinomas such as maxillary sinus carcinoma. The treatment of maxillary sinus carcinoma includes surgery such as total maxillectomy with options like orbital exenteration or anterior cranio-facial resection depending on tumor extent.
This document discusses sinusitis, including definitions of types of sinusitis, causes, symptoms, signs, investigations, treatments, and complications. It defines acute, subacute and chronic sinusitis. Maxillary sinusitis is the most common type. Causes include viral and bacterial infections, mechanical obstruction, allergic rhinitis, and trauma. Symptoms vary depending on the affected sinus. Investigations include endoscopy, x-ray, and CT scan. Treatment involves antibiotics, nasal irrigation, and sometimes surgery. Complications can include orbital cellulitis if the infection spreads.
Otitis externa, also known as swimmer's ear, is an infection of the outer ear canal caused by bacteria or fungi. It commonly affects children ages 7-12 and the elderly. Symptoms include ear pain, itching, discharge and temporary hearing loss. Diagnosis is made through physical exam, microscopy and culture of discharge. Treatment focuses on removing debris, using antibiotic/antifungal ear drops, and dry ear precautions to prevent recurrence, especially in high-risk groups like diabetics who are prone to the more serious malignant otitis externa infection.
This document defines and classifies rhinitis as an inflammation of the nasal mucosa that can be acute or chronic. It discusses the causes of rhinitis including viruses, allergens, and medications. The clinical features and treatment options are also outlined. Rhinitis presents with symptoms like sneezing, nasal obstruction, and watery discharge that typically resolve within a week without treatment but may require decongestants, antihistamines, corticosteroids, or antibiotics if a secondary bacterial infection develops.
Ototoxicity refers to damage to the inner ear caused by certain drugs or chemicals. Common ototoxic drugs include aminoglycoside antibiotics, loop diuretics, cytotoxic agents, antiprotozoals, antiepileptics, and environmental chemicals. Symptoms of ototoxicity include hearing loss, tinnitus, and balance disorders and can be temporary or permanent depending on the offending agent. Diagnosis involves assessing a patient's exposure history and test results. While there are no treatments to reverse damage, management focuses on rehabilitation and avoiding further ototoxic exposure.
The document discusses diseases of the pharynx, including pharyngitis, tonsillitis, adenoids hypertrophy, and cancer. It describes the pharynx's anatomy and function. Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the pharynx often caused by viruses and bacteria. Tonsillitis is the inflammation of the tonsils, which can be caused by viruses or bacteria. Adenoids hypertrophy is the abnormal enlargement of the adenoids, usually due to infection. Cancers that can affect the pharynx include nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, and hypopharyngeal cancers. Risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment methods are outlined for each condition.
Questions to ask to elicit a diagnosis.
Give your differential diagnosis.
Give management plan of most probable diagnosis.
Differentiate between viral upper respiratory tract infection from bacterial pharyngitis / tonsillitis.
Discuss the criteria to prescribe antibiotics for URTI.
Write prescription for viral URTI.
A sore throat is pain or irritation of the throat that often worsens when you swallow.
Fever is the temporary increase in the body's temperature in response to a disease or illness.
There are many clinical scenarios where sore throat is associated with fever. E.g. pharyngitis, tonsilitis, influenza, laryngitis.
.
This document discusses tonsils, tonsillitis, and their treatment. It describes the location and function of tonsils as lymphoepithelial tissues in the throat that provide the first line of defense against pathogens. Tonsillitis is defined as the inflammation or infection of the tonsils, which can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or diphtheria. Symptoms, examinations, treatments like antibiotics and surgery, potential complications, and methods of prevention are outlined.
Sinusitis is an infection and inflammation of the paranasal sinuses caused by bacteria or viruses. It can be acute or chronic. Acute sinusitis presents with nasal congestion, facial pain, and purulent discharge while chronic sinusitis involves long-term inflammation that causes impaired drainage and ventilation. Diagnosis involves patient history, physical exam, and imaging tests. Treatment focuses on antibiotics, nasal irrigation, and surgery if needed. Pharyngitis refers to sore throat caused by viral or bacterial infections. It presents with throat pain and difficulty swallowing. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and rapid antigen tests. Treatment involves supportive care, antibiotics for bacterial cases, and pain relievers.
applied anatomy and diseases of tonsilbrindya syam
The tonsils are lymphoid tissues located in the lateral walls of the oropharynx. They have crypts that can become infected, leading to acute tonsillitis. Acute tonsillitis can be follicular, parenchymatous, or membranous depending on the location and extent of infection and inflammation. Chronic tonsillitis is usually due to recurrent infections and can be follicular or parenchymatous, causing enlarged tonsils. Conditions like peritonsillar abscess or diphtheria can complicate acute tonsillitis. Treatment involves antibiotics, analgesics, and sometimes tonsillectomy for chronic cases. The lingual tonsils can also get infected, causing pain and difficulty swallowing
This document provides information on the anatomy, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic tonsillitis. It describes:
1. The anatomy of the palatine tonsils and their location in the oropharynx between the anterior and posterior pillars.
2. The clinical presentation of acute tonsillitis including sore throat, fever, and enlarged and inflamed tonsils. Common causes are streptococcus and staphylococcus bacteria.
3. The treatment of acute tonsillitis which involves pain medication, antibiotics for 7-10 days, and tonsillectomy for recurrent or severe cases.
The document discusses various upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) including adenoiditis, peritonsillar abscess, pharyngitis, and laryngitis. It provides information on the causes, clinical presentations, diagnoses, and treatments for each condition. Nursing interventions are also outlined, such as throat irrigation, patient education, and maintaining secretion precautions. The goal of the presentation is to describe URTIs and discuss nursing management of patients experiencing respiratory tract infections.
A 15-year-old boy presented with a sore throat for 3 days and high fever. The document discusses potential causes including tonsillitis, pharyngitis, and influenza. It provides details on tonsillitis such as types, symptoms, complications, treatments including antibiotics and tonsillectomy. Differential diagnoses are provided. Key questions to ask in history are outlined to determine if the cause is bacterial vs viral. Management involves fluids, analgesics, and antibiotics if bacterial.
The document discusses tonsillitis, including:
1. Tonsils are lymphoid tissue in the throat that help fight infections. Tonsillitis is inflammation usually due to viruses or bacteria.
2. There are different types of tonsillitis including acute which tends to be short term and bacterial/viral and chronic which lasts a long time and is caused by bacteria.
3. Symptoms include sore throat, difficulty swallowing, earache, fever and enlarged lymph nodes. Treatment involves rest, fluids, pain medication and antibiotics. Complications can include abscesses if left untreated.
Otitis Media can be acute or chronic. Acute Suppurative Otitis Media is caused by bacterial infection spreading from the nose or throat to the middle ear through the Eustachian tube. It progresses from catarrhal to exudative to suppurative stages, sometimes causing mastoiditis. Chronic Otitis Media can be suppurative or non-suppurative. Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media may be benign or dangerous, with the dangerous type at risk of complications like cholesteatoma. Chronic Non-Suppurative Otitis Media involves non-purulent effusion, causing conditions like serous otitis media and atelectasis. Tuberculous
This document provides information on the anatomy, histology, functions, and clinical aspects of the tonsils. Some key points:
- The tonsils are lymphoid tissue located in the oropharynx and are classified based on location. They develop from the second pharyngeal pouch and play an important role in immunity.
- Clinically significant inflammation of the tonsils is called tonsillitis, which is usually caused by viral or bacterial infection. It can be acute, subacute, or chronic. Common symptoms include sore throat and difficulty swallowing.
- Tonsillectomy is the surgical removal of the tonsils, indicated for recurrent tonsillitis, obstruction, or suspicion of
The document discusses the anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, histology, grading scales, types of tonsillitis, symptoms, signs, investigations, treatment and complications of tonsillitis. It provides details on the tonsils, including that they are paired structures in the oropharynx with crypts on the medial surface. Acute tonsillitis can present as catarrhal, parenchymatous, follicular or membranous depending on the site of infection within the tonsil. Chronic tonsillitis results from recurrent infections and can lead to complications like peritonsillar abscesses if left untreated.
Sinusitis, also known as rhinosinusitis, is inflammation of the mucous membrane in the paranasal sinuses. There are four main paranasal sinuses located in the frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal areas. Sinusitis can be classified as acute (<4 weeks), sub-acute (4-12 weeks), or chronic (>12 weeks) based on duration of signs and symptoms. Common causes include viral or bacterial infection, allergy, trauma, chemical irritation from smoke, and underlying conditions like asthma or cystic fibrosis. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, and may include tests like x-rays, CT scans, or cultures. Treatment depends on severity but
This document provides information on otitis media and croup. It discusses the classification, etiology, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and nursing management of otitis media. It defines otitis media as a middle ear infection that is commonly seen in young children. It also discusses croup, defining it as an inflammation of the larynx and trachea caused by viruses that results in airway obstruction. It provides details on the causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, assessment scale and medical management of croup.
1. The document discusses the anatomy, function, clinical evaluation, classification, complications, and treatment of tonsillitis and adenoid disease.
2. Tonsillitis can be acute, chronic, or present as peritonsillar abscess. Treatment involves antibiotics or tonsillectomy based on severity and frequency of infections.
3. Adenoid disease includes acute or chronic adenoiditis and obstructive hyperplasia. Adenoidectomy criteria include recurrent or persistent infections and airway obstruction.
Provides detailed in formation on otitis media.It is subdivided into:
Table of content
Literature review
Patient information
medical and surgical management
nursing careplan
and it is well referenced.
It provides more information on better management of ENT patient.
Can be used by anyone in the medical or nursing field.
A 22 year old male presented with left earache and discharge for 2 weeks. On examination, his left tympanic membrane was bulging and erythematous. He was diagnosed with acute otitis media. Treatment involves topical and oral antibiotics as well as analgesics to manage pain. Surgical drainage may be required if symptoms persist despite medical management. The nurse's role includes assessing pain, monitoring for complications, providing patient education, and ensuring a safe recovery.
This document discusses diseases of the tonsils and adenoids. It describes the anatomy and functions of the tonsils and adenoids. The tonsils and adenoids are part of the lymphatic system and help fight infections in children. Common diseases that can affect the tonsils include acute and chronic tonsillitis. Acute tonsillitis causes symptoms like sore throat and fever. Complications may include peritonsillar abscesses if not treated. Adenoids are located in the nasopharynx and can cause nasal obstruction if enlarged. Adenoidectomy is the surgical removal of enlarged adenoids.
The document discusses tuberculosis (TB), a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Key points include:
- TB most commonly affects the lungs and can spread to other organs like cervical lymph nodes and larynx.
- Clinical signs include fever, weight loss, and cough. Oral lesions are uncommon but can include ulcers or swellings.
- Pathogenesis involves macrophages ingesting TB bacteria which then spread to lymph nodes. This triggers a cell-mediated immune response forming granulomas around infected areas.
- Diagnosis is via smear or culture of clinical samples, tuberculin skin test, radiography showing lesions or calcified lymph nodes. Histopathology shows characteristic case
UNIT 5.2 PHYSIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: Estrogens replacement therapy is commenced on the basis of dependent or previously estrogen sensitive women.
Low dose estrogens for short period to improve metabolic state. Estrogens therapy relieves unpleasant symptoms such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness and also appeared to protect against postmenopausal conditions such as osteoporosis and heart disease
A wound is a break or cut in the continuity of any body structure, internal or external caused by physical means.
A wound is a type of injury which happens relatively quickly in which skin is torn, cut, or punctured (an open wound), or where blunt force trauma causes a contusion (a closed wound).
“Trauma” = Injury of one or more systems,that results in excessive bleeding and mayaffect the normal body functioning.
Defined as cellular disruption caused by anexchange with environmental energy that isbeyond the body's resilience.
This document discusses substance abuse, focusing on alcohol overdose and cannabis intoxication. It defines substance abuse and lists the most common substances abused, including alcohol and cannabis. For alcohol overdose, it describes the lethal dose, signs and symptoms, diagnosis involving breathalyzer or blood tests, and emergency management following CAB principles. For cannabis intoxication, it discusses lethal doses, causes of dependency and overdose, signs of dependency and overdose, diagnosis using urine tests, and general emergency management involving supportive care.
Poisoning is injury or death due to swallowing, inhalation, touching or injecting various drugs, chemical, venoms or gases.
Many substances such as drugs, carbon monoxide, food poisoning, organo-phosphorus are poison.
Poisoning can be an accident or a planned action.
Organophosphate poisoning is poisoning due to organophosphates (OPs). Organophosphates are used as insecticides, medications, and nerve agents.
Symptoms include increased saliva and tear production, diarrhea, vomiting, small pupils, sweating, muscle tremors, and confusion.
Other names: Organophosphate toxicity
Causes: organophosphates
Hypovolemic shock is a life-threatening emergency in which severe blood or other fluid loss makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body. This type of shock can cause many organs to stop working.
Hypovolemic shock is a dangerous condition that happens when suddenly lose a lot of blood or fluids from body. This drops blood volume, the amount of blood circulating in body. That’s why it’s also known as low-volume shock.
Heat stroke a core temperature ≥40°C accompanied by CNS dysfunction in patients with environmental heat exposure. This condition represents a failure of the body's ability to maintain thermoregulatory homeostasis.
Hemorrhage is the loss of blood escaping from the circulatory system.
Bleeding can occur internally, where blood leaks from blood vessels inside the body, or externally either through a natural opening such as mouth, nose, ear, urethra or anus or through a break in the skin.
Uncontrolled bleeding can rapidly lead to shock and death.
Excessive or uncontrollable bleeding, often caused by trauma, surgical or obstetrical complications, or the advanced stages of certain illnesses such as cirrhosis and peptic ulcer disease.
An airway obstruction is a blockage in any part of the airway.
The airway is a complex system of tubes that conveys inhaled air from nose and mouth into the lungs.
An obstruction may partially or totally prevent air from getting into lungs.
Acute upper airway obstruction is a life-threatening medical emergency.
This document provides information on emergency care and triage. It discusses the principles of emergency care which include providing care without delay and using triage to prioritize patients. Triage involves sorting patients into categories of emergent, urgent, and non-urgent based on the seriousness of their conditions. The document then describes the triage process in more detail, including the different color codes used to categorize patients and the criteria for each category. It also discusses the roles of triage team members and how to set up an effective triage system.
Emergency nursing is a nursing specialty in which nurses care for patients in the emergency or critical phase of their illness or injury.
While this is common to many nursing specialties, the key difference is that an emergency nurse is skilled at dealing with people in the phase when a diagnosis has not yet been made and the cause of the problem is not known.
The document provides information on the care of patients undergoing traction. It defines traction as applying a pulling force to part of the body. Traction is used to provide alignment, reduce muscle spasms, prevent deformities, provide immobilization, and increase space between opposing surfaces. The document outlines different types of traction including skin, skeletal, and manual traction. It discusses nursing responsibilities like ensuring comfort, preventing complications, educating patients, and promoting exercise and mobility.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) facts
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that can cause chronic inflammation of the joints and other areas of the body.
It can affect people of all ages.
The cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not known.
In rheumatoid arthritis, multiple joints are usually, affected in a symmetrical pattern.
Paget disease is a chronic bone disorder that typically results in enlarged, deformed bones due to excessive breakdown and formation of bone tissue that can cause bones to weaken and may result in bone pain, arthritis deformities or fractures.
Osteomalacia is a bone condition caused by vitamin D deficiency or impaired mineralization. It results in soft, weakened bones due to incomplete mineralization of bone matrix. Symptoms include bone pain, tenderness, fractures, and muscle weakness. Diagnosis involves x-rays showing pseudofractures and bone biopsy showing excess osteoid tissue. Treatment focuses on calcium and vitamin D supplementation to promote bone mineralization. Nursing care includes education on diet, sunlight exposure, pain management, and monitoring for treatment effectiveness.
Osteoporosis is a chronic, progressive disease of multifactorial etiology.
It is most frequently recognized in particularly in elderly people and does occur in sexes, all races, and all age groups.
Osteoporosis is a preventable disease that can result in disturbing physical, psychosocial, and economic consequences.
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue.
This document provides information about osteomyelitis, including:
1) Osteomyelitis is an inflammation of bone caused by an infecting organism that may remain localized or spread through the bone. Common causes are bacteria or fungi entering through a break in the skin or spreading via blood.
2) It can be classified as acute (less than 2 weeks), subacute (2-6 weeks), or chronic (over 6 weeks) based on duration of symptoms. It can also be classified based on mechanism of infection such as exogenous (from outside trauma/surgery) or hematogenous (from another infectious site).
3) Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogen. Risk factors
Cancer is a disease of the cells in the body. The body is made up from millions of tiny cells. There are several types of oral cancers, but around 90% are squamous cell carcinomas originating in the tissues that line the mouth and lips.
Oral or mouth cancer most commonly involves the tongue.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
Gene therapy can be broadly defined as the transfer of genetic material to cure a disease or at least to improve the clinical status of a patient.
One of the basic concepts of gene therapy is to transform viruses into genetic shuttles, which will deliver the gene of interest into the target cells.
Safe methods have been devised to do this, using several viral and non-viral vectors.
In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
The biggest hurdle faced by medical research in gene therapy is the availability of effective gene-carrying vectors that meet all of the following criteria:
Protection of transgene or genetic cargo from degradative action of systemic and endonucleases,
Delivery of genetic material to the target site, i.e., either cell cytoplasm or nucleus,
Low potential of triggering unwanted immune responses or genotoxicity,
Economical and feasible availability for patients .
Viruses are naturally evolved vehicles that efficiently transfer their genes into host cells.
Choice of viral vector is dependent on gene transfer efficiency, capacity to carry foreign genes, toxicity, stability, immune responses towards viral antigens and potential viral recombination.
There are a wide variety of vectors used to deliver DNA or oligo nucleotides into mammalian cells, either in vitro or in vivo.
The most common vector system based on retroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses, adeno associated viruses.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...Jim Jacob Roy
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
9. Anatomy cnt…
Produce lymphocytes
Are active in the synthesis of
immunoglobulins.
Generally, the palatine tonsils referred to as
“the tonsils”.
6/29/2022 9
10. Introduction
Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils most
commonly caused by a viral or bacterial
infection.
That can be acute, sub-acute, and chronic due
to causative factors affecting it.
6/29/2022 10
12. CAUSES
Bacterial and viral infections can cause tonsillitis
through droplet infection.
A common cause is Streptococcus bacteria.
Other common causes include:
Adenoviruses
Influenza virus
Epstein-Barr virus
Parainfluenza viruses
Enteroviruses
Herpes simplex virus
6/29/2022 12
18. Acute tonsillitis
Acute tonsillitis tends to be bacterial or viral in
nature.
Acute infection of the tonsils involving the surface
epithelium, crypts and lymphoid tissue
This is the commonest URTI in children.
Occurs up to the age of 15; common in all sexes
Incubation period ; is 72 hours.
Viral: HSV, EBV,CMV, Adenovirus, Measles.
Bacteral: anaerobes, group A beta hemolytic strepto
pyogens, mycoplasma, chlamydia, N.gonorrhea
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19. Acute Tonsillitis subtype
I. Acute superficial/catarrhal tonsillitis
II. Acute membranous tonsillitis
III. Acute follicular tonsillitis
IV.Acute parenchymatous tonsillitis
6/29/2022 19
25. Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms:
Sore throat – raw sensation in the throat
Refusal to eat due to odynophagia
Earache – either referred pain from the tonsil
or due to acute otitis media
Voice becomes thick and muffled
Fever, may be associated with chills and rigor.
Headache
6/29/2022 25
26. Signs cnt…
Signs:
1. Tonsils appear congested and swollen
Yellowish spots – follicular
Whitish membrane – membranous
Red and enlarged – parenchymatous
2. Hyperemia of pillars, uvula, soft palate
3.Halitosis, impeded movements of palate and
increased secretions
4.Enlarged and tender jugulodigastric
nodes
6/29/2022 26
27. Chronic Tonsillitis
Characterized by recurrent acute attacks.
It lasts between 3 weeks to 3 month in
duration.
Incubation period ; is 4-6 days .
Etiology:
1. Recurrent acute tonsillitis
2. Subclinical infection of tonsils
3. Chronic infection in sinuses or teeth.
4. Complication of acute tonsillitis
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28. Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms:
Recurrent throat pain
Cough
Halitosis and bad taste in the mouth
Quiescent phase: discomfort, irritation, pain;
asymptomatic
6/29/2022 28
29. Signs:
Chronic parenchymatous :- Appearance:
hypertrophied, congested
chronic follicular; small, fibrotic with cheesy
debris.
Squeezing: pus oozes out – should be
distinguished from lymphatic fluid of normal
tonsils
6/29/2022 29
30. Retention cysts: yellowish swellings filled
with yellow liquid and debris
Enlarged jugulodigastric nodes
6/29/2022 30
32. Diagnostic evaluation
Clinical presentation
1.HISTORY
Individuals with acute tonsillitis present with
fever, sore throat, foul breath, dysphagia,
odynophagia and tender cervical lymph nodes.
Airway obstruction may manifest as mouth
breathing, snoring, sleep-disordered breathing,
nocturnal breathing pauses, or sleep apnea.
6/29/2022 32
33. Diagnosis cnt…
Lethargy and malaise are common.
Symptoms usually resolve in 3-4 days but may
last up to 2 weeks despite adequate therapy.
Recurrent streptococcal tonsillitis is diagnosed
when an individual has
• 7 culture-proven episodes in 1 year,
• 5 infections in 2 consecutive years, or
• 3 infections each year for 3 years consecutively
6/29/2022 33
34. Diagnosis cnt…
Individuals with chronic tonsillitis may present
with chronic sore throat, halitosis, tonsillitis, and
persistent tender cervical nodes.
Children are most susceptible to infection by
those in the carrier state.
Individuals with peritonsillar abscess (PTA)
present with severe throat pain, fever, drooling,
foul breath, trismus (difficulty opening the
mouth), and altered voice quality (the hot-potato
voice).
6/29/2022 34
35. Diagnosis cnt…
2. PHYSICAL EXAM
Should begin by determining the degree of distress
regarding airways and swallowing.
Examination of pharynx may be facilitated by mouth
opening without tongue protrusion, followed by
gentle central depression of the tongue.
Full assessment of oral mucosa, dentation, and
salivary ducts may then be performed by gently
“walking ”a tongue depressor about the lateral oral
cavity.
6/29/2022 35
36. Diagnosis cnt…
Acute tonsillitis reveals fever and enlarged
inflammed tonsil that may have exudates.
Open mouth breathing and voice changes
result from obstructive tonsillar enlargement.
Voice change in acute tonsillitis is not as
severe as that with peritonsillar abscess
6/29/2022 36
39. Diagnosis cnt…
3. INVESTIGATIONS
Testing is indicated when group A beta-hemolytic
Streptococcus pyogenes (GABHS) infection is suspected.
Throat cultures (sensitivity 90-95%) are the criterion
standard for detecting GABHS.
Lab Studies
Complete blood count for elevated white blood cells
& lymphocytes
6/29/2022 39
40. Diagnosis cnt…
Imaging
Peritonsillar abscess CT scan with contrast is
indicated in general for unusual presentation(e.g.
inferior pole abscess) and for pts at high risk of
drainage procedures.
For patients in whom acute tonsillitis is suspected
to have spread to deep neck structures radiologic
imaging using plain films of the lateral neck or
CT scans with contrast is warranted.
6/29/2022 40
41. MANAGEMENT
1. Medical management
Corticosteroids(shorten the duration of fever and
pharyngitis.
Antibiotics(oral penicillin and erythromycin; for 7
to 10days), IM for non compliant patient of oral
therapy.
Analgesics, Antipyretics
Symptomatic treatment
Treatment of co-existing infection of teeth, sinus
and nose.
6/29/2022 41
42. 2. Supportive care
Bed rest
Soft diet
Plenty of fluids
Warm saline gargles
Ice compression as PRN
Provide communication pads
Anticipate patient needs instead of asking
Maintain air humidification
6/29/2022 42
43. Surgical management
TONSILlECTOMY
INDICATIONS FOR TONSILLECTOMY
The American Academy of Otolaryngology– Head
and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS):
Enlarged tonsils that cause upper airway
obstruction, severe dysphagia, sleep disorders
Recurrent peritonsillar abscess.
Recurrent acute tonsillitis: attack occurring 4-6
times per year or more despite adequate medical
therapy(i.e. antibiotics) and that is affecting
quality and lifestyle (work/school) of the patient.
6/29/2022 43
44. Indication cnt…
Obstructive sleep apnea: when large tonsils
physically block the passage of the airflow
causing snoring pauses in breathing during
sleep, lethargy, sleepiness and lack of
concentration during the day.
Unilateral tonsil hypertrophy that is presumed
to be neoplastic (tumour tonsillectomy)
Chronic or recurrent tonsillitis, Cor-pulmonale
6/29/2022 44
47. COMPLICATION
1. Chronic tonsillitis – incomplete resolution of acute
tonsillitis
2. Peritonsillar abscess
3. Parapharyngeal abscess
4. Acute otitis media – recurrent attacks
5. Cervical abscess due to suppuration of
jugulodigastric nodes
6. Rheumatic fever – group A B-hemolytic streptococci
7. Subacute bacterial endocarditis (patients with
valvular heart disease) – streptococcus viridans.
8. Tonsilloliths (stones), tonsillar cysts, sleep apnoea
6/29/2022 47
48. Post-operative Complications
Haemorrhage
- the most common complication
- intraoperative/primary (occurring within the first
24hrs)
- secondary (occurring between 24hrs and 10 days)
Pain (sore throat, otalgia)
Dehydration (children - do not eat because of pain)
Fever (not common, usually related to local infection
Postoperative airway obstruction (uvular oedema,
haematoma, aspirated material)
6/29/2022 48
51. NURSING MANAGEMENT
NANDA nursing diagnosis for TONSILLECTOMY
1. Pain related to inflammatory process/surgical
operation.
2. Fluid volume deficit related to decreased fluid intake
secondary to pain on swallowing.
3. Imbalanced nutrition less than body requirement
related to reduced input secondary to pain on
swallowing.
4. Hyperthermia related to related to acute infection by
micro-organism.
6/29/2022 51
52. Diagnosis cnt…
5. Risk of ineffective airway clearance.
6. Impaired verbal communication.
7. Disturbed sleep pattern related to the pain in the
tonsil area.
8. Risk for infection related to the factors of surgery.
9. Risk to the ineffectiveness of therapeutic
management related to inadequate knowledge about
the complication, pain, positioning and management
activities.
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53. Implementation
1. Pain management
Assess the level of pain and change in facial
grimace.
Monitor vital signs.
Provide comfort measures e.g. changes in
position, music, and relaxation.
If prescribed analgesics, analgesics are
routinely set during the first 24 hours, not
waiting for patient to ask for it.
6/29/2022 53
54. Apply ice collar PRN to control pain and
postoperative bleeding.
To minimize nausea and vomiting, teach the
patient to spit out secretions as much as
possible.
Provide lozengs to reduce sore throat
6/29/2022 54
55. 2. Promoting fluid intake
Assess patient for effective swallowing.
Collaborate with surgery and anesthesiology staff
regarding need for administration of steroids to
control swelling of uvula, as needed.
Measure and record intake and output hourly.
Assess skin turgor and moisture of mucous
membranes.
Administer IV fluids via infusion pump as
ordered. Monitor IV site hourly.
6/29/2022 55
56. Once patient is conscious and reflex have
returned, offer ice chips or lukewarm fluids.
Do not offer straw, as this may precipitate
bleeding.
To minimize nausea and vomiting, teach the
patient to spit out secretions as much as possible.
Discourage excessive coughing, nose blowing or
clearing of throat. Administer anti-emetics as
prescribed to prevent vomiting.
6/29/2022 56
57. 3. Maintaining airway clearance.
Assess for signs and symptoms of inadequate
oxygenation.
Place in the prone or side-lying position.
Have a suction equipment available at the
bedside.
Teach and demonstrate breathing exercises.
6/29/2022 57
58. Observe for patent airway and possible
laryngospasm due to swelling of uvula, palate,
nasopharynx, retropharyngeal space, tongue and
nose.
Report any airway obstruction or laryngospasm to
anesthesiology immediately; have oxygen and
ambu bag available.
Apply cool, humidified air per order, to minimize
swelling, promote comfort and maintain
oxygenation status.
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59. 4. Enhancing Knowledge
Assess parents’ knowledge of the condition and
management.
Allow time for teaching, use a variety of methods
(written instructions, pictures, verbal instruction),
encourage questions and reassure about condition.
Instruct to refrain from performing strenuous
physical activity following surgery and may
return to work/school once comfortable.
6/29/2022 59
60. Provide information about the surgery
as needed. Teach that an important risk after a
tonsillectomy, discourage excessive coughing
and clearing the throat.
Instruct parents to encourage to drink clear
liquids during the first day, then shift to soft
foods as per physician’s preference. Teach
visitors how to evaluate for dehydration.
Provide medication teaching as needed.
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61. 5. Reducing infection
Monitor temp. every 4 hourly, the state of
injury when performing maintenance.
Give an antibiotics is prescribed, give at least
two liters of fluid every day while
implementing antibiotic therapy.
Give antipyretics are prescribed if there is
fever.
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62. Assess and observe surgical site for odor,
irritation, inflammation, pus.
Assess vital signs.
Assess laboratory value WBC/fever, chills,
blood culture.
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63. 6. Promoting communication
Assess patient ability to understand the spoken
word and expression.
Provide call light.
Paper pencil.
Keep patient near the nursing station.
Provide rest to the larynx or vocal cord to
minimize pain and bleeding.
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64. Prevention
Wash your hands often, especially before
touching your nose or mouth.
Avoid sharing food, drink, or utensils with
someone who is sick.
Replace toothbrush regularly.
Gargle with warm salt water.
Suck on lozenges with benzocaine or other
medications to numb throat.
Get lots of rest
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65. References
1. Mandal G.N (2016) “A Textbook of Medical
Surgical Nursing”. 5th editionKathmandu.Makalu
Publication House.2078/03/11 at 4:30 pm
2. Brunner and Suddarth, “Text Book of Medical
and Surgical Nursing”, 12th edition, Wolter
Kluwer India Private Limited
3. https://www.healthline.com/health/tonsillitis
4. https://www.slideshare.net/drangelosmith/tonsilli
tis-38166423
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