DNA is a molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all living organisms. It is made up of nucleotides with phosphate groups and a sugar group joined in a chain to form a double helix structure. James Watson, Francis Crick and others discovered that DNA has a double helix structure in 1953 and that it can carry biological information through its sequence of four nitrogen bases: adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine. DNA was first discovered and extracted by Friedrich Miescher in 1869 and is found inside the chromosomes of cells, carrying the instructions for building and maintaining organisms.