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1. Student Name : Nour Moustiri
Student ID : 224314901

2. Introduction
 Tissue engineering is a scientific field focused on developing biological
substitutes for damaged or diseased human tissue.
 The term "tissue engineering" was introduced in the late 1980s, and it
quickly gained traction as an interdisciplinary field in the early 1990s.
 Tissue engineering integrates biological components (cells and growth
factors) with engineering principles and synthetic materials.
 By harnessing the power of cells, biomaterials, and biochemical factors,
tissue engineering offers a revolutionary approach to address the
limitations of conventional treatments and provide long-term solutions.
 It is an interdisciplinary discipline addressed to create functional three-
dimensional (3D) tissues combining scaffolds, cells and/or bioactive
molecules

3. Key Components Of Tissue Engineering
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 Cells: Cells play a pivotal role in tissue engineering. They
can be sourced from various sources, such as the
patient's own body (autologous), donated tissues
(allogeneic), or stem cells (embryonic or induced
pluripotent stem cells) either than xenogeneic and
isogenic cells
 Biomaterials: Biomaterials serve as scaffolds to support
cell attachment, growth, and tissue organization. These
materials can be natural (e.g., collagen, hyaluronic acid)
or synthetic (e.g., polymers, ceramics) and provide the
necessary mechanical and structural properties for tissue
development.
 Biochemical Factors: Growth factors, cytokines, and
other signaling molecules are used to manipulate cell
behavior and promote cell proliferation, differentiation,
and tissue development. These factors can be
incorporated into the biomaterial scaffolds or delivered
through controlled-release systems.

4. Applications of Tissue Engineering
 Regenerative Medicine: Tissue engineering holds immense potential in
regenerative medicine, aiming to replace or restore damaged tissues or organs.
This field seeks to overcome the limitations of traditional treatments by
providing long-lasting solutions that address the root cause of the problem.
 Skin Replacement: Engineered skin substitutes have found applications in
treating burn victims and patients with chronic wounds. These substitutes can
promote wound healing, reduce scarring, and restore the protective barrier
function of the skin.
 Cartilage and Bone Repair: Tissue-engineered constructs offer a promising
approach for repairing damaged cartilage and bone tissues. By providing a
suitable environment for cell growth and differentiation, these constructs can aid
in the regeneration of functional, load-bearing tissues.
 Organ Transplants: One of the most significant challenges in medicine is the
shortage of donor organs for transplantation. Tissue engineering aims to
overcome this limitation by developing functional organs in the lab, potentially
reducing the need for traditional organ transplantation.

5. Advancements In Tissue Engineering
1. 3D Bioprinting:
 One of the significant advancements in tissue
engineering is the emergence of 3D bioprinting
technology.
 3D bioprinting enables the precise deposition of cells,
biomaterials, and biochemical factors layer by layer to
create complex, multi-cellular structures.
 This technology allows for the fabrication of tissues
with intricate architectures and specific cell
arrangements, closely mimicking the native tissue
organization.
 The ability to bioprint functional tissues and organs
opens up new possibilities for personalized medicine
and regenerative therapies.

6. Advancements In Tissue Engineering
2.Decellularization and Recellularization:
 Decellularization involves removing cells from donor
organs while preserving the organ's extracellular matrix
(ECM).
 The decellularized ECM serves as a natural scaffold that
provides structural support and biochemical cues for
tissue regeneration.
 Recellularization is the process of repopulating the
decellularized scaffold with patient-specific cells.
 By combining decellularization and recellularization
techniques, tissue engineers can create personalized
organ constructs that closely match the recipient's
immune profile, reducing the risk of rejection.

7. Advancements In Tissue Engineering
3.Stem Cell Research:
 Stem cells have tremendous potential in tissue
engineering due to their ability to differentiate into
various cell types.
 Advances in stem cell biology and manipulation
techniques have improved our understanding of stem
cell behavior and their differentiation pathways.
 Researchers are exploring ways to control and guide
stem cell differentiation to generate specific cell
populations required for tissue regeneration.
 Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), derived from
adult cells, hold promise as a patient-specific cell source
for tissue engineering applications.

8. Advancements In Tissue Engineering
4.Vascularization:
 Developing functional vascular networks within
engineered tissues is crucial for their survival and
integration with the host.
 Researchers are working on strategies to induce
vascularization within tissue-engineered constructs.
 Techniques such as bioprinting vascular networks,
incorporating endothelial cells, or using biomaterials
with angiogenic properties aim to create functional
blood vessels.
 Successful vascularization is essential for providing
oxygen, nutrients, and waste removal, enabling the
growth and functionality of larger and more complex
tissues.

9. Challenges In Tissue Engineering
Biocompatibility and Biomaterial Design: Developing materials that mimic native
tissues and support cell growth is a challenge.
Vascularization and Tissue Integration: Creating functional blood vessels and
integrating engineered tissues with the host remains a challenge.
Immunogenicity and Immune Response: Preventing immune rejection and
promoting immune tolerance is crucial.
Scale-Up and Manufacturing: Scaling up production while maintaining
quality control and cost-effectiveness is challenging.
Regulatory and Ethical Considerations: Navigating regulations and addressing
ethical concerns surrounding stem cells and genetic modifications is important.
Long-Term Functionality and Durability: Ensuring tissue-engineered constructs
remain functional and durable over time poses challenges.
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10. References
1. "Scaffold-free cartilage subjected to frictional shear stress demonstrates
damage by cracking and surface peeling". Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. 11
Whitney GA, Jayaraman K, Dennis JE, Mansour JM (February 2017).
2. Advances in tissue engineering Robert Langer,Joseph Vacanti, Show footnotes (December 19, 2015)
3. Tissue engineering: strategies, stem cells and scaffolds Daniel Howard, Lee D Buttery, Kevin M Shakesheff,
and Scott J Roberts (Jul 2008)
4. Tissue Engineering Using Ceramics and Polymers A volume in Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials
Book ( 2007)
5. Bone Tissue Engineering Cameron R. M. Black, Vitali Goriainov, David Gibbs, Janos Kanczler, Rahul S. Tare &
Richard O. C. Oreffo (August 2015)
6. Tissue Engineering De Clemens van Blitterswijk, David F. Williams, Jan De Boer, Peter Thomsen, Jeffrey
Hubbell, Ranieri Cancedda, J.D. de Bruijn, Anders Lindahl, Jerome Sohier
7. 3D biofabrication strategies for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine Piyush Bajaj 1
, Ryan M Schweller
, Ali Khademhosseini, Jennifer L West, Rashid Bashir (May 2015)