This document discusses strain improvement and preservation in biotechnology. It defines a strain as a group of species with distinguishing characteristics. The main approaches to strain improvement discussed are mutant selection, recombination, and recombinant DNA technology. Mutant selection involves applying mutagens to induce beneficial mutations for traits like increased productivity. Recombination generates new combinations of genes between strains. Recombinant DNA technology transfers genes to modify metabolic activities or products. Proper strain preservation methods are also outlined, including freezing, lyophilization, and storage in glycerol or liquid nitrogen. Applications include production of vaccines, enzymes, and other industrial biomolecules.
Steps involved in fermentation products producing a viable product output.various steps and process were explained in them. A semester syllabus of undergraduate microbiology student in his/her semester -5 in paper -6 . I think this might be helpful to you and have a good response after reading this .thank you.
Steps involved in fermentation products producing a viable product output.various steps and process were explained in them. A semester syllabus of undergraduate microbiology student in his/her semester -5 in paper -6 . I think this might be helpful to you and have a good response after reading this .thank you.
Science and technology of manipulating and improving microbial strains, in order to enhance their metabolic capacities for biotechnological applications, are referred to as strain improvement.
The term “fermentation” is derived from the Latin verb fervere, to boil, thus describing the appearance of the action of yeast on extracts of fruit or malted grain. The boiling appearance is due to the production of carbon dioxide bubbles caused by the anaerobic catabolism of the sugars present in the extract. However, fermentation has come to have different meanings to biochemists and to industrial microbiologists. Its biochemical meaning relates to the generation of energy by the catabolism of organic compounds, whereas its meaning in industrial microbiology tends to be much broader. Fermentation is a word that has many meanings for the microbiologist: 1 Any process involving the mass culture of microorganisims, either aerobic or anaerobic. 2 Any biological process that occurs in the absence of O2. 3 Food spoilage. 4 The production of
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Science and technology of manipulating and improving microbial strains, in order to enhance their metabolic capacities for biotechnological applications, are referred to as strain improvement.
The term “fermentation” is derived from the Latin verb fervere, to boil, thus describing the appearance of the action of yeast on extracts of fruit or malted grain. The boiling appearance is due to the production of carbon dioxide bubbles caused by the anaerobic catabolism of the sugars present in the extract. However, fermentation has come to have different meanings to biochemists and to industrial microbiologists. Its biochemical meaning relates to the generation of energy by the catabolism of organic compounds, whereas its meaning in industrial microbiology tends to be much broader. Fermentation is a word that has many meanings for the microbiologist: 1 Any process involving the mass culture of microorganisims, either aerobic or anaerobic. 2 Any biological process that occurs in the absence of O2. 3 Food spoilage. 4 The production of
Single Cell Protein -slideshare ppt
tag
,
single cell protein slideshare
,
single cell protein
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flowchart of single cell protein production
,
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Strain improvement technique (exam point of view)Sijo A
The development of industrial strains, that can tolerate cultural environment and produces the desired metabolite in large amount from wild type strain is called strain improvement.
The rate of production is controlled by genome of an organism.
Hence the rate of production can be increased by inducing necessory changes in genome of the organism. Hence it is also called genetic improvement of microbial strain.
Basic Knowledge about industrial microorganism. why industry choose microorganism rather than chemical. isolation technique of microorganism. source of microorganisms. Process of using microorganism. Disadvantages of using microorganisms in industry. Process of genetic modification of microorganisms. Storage process of microorganism. preservation methods of microorganism. Reculture methods of microorganism.
What are strains?
• A strain is a genetic variant or subtype of a microorganism (e.g., a virus,
bacterium or fungus).
• Microbial strains can also be differentiated by their genetic makeup using
metagenomic methods to maximize resolution within species.
What are industrial strains?
• Strains which synthesize one component as the main product are
preferable, since they make possible a simplified process for product
recovery.
Why is strain development important in industrial microbes?
• Prerequisite for efficient biotechnological processes at industrial scale is
the use of microbial strains which produce high titre of the desired
product.
• The process of enhancing the biosynthetic capabilities of microbes to
produce desired product in higher quantities is defined as microbial strain
improvement.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Predicting property prices with machine learning algorithms.pdf
strain improvement and preservation
1. PRESENTED BY
SACHIN .B .H
STRAIN IMPROVEMENT AND PRESERVATION
Biotechnology Skill Enhancement Program (BiSEP)
Domain: Fermentation and Bioprocessing
Department of Biotechnology, GUK
2. CONTENTS
Introduction
Ideal Characteristics of Strain
Purpose of Strain Improvement
Approaches for Strain Improvement
1.Mutant Selection
2.Recombination
3.Recombinant DNA Technology
Strain preservation
Applications
Conclusion
Reference
3. INTRODUCTION
Strain- A Strain is group of species with one or
more characteristics that distinguish it from other
sub group of the species of the strain .
-each strain identified by a name , number or
letter .
Ex:-E. coli Strain k 12
Strain improvement- The Science and
Technology of manipulating and improving microbial
Strains in order to enhance their metabolic
capacities is known as Strain Improvement
4. IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STRAIN
Rapid growth.
Genetic Stability.
Non-toxicity to humans.
Ability to use cheaper substrates.
Elimination of the production of compounds that may
interfere with downstream processing.
To improve the use of carbon and nitrogen sources.
Reduction of that cultivation cost.
Shorter fermentation time.
5. PURPOSE OF STRAIN IMPROVEMENT
Increase the productivities.
Regulating the activity of the enzymes.
Increasing the permeability.
To change un used co-Metabolites.
Introducing new genetic properties into the organism by
Recombination DNA technology/genetic engineering.
6. APPROACHES FOR STRAIN IMPROVEMENT
Mutant Selection.
Recombination.
Recombinant DNA Technology.
7. MUTANT SELECTION
A MUTATION is a sudden Heritable change in the
traits of an organism
Application of Mutagens to Induce mutation is
called MUTAGENSIS.
Agents capable of inducing mutations are called
MUTAGENS
Physical- Particulate and Non-Particulate
Chemical-Base analog, Deamine and
Alkylating agents Acridine Dyes.
Mutations occurring without any specific treatment
are called ‘Spontaneous Mutation’.
Mutation are resulting due to a treatment with
certain agents are known as ‘Induced Mutation’.
8.
9. Many Mutations bring about marked changes in the
Biochemical Characters of practical interest these are
called Major Mutations – these can be in Strain
Improvement.
Ex: Streptomycin griseus- Streptomycin-
Mannsidostreptomycin
Ex: Streptomycin aurofaciens(S- 604)-Produce 6-
demethyl tetracycline in place of Tetracycline
In contrast, most improvement in biochemical production
have been due to the accumulation of so called Minor
genes.
Ex: Pencillium chrysogenum- Strain E15-1 was
obtained which yield 55% more than original strain.
10. ISOLATION OF MUTANTS
1. Isolation of Auxtrophic Mutants:- it has a defect in one its
biosynthetic pathways ,so it require a specific Bio-molecule for
normal growth and development.
Ex: Phenylalanine mutant of C.glutamicus –require Phe for growth
so, it accumulates Tyrosine.
2.Analogue- Resistant Mutant:- it have feed back insensitive
enzymes of the biosynthetic pathway.
Feed –back inhibition- Tyrosine mutant of C.glutamics were
selected for resistance to 50mg/L of p- flurophenylalanine
(analogue of phenylalanine).
3.Revertants from non producing mutants:- of a Strain are high
producer. Mutant mutate back to original phenotype is called
Reversion and mutant is called Revertant.
Ex: Reversion mutant Streptomyces viridifaciens showed
over 6- fold increase in chlortetracycline production over
the original strain.
11. 4. Selection of Resistance to antibiotics:-
produced by the organism itself may lead to increased yields.
Ex: Streptomyces aurefaciens mutants selected for
resistance to 200- 400mg/L chlortetracycline
showed for 4 fold increase in the production of
antibiotics.
5 . Mutants with altered cell membrane
permeability- Show high production of some metabolites
Ex: A mutantE.coli strain has defective Lysine transport; it
actively excretes L-Lysine into the medium to 5 times as high
concentration as that with it cells.
6. Mutants have been selected to produce altered metaboliteds,
especially in case of Aminoglycoside antibiotic.
Ex:Pseudomonas aurofaciens produces the antibiotic
Pyrrolnitrin:: a mutant of this organisms 4’- fluropyrrolnitrin.
12. RECOMINATION
Defined as formation of new gene combinations among
those present in different strains.
Recombination used for genetic analysis as well as
strain improvement
To generate new products
Recombination may be based on:-
-Cross over
-Transformation
-Conjugation
-Transduction
- protoplast fusion – The fusion between non producing
strains of two species (Streptomyces griseus and
Streptomyces tenjimariensis) has yielded a strain that
produces indolizomycin, a new indolizine antibiotics.
13. RECOMINATION DNA TECHNOLOGY
rDNA Technology or Genetic Engineering involves
the isolation and cloning of genes of interest,
production of the necessary gene constructs using
appropriate enzymes and then transfer and
expression of these genes into an suitable host
organism.
This technique has been used to achieve 2 broad
objectives:
Production of Recombinant protein
Metabolic Engineering
14. 1 .Recombinant proteins:- These are the proteins
produced by the transferred gene /transgene; they
themselves are of commercial value.
Ex: Insulin, Interferons etc..are produced in bacteria
2.Metabolic Engineering - When metabolic
activities of an organism are modified by
introducing into transgene, which affect enzymatic
,transport and as Metabolic Engineering.
Ex- Over production of the amino acid Isolucine in
C. glutamicum and Ethonal by E.coli.
15. Product modification include the new enzymes which
modifies the products of existing biosynthetic
pathway
Ex: Conversion of Cephalosporin C into 7 – amino
cephalosporanic acid by D-amino acid oxdidase (in
A.chryosgenum).
Completely new metabolite formation include in which
all the genes of a new pathway transferred.
Ex: E.coli , transfer 2 genes for
polyhydroxybutyrate synthesis from Alcaligenes
eutrophus.
Enhance growth include enhanced substrate utilization .
Ex; E. coli , glutamatye dehydrogenase into
M.methylotrophus carbon conversion increased from
4% to 7%.
16. PROPER STRAIN USED IN INDUSTRY
GENETICALLY REGARDED AS SAFE [GRAS]
BACTERIA - Bacillus subtillis
-Lactobacillus bulgaricus
-Lactococcus lactis
-Leuconostock oenos
Yeasts - Canidia utilis
-Klyuveromyces m axrianus
-Klyveronomyces lactis
-Sacharomyces cerevesiae
Filamentous fungi - Aspergillus niger
-Aspergillus oryazae
-Mucor javanicus
-Penicillium roqueforti
17. STRAIN PRESERVATION
Industrial Microbiology or Industrial Biotechnology
continuously uses specific Microorganisms isolates /
strains as research , assay, development and production
of cultures .
These strains are highly valuable and must be
preserved over long without genetic and phenotypic
change
- Research culture
-Assay culture
-Development culture
-Production culture
18. APPROACHES OF STRAIN PRESERVATION
Low Temperature Storage:- 2-6⁰c ( 2-6 months)
Storage as Frozen Culture:- -20 to -100⁰c.
Storage as Lyophilized cells:- Under high Vacuum at low
temperature ( 5/ even -20 to -70⁰c)
Storage of Vegetative cells/spores in Liquid Nitrogen:- -
196⁰c / -167⁰c .
Air dried at room temperature on sterile loam sand or on
other natural substrate:- Like maize seed, rice, bran, etc.,
( bacterial culture may remain viable up to 70-80 years)
Storage in Glycerin Stabs:- 0.85ml of cell suspension
mixed with0.15ml of sterile glycerol and stored at - 70 or -75⁰c.
19. APPLICATIONS
Large scale Production of vaccines, Enzymes,
Interferons, growth factors, blood clotting factors.
In the field of Microbiology improve the microbe’s
productivities or characteristics.
Treatment of Genetic diseases like SCID by rDNA
technology
Production of medically useful biological like insulin
20. • Ex- Streptomyces albus was sequentially treated
with mutagen ( UV, NTG, Nitrogen mustard etc.,) to
form a strain
SAM-X which produces 10mg/ml of salinomycin as
compared to 250μg/ml in original strain.
•Ex- The enhancement of production of
Asperenone, an inhibitor of lipoxygenase and
human platelet aggregation from Aspergillus niger
, was achieved by UV and nitrous acid mutagenesis
21. CONCLUSION
These steps have been taken by firms in order to gap the
bridge between basic knowledge and industrial application.
The task of broth discovering new microbial compounds and
improving the synthesis of known ones have become more
and more challenging.
The tremendous increase in fermentation productivity and
resulting decreases in cost have come about mainly by using
mutagenesis. In recent years recombinant dna technology has
also been applied.
The promise of the future is via extensive of new genetic
techniques - metabolic engineering
- genomic shuffling
The choice of approaches which should be taken driven by
the economics of the biotechnological process and the genetic
tools available for the strain of interest.
22. REFERENCE
A text book of industrial microbiology by J. wates
A text book of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering
and Industrial Biotechnology by B.D Singh
A text book of Biotechnology by V. kumaresan
(SaraS publication).