Tides
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The document discusses the causes and patterns of ocean tides. Tides are produced by the gravitational forces of the Moon and Sun and the centrifugal force of the Earth-Moon system. These forces create two tidal bulges in the oceans that move around the Earth as it rotates, resulting in two high tides and two low tides each day. Additional factors like the shapes of coastlines and ocean basins can cause the timing and sizes of tides to vary in complex ways.
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Tides
Tides are caused by the gravitational forces of the moon and sun interacting with Earth's oceans, which creates two bulges of water that result in two high tides and two low tides each day. The changing positions and distances of the moon and sun relative to Earth cause variations in tide heights and times. Spring tides occur during new and full moons when the sun and moon are aligned, producing the highest tides, while neap tides happen when the sun and moon are at right angles, resulting in lower tides.
Marine ecology ppt
This document provides an overview of marine ecology and ocean zones. It begins by outlining the objectives and essential question regarding marine ecology and ocean zonation. It then defines marine ecology as the study of biotic and abiotic interactions in marine ecosystems. The document proceeds to describe the five oceans on Earth and the key features of marine ecology, including the vastness and salinity of the ocean. It also outlines the horizontal zones of the ocean including the intertidal, neretic and oceanic zones. Finally, it details the vertical zonation of ocean life based on depth and light availability.
The Ocean Waves
Waves are never ending dynamic surfaces created by the action of wind on ocean surfaces. Waves are undulations of the surface layers of bodies of sea waters. Large bodies of water are almost constantly in motion. Ocean surface are never calm and smooth.They are uneven, irregular, rough and restless. Sea waves are defined as undulations of seawater characterized by unique features. Waves are moving energy patterns. They travel along the interface between ocean and the atmosphere.
Ocean current
Oceans are a vast body of salt water that covers almost three to fourths of the earth's surface.
Seas are smaller, found on the margins of the ocean and are partially enclosed by land.
Seawater:
High density, high heat capacity, colder, salty and slightly compressible (its volume decreases under pressure), thus its density increases with pressure.
Why is Ocean Circulation Important?
•Similar to winds in the atmosphere, they transfer significant amounts of heat from equatorial areas to the poles and thus play important roles in determining the climates of coastal regions.
•The ocean circulation pattern exchanges water of varying characteristics, such as temperature and salinity
•ocean currents and atmospheric circulation influence one another.
•in addition, they transport nutrients and organisms
Ocean floor
The document summarizes key features of the ocean floor, including the continental shelf, slope, and rise that make up the continental margin. It also describes the abyssal plain, which covers the true ocean floor with sediment, as well as seamounts, guyots, mid-ocean ridges, and deep-ocean trenches. Barrier islands, banks, and guyots are among the geological formations that can be found on the continental shelf and ocean floor.
Coastal environment
This document provides an overview of coastal environments and processes. It defines coastal zones and features such as the littoral zone, beach, foreshore, and backshore. It describes factors that influence coastal areas like lithology, geological structures, processes, sea level changes and human impacts. Coastal processes discussed include waves, tides, storm surges, wave refraction, and marine erosion. The summary discusses key coastal landforms and how they are formed by coastal processes.
Coastal hazard
This document summarizes various coastal hazards. It categorizes hazards as either rapid-onset (e.g. coastal flooding from storm surge or tsunamis) or slow-onset (e.g. coastal erosion, land subsidence, or saltwater intrusion). Rapid-onset hazards are caused by sudden events like earthquakes generating tsunamis or storms producing storm surge, while slow-onset hazards occur gradually over time from erosion, sinking land, or encroaching seawater. The document also discusses how human activities like dams, seawalls, and jetties can disrupt sediment flows and influence coastal changes. Mitigation measures proposed include protective infrastructure, emergency response improvements, and climate information services.
Ocean waves lecture
Ocean waves are characterized by their amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and period. Amplitude refers to the height of the wave from still water level to the crest. Wavelength is the distance between two identical points on successive waves. Frequency is the number of waves passing a fixed point per second, while period is the time for one full wave cycle. Wave height depends on factors like fetch (distance over water the wind blows) and breaking occurs when the wave steepness exceeds about 1/7. Breaking waves can be spilling, plunging, or surging.
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Tides
Tides are caused by the gravitational forces of the moon and sun interacting with Earth's oceans, which creates two bulges of water that result in two high tides and two low tides each day. The changing positions and distances of the moon and sun relative to Earth cause variations in tide heights and times. Spring tides occur during new and full moons when the sun and moon are aligned, producing the highest tides, while neap tides happen when the sun and moon are at right angles, resulting in lower tides.
Marine ecology ppt
This document provides an overview of marine ecology and ocean zones. It begins by outlining the objectives and essential question regarding marine ecology and ocean zonation. It then defines marine ecology as the study of biotic and abiotic interactions in marine ecosystems. The document proceeds to describe the five oceans on Earth and the key features of marine ecology, including the vastness and salinity of the ocean. It also outlines the horizontal zones of the ocean including the intertidal, neretic and oceanic zones. Finally, it details the vertical zonation of ocean life based on depth and light availability.
The Ocean Waves
Waves are never ending dynamic surfaces created by the action of wind on ocean surfaces. Waves are undulations of the surface layers of bodies of sea waters. Large bodies of water are almost constantly in motion. Ocean surface are never calm and smooth.They are uneven, irregular, rough and restless. Sea waves are defined as undulations of seawater characterized by unique features. Waves are moving energy patterns. They travel along the interface between ocean and the atmosphere.
Ocean current
Oceans are a vast body of salt water that covers almost three to fourths of the earth's surface.
Seas are smaller, found on the margins of the ocean and are partially enclosed by land.
Seawater:
High density, high heat capacity, colder, salty and slightly compressible (its volume decreases under pressure), thus its density increases with pressure.
Why is Ocean Circulation Important?
•Similar to winds in the atmosphere, they transfer significant amounts of heat from equatorial areas to the poles and thus play important roles in determining the climates of coastal regions.
•The ocean circulation pattern exchanges water of varying characteristics, such as temperature and salinity
•ocean currents and atmospheric circulation influence one another.
•in addition, they transport nutrients and organisms
Ocean floor
The document summarizes key features of the ocean floor, including the continental shelf, slope, and rise that make up the continental margin. It also describes the abyssal plain, which covers the true ocean floor with sediment, as well as seamounts, guyots, mid-ocean ridges, and deep-ocean trenches. Barrier islands, banks, and guyots are among the geological formations that can be found on the continental shelf and ocean floor.
Coastal environment
This document provides an overview of coastal environments and processes. It defines coastal zones and features such as the littoral zone, beach, foreshore, and backshore. It describes factors that influence coastal areas like lithology, geological structures, processes, sea level changes and human impacts. Coastal processes discussed include waves, tides, storm surges, wave refraction, and marine erosion. The summary discusses key coastal landforms and how they are formed by coastal processes.
Coastal hazard
This document summarizes various coastal hazards. It categorizes hazards as either rapid-onset (e.g. coastal flooding from storm surge or tsunamis) or slow-onset (e.g. coastal erosion, land subsidence, or saltwater intrusion). Rapid-onset hazards are caused by sudden events like earthquakes generating tsunamis or storms producing storm surge, while slow-onset hazards occur gradually over time from erosion, sinking land, or encroaching seawater. The document also discusses how human activities like dams, seawalls, and jetties can disrupt sediment flows and influence coastal changes. Mitigation measures proposed include protective infrastructure, emergency response improvements, and climate information services.
Ocean waves lecture
Ocean waves are characterized by their amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and period. Amplitude refers to the height of the wave from still water level to the crest. Wavelength is the distance between two identical points on successive waves. Frequency is the number of waves passing a fixed point per second, while period is the time for one full wave cycle. Wave height depends on factors like fetch (distance over water the wind blows) and breaking occurs when the wave steepness exceeds about 1/7. Breaking waves can be spilling, plunging, or surging.
Tides (Geology)
Tides are caused by the gravitational interactions of the Earth, Moon, and Sun. The Moon's gravity pulls more strongly on the side of Earth facing the Moon, creating tidal bulges in the ocean. When these bulges are closest to coastal areas, high tide occurs, and when they are furthest away, low tide occurs. The Sun also affects tides. Spring tides occur during a full or new moon when the Sun and Moon are aligned, creating higher high tides and lower low tides. Neap tides occur when the Sun and Moon are at right angles, resulting in weaker tides. Most places experience two high and two low tides each day.
Ocean tides, types and theories
The document discusses ocean tides and their causes. It explains that tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun, which create two tidal bulges on Earth. The timing of tides is related to Earth's rotation and the moon's revolution, resulting in a tidal period of about 24 hours and 50 minutes. Tides can be semidiurnal (two high tides and two low tides per day) or diurnal (one of each per day), depending on coastal geography. Spring tides occur during new and full moons when gravitational forces are strongest, while neap tides happen at quarter moons with weaker forces.
Topography of ocean floors
Seas and Oceans are blue beauties of the planet earth.
Oceans are vast body of saline water occupying the great depressions on the earth. The surface beneath the oceanic waters is characterized by a lot of relief features.
The structure, configuration and relief features of the oceans also vary from each other.On the basis of Bathymetry and other studies, the morphology of Ocean basins contains a lot of relief features. This module highlights many of those features.
Coastal processes
Coastal systems can be divided into erosional shorelines and depositional shorelines based on dominant long-term processes. Erosional shorelines are dominated by erosive forces and typically have high-relief rocky coasts, while depositional shorelines are dominated by depositional processes and include environments like deltas, barrier islands, and reef coasts. Coasts experience various erosive and depositional processes from waves, such as refraction, longshore drift, and swash/backwash, which shape the shoreline over time. Stabilizing eroding coasts involves hard structures, beach nourishment, or relocation, but these approaches have limitations and tradeoffs.
Ocean Acidification Summary for Policymakers (2013)
The Ocean Acidification Summary for Policymakers was published in 2013. It summarises key findings from the Ocean in a High CO2 World Symposium, which is sponsored by the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO and the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research.
For more information
http://ocean-acidification.net/
Summary for Policymakers
http://www.igbp.net/publications/summariesforpolicymakers/summariesforpolicymakers/oceanacidificationsummaryforpolicymakers2013.5.30566fc6142425d6c9111f4.html
Tides
Tides are the periodic rise and fall of ocean water levels caused by the gravitational forces of the moon and sun. The dominant force is the moon, as it is closer to Earth. This causes bulges in the ocean on opposite sides of Earth called high tides, with low tides occurring between them. The periodic rise and fall happens twice each day. Tidal ranges vary depending on the positions of the Earth, moon, and sun, causing spring tides with the largest ranges or neap tides with minimum ranges.
Origin and destruction of ocean floor ppt ; ocean floor :evolution of ocean f...
The document discusses the evolution of ocean floors over time. It begins forming at mid-ocean ridges through sea floor spreading, as new crust is created and the continents diverge. Mature ocean basins develop and widen until beginning to decline due to continued spreading and shrinking. Finally, subduction eliminates most of the ocean crust and continents collide, forming mountain ranges. Sea floor spreading and subduction are the major forces driving the evolution of tectonic plates and the continuous formation and destruction of ocean floors according to the Wilson Cycle.
Marine environment 08.01.2019
This document discusses the marine environment and its division into zones. It notes that 71% of the Earth is covered by oceans which provide food, energy, water and support livelihoods. The oceans are divided into five main bodies of water and various pelagic and benthic zones based on factors like depth, sunlight penetration and distance from land. These zones each support different marine life adapted to the environmental conditions. Coastal areas like estuaries and coral reefs are also discussed for their ecological importance.
Coastal management
The document discusses different methods of coastal management used to reduce erosion and protect coastlines. Hard engineering options like sea walls, groynes, and revetments aim to reduce erosion but are expensive and can damage the environment. Soft engineering options like beach nourishment, managed retreat, and beach reshaping are often more sustainable and cost-effective but provide only temporary protection. The document provides details on each method, including how they work, advantages, and disadvantages.
Coastal Landforms
The document discusses various coastal landforms created by erosion and deposition processes along shorelines. It describes landforms such as headlands and bays, cliffs and wave-cut platforms, caves, arches, stacks, and stumps which are formed by coastal erosion. Beaches and spits are landforms created by coastal deposition, with beaches forming in sheltered areas between high and low tide lines, and spits forming as narrow ridges projecting from the coast due to longshore drift depositing materials.
7.5 - Coral Reefs
Coral reefs require specific environmental conditions to develop, including warm temperatures between 23-25°C, shallow clear water, abundant sunlight, and low sediment levels. They are globally distributed between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, with 92% found in the Indo-Pacific region. There are three main types of reefs: fringing reefs along shorelines, barrier reefs separated from land by lagoons, and atolls which are ring-shaped reefs surrounding lagoons without central islands. Charles Darwin and others proposed that reef types develop over geological time as islands subside or sea levels rise, leaving different reef structures, which was supported by evidence from Dana and Daly. However,
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The document analyzes sea surface temperature data in the Arctic from 1982 to 2006. It describes using imaging software to measure the area of water below 15 degrees Celsius over time. The results found the area fluctuated without a clear decreasing or increasing trend. This disproved the hypothesis that the area would consistently decrease due to global warming. Future small changes are possible but human impacts are minimal currently.
Tides and generating forces
Tides are caused by the gravitational forces of the moon and sun interacting with the rotation of the Earth. This results in two tidal bulges on opposite sides of the Earth that move around the planet as the Earth rotates. The difference between high tide and low tide is greatest during spring tides when the moon and sun are aligned, and smallest during neap tides when the moon and sun are at right angles to each other. While tidal energy has advantages of being predictable and pollution-free, constructing barrages for tidal power generation is very expensive and can impact the environment.
Coastal Protection Methods
This document discusses several coastal protection methods:
Breakwaters reduce wave power to protect beaches from erosion. Gabions are wire cages filled with stones that absorb wave energy. Groynes are structures built perpendicular to the shore to slow longshore drift. Revetments are sloped structures that absorb wave energy and trap sediment. Sea walls are curved concrete walls that protect cliffs from wave erosion. Each method has advantages in reducing erosion but can also impact sediment movement and beaches.
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Sea level rise on the Hudson Estuary: Sacha Spector, PhD, director of conservation science, Scenic Hudson share impacts associated with sea level rise including SLAMM, Sea Level Rise Affecting Marshes Model.
Marine Ecology
Marine ecology is the study of relationships between marine organisms and their physical and biological environments. Key features of marine ecology include the vast size of the ocean, its depth and continuous circulation. Marine environments can be divided horizontally into coastal, neritic and oceanic zones, and vertically into euphotic, mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones. Estuaries are productive ecosystems where freshwater mixes with saltwater, supporting diverse biota and acting as nurseries for many species. Mangroves and coral reefs are biologically rich ecosystems that protect coastlines and build land.
Ocean resources
The document discusses several ways humans interact with and impact the ocean through fishing, shipping, tourism, mining, and how the ocean functions as a climate buffer and producer of oxygen. Fishing supplies 16% of the world's protein but can lead to overfishing. Shipping transports cargo globally but also causes pollution and introduces invasive species. Tourism provides income but damages habitats. Mining extracts resources but destroys ecosystems. The ocean regulates climate and produces much of the planet's oxygen through phytoplankton.
Sediment Cells And Sources
This document discusses sediment cells and sources along coastlines. It defines sediment cells as discrete areas where sediment movement is largely self-contained. Sediment can come from erosion of cliffs, sea beds, and rivers being transported by waves, currents, tides and wind. Sediment is either stored in depositional landforms like beaches or transported through the cell. The UK has 11 major sediment cells that operate in a state of dynamic equilibrium. Coastal processes like hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and corrosion cause different rates and types of erosion along coastlines. Mass movement processes also influence erosion, including soil creep, solifluction, and mudflows.
Coastal processes and landforms
Every continent or island is bordered by a long or short coastline. Coastline is the line separating the land and sea. Coastal zones are the transition zones between terrestrial and marine habitat. They form an interface between land and oceanic natural processes. Coastal areas also are varied in their topography, climate and vegetation. Some are sandy beaches, rocky shores, with or without tidal inlets. The climate of a coast are controlled by the land and sea breezes and the humidity controlled by marine water. Waves are powerful tools for constructive and destructive activities. Hence. the geomorphology of beach, materials and processes are always not constant due to the impact of everlasting action of tides, waves and currents.
Morphology of ocean floor
The document summarizes the morphology and features of the ocean floor. It describes key features such as continental margins consisting of continental shelves, slopes, and rises. It also discusses ocean basins and their abyssal plains and hills, as well as mid-ocean ridges, trenches, seamounts, and guyots that form undersea volcanoes. Plateaus and island arcs are also mentioned. In conclusion, the ocean floor varies significantly in shape and size due to ongoing crustal movements from plate tectonics.
Tides
This document defines tides and discusses theories about their generation and types. It introduces the equilibrium and dynamic theories of tides, which explain tides through the gravitational forces of the moon and sun. It describes different types of tides, including spring tides during a full or new moon, neap tides during quarter phases, and rare proxigean spring tides when the moon is closest to Earth. The document also briefly discusses harnessing tidal energy and provides references used.
Lunar and solar tides and research of imam ahmad raza presentation 4
The document discusses Imam Ahmad Raza Khan's views on lunar and solar tides. It explains his rejection of the gravitational theory of tides proposed by scientists of his time. Imam Ahmad Raza Khan instead believed that tides are caused by volcanic eruptions beneath the oceans, which set the water "aflame" and cause bulging due to the transferred heat, creating high and low tides. The document outlines his alternative mechanism and compares it to boiling water in a pot over fire.
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Tides (Geology)
Tides are caused by the gravitational interactions of the Earth, Moon, and Sun. The Moon's gravity pulls more strongly on the side of Earth facing the Moon, creating tidal bulges in the ocean. When these bulges are closest to coastal areas, high tide occurs, and when they are furthest away, low tide occurs. The Sun also affects tides. Spring tides occur during a full or new moon when the Sun and Moon are aligned, creating higher high tides and lower low tides. Neap tides occur when the Sun and Moon are at right angles, resulting in weaker tides. Most places experience two high and two low tides each day.
Ocean tides, types and theories
The document discusses ocean tides and their causes. It explains that tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun, which create two tidal bulges on Earth. The timing of tides is related to Earth's rotation and the moon's revolution, resulting in a tidal period of about 24 hours and 50 minutes. Tides can be semidiurnal (two high tides and two low tides per day) or diurnal (one of each per day), depending on coastal geography. Spring tides occur during new and full moons when gravitational forces are strongest, while neap tides happen at quarter moons with weaker forces.
Topography of ocean floors
Seas and Oceans are blue beauties of the planet earth.
Oceans are vast body of saline water occupying the great depressions on the earth. The surface beneath the oceanic waters is characterized by a lot of relief features.
The structure, configuration and relief features of the oceans also vary from each other.On the basis of Bathymetry and other studies, the morphology of Ocean basins contains a lot of relief features. This module highlights many of those features.
Coastal processes
Coastal systems can be divided into erosional shorelines and depositional shorelines based on dominant long-term processes. Erosional shorelines are dominated by erosive forces and typically have high-relief rocky coasts, while depositional shorelines are dominated by depositional processes and include environments like deltas, barrier islands, and reef coasts. Coasts experience various erosive and depositional processes from waves, such as refraction, longshore drift, and swash/backwash, which shape the shoreline over time. Stabilizing eroding coasts involves hard structures, beach nourishment, or relocation, but these approaches have limitations and tradeoffs.
Ocean Acidification Summary for Policymakers (2013)
The Ocean Acidification Summary for Policymakers was published in 2013. It summarises key findings from the Ocean in a High CO2 World Symposium, which is sponsored by the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO and the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research.
For more information
http://ocean-acidification.net/
Summary for Policymakers
http://www.igbp.net/publications/summariesforpolicymakers/summariesforpolicymakers/oceanacidificationsummaryforpolicymakers2013.5.30566fc6142425d6c9111f4.html
Tides
Tides are the periodic rise and fall of ocean water levels caused by the gravitational forces of the moon and sun. The dominant force is the moon, as it is closer to Earth. This causes bulges in the ocean on opposite sides of Earth called high tides, with low tides occurring between them. The periodic rise and fall happens twice each day. Tidal ranges vary depending on the positions of the Earth, moon, and sun, causing spring tides with the largest ranges or neap tides with minimum ranges.
Origin and destruction of ocean floor ppt ; ocean floor :evolution of ocean f...
The document discusses the evolution of ocean floors over time. It begins forming at mid-ocean ridges through sea floor spreading, as new crust is created and the continents diverge. Mature ocean basins develop and widen until beginning to decline due to continued spreading and shrinking. Finally, subduction eliminates most of the ocean crust and continents collide, forming mountain ranges. Sea floor spreading and subduction are the major forces driving the evolution of tectonic plates and the continuous formation and destruction of ocean floors according to the Wilson Cycle.
Marine environment 08.01.2019
This document discusses the marine environment and its division into zones. It notes that 71% of the Earth is covered by oceans which provide food, energy, water and support livelihoods. The oceans are divided into five main bodies of water and various pelagic and benthic zones based on factors like depth, sunlight penetration and distance from land. These zones each support different marine life adapted to the environmental conditions. Coastal areas like estuaries and coral reefs are also discussed for their ecological importance.
Coastal management
The document discusses different methods of coastal management used to reduce erosion and protect coastlines. Hard engineering options like sea walls, groynes, and revetments aim to reduce erosion but are expensive and can damage the environment. Soft engineering options like beach nourishment, managed retreat, and beach reshaping are often more sustainable and cost-effective but provide only temporary protection. The document provides details on each method, including how they work, advantages, and disadvantages.
Coastal Landforms
The document discusses various coastal landforms created by erosion and deposition processes along shorelines. It describes landforms such as headlands and bays, cliffs and wave-cut platforms, caves, arches, stacks, and stumps which are formed by coastal erosion. Beaches and spits are landforms created by coastal deposition, with beaches forming in sheltered areas between high and low tide lines, and spits forming as narrow ridges projecting from the coast due to longshore drift depositing materials.
7.5 - Coral Reefs
Coral reefs require specific environmental conditions to develop, including warm temperatures between 23-25°C, shallow clear water, abundant sunlight, and low sediment levels. They are globally distributed between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, with 92% found in the Indo-Pacific region. There are three main types of reefs: fringing reefs along shorelines, barrier reefs separated from land by lagoons, and atolls which are ring-shaped reefs surrounding lagoons without central islands. Charles Darwin and others proposed that reef types develop over geological time as islands subside or sea levels rise, leaving different reef structures, which was supported by evidence from Dana and Daly. However,
Sea Surface temperature
The document analyzes sea surface temperature data in the Arctic from 1982 to 2006. It describes using imaging software to measure the area of water below 15 degrees Celsius over time. The results found the area fluctuated without a clear decreasing or increasing trend. This disproved the hypothesis that the area would consistently decrease due to global warming. Future small changes are possible but human impacts are minimal currently.
Tides and generating forces
Tides are caused by the gravitational forces of the moon and sun interacting with the rotation of the Earth. This results in two tidal bulges on opposite sides of the Earth that move around the planet as the Earth rotates. The difference between high tide and low tide is greatest during spring tides when the moon and sun are aligned, and smallest during neap tides when the moon and sun are at right angles to each other. While tidal energy has advantages of being predictable and pollution-free, constructing barrages for tidal power generation is very expensive and can impact the environment.
Coastal Protection Methods
This document discusses several coastal protection methods:
Breakwaters reduce wave power to protect beaches from erosion. Gabions are wire cages filled with stones that absorb wave energy. Groynes are structures built perpendicular to the shore to slow longshore drift. Revetments are sloped structures that absorb wave energy and trap sediment. Sea walls are curved concrete walls that protect cliffs from wave erosion. Each method has advantages in reducing erosion but can also impact sediment movement and beaches.
Sea level rise science
Sea level rise on the Hudson Estuary: Sacha Spector, PhD, director of conservation science, Scenic Hudson share impacts associated with sea level rise including SLAMM, Sea Level Rise Affecting Marshes Model.
Marine Ecology
Marine ecology is the study of relationships between marine organisms and their physical and biological environments. Key features of marine ecology include the vast size of the ocean, its depth and continuous circulation. Marine environments can be divided horizontally into coastal, neritic and oceanic zones, and vertically into euphotic, mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones. Estuaries are productive ecosystems where freshwater mixes with saltwater, supporting diverse biota and acting as nurseries for many species. Mangroves and coral reefs are biologically rich ecosystems that protect coastlines and build land.
Ocean resources
The document discusses several ways humans interact with and impact the ocean through fishing, shipping, tourism, mining, and how the ocean functions as a climate buffer and producer of oxygen. Fishing supplies 16% of the world's protein but can lead to overfishing. Shipping transports cargo globally but also causes pollution and introduces invasive species. Tourism provides income but damages habitats. Mining extracts resources but destroys ecosystems. The ocean regulates climate and produces much of the planet's oxygen through phytoplankton.
Sediment Cells And Sources
This document discusses sediment cells and sources along coastlines. It defines sediment cells as discrete areas where sediment movement is largely self-contained. Sediment can come from erosion of cliffs, sea beds, and rivers being transported by waves, currents, tides and wind. Sediment is either stored in depositional landforms like beaches or transported through the cell. The UK has 11 major sediment cells that operate in a state of dynamic equilibrium. Coastal processes like hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and corrosion cause different rates and types of erosion along coastlines. Mass movement processes also influence erosion, including soil creep, solifluction, and mudflows.
Coastal processes and landforms
Every continent or island is bordered by a long or short coastline. Coastline is the line separating the land and sea. Coastal zones are the transition zones between terrestrial and marine habitat. They form an interface between land and oceanic natural processes. Coastal areas also are varied in their topography, climate and vegetation. Some are sandy beaches, rocky shores, with or without tidal inlets. The climate of a coast are controlled by the land and sea breezes and the humidity controlled by marine water. Waves are powerful tools for constructive and destructive activities. Hence. the geomorphology of beach, materials and processes are always not constant due to the impact of everlasting action of tides, waves and currents.
Morphology of ocean floor
The document summarizes the morphology and features of the ocean floor. It describes key features such as continental margins consisting of continental shelves, slopes, and rises. It also discusses ocean basins and their abyssal plains and hills, as well as mid-ocean ridges, trenches, seamounts, and guyots that form undersea volcanoes. Plateaus and island arcs are also mentioned. In conclusion, the ocean floor varies significantly in shape and size due to ongoing crustal movements from plate tectonics.
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- 4. Resultant tidal forces Gravitational force, Earth and Moon Centripetal force, Earth and Moon Resultant force moves ocean water horizontallyFig. 10-7 Fig. 10-6
- 5. Tidal bulges Two equal and opposite tidal bulges Earth rotates beneath tidal bulges Two high tides Two low tides Per day Click on picture Fig. 10-8
- 6. Complications to simplest equilibrium theory Oceans do not cover entire Earth Oceans do not have uniform depth Friction between ocean and seafloor Continents Moon not always in same place with respect to Earth Lunar day longer than solar day
- 7. Lunar day Moon revolves around Earth Earth has to “catch up” with Moon to reach same position Fig. 10-9
- 8. Time between successive high tides shifts day after day Moon rises later each successive night
- 9. Solar tidal bulges Tide-producing force of Sun less than half of Moon’s Sun much farther away
- 10. Month tidal cycle Spring tides New Moon, Full Moon Earth, Moon, Sun syzygy Higher than usual high tides Fig. 10-12
- 11. Neap tide First Quarter, Last Quarter Earth, Moon, Sun quadrature Lower than usual high tide Fig. 10-12
- 12. Declination of Sun and Moon Orientation of Sun, Moon to Earth’s equator Sun 23.5o N and S, yearly cycle Moon 28.5o N and S, monthly cycle Unequal tides Successive tides different tidal range
- 13. Unequal tidal range Fig. 10-15
- 14. Elliptical orbits Click picture for Moon phases Perigee Lunar tidal force greater Higher high tides Apogee Lunar tidal force lesser Lower high tides Fig. 10-16
- 15. Dynamic theory of tides Tide shallow-water wave Speed varies with depth Lags behind Earth’s rotation Rotary flow in open ocean basins Amphidromic point Cotidal lines
- 16. Rotary flow Crest (high tide) rotates Counterclockwise in Northern Hemisphere Clockwise in Southern Hemisphere
- 17. Tidal patterns Diurnal One high, one low tide per lunar day Period of tidal cycle 24 hours 50 minutes Semidiurnal Two high, two low tides per lunar day Period 12 hours 25 minutes Equal range
- 18. Mixed Two high, two low tides per lunar day Unequal range Most tides are mixed
- 19. Standing waves Forced standing wave caused by tides Free-standing waves caused by strong winds or seismic disturbances Fig. 10-22
- 20. Node maximum horizontal flow Antinode maximum vertical flow Fig. 10-23
- 21. Bay of Fundy Largest tidal range (spring tide max 17 m) Shape of basin Oscillation period close to tidal period Shoals and narrows to north Basin oriented toward right (Coriolis moves water toward right) Click picture to see Fig. 10-24
- 22. Tidal bores Wave created by tide rushes upstream Large tidal range Low-lying coastal river Max 8 m high Click picture to see a tidal bore. Fig. 10A
- 23. End of Chapter 10: Tides Fig. 10-7 Fig. 10-6