Waves are characterized by their height, wavelength, and period. Wave height is the vertical distance between crests and troughs, wavelength is the horizontal distance between two crests or troughs, and period is the time it takes for one full wave to pass a fixed position. Fetch, the distance wind blows over open water, increases both wave height and steepness as wind transfers energy to water. Tides are regular changes in ocean elevation caused by gravitational forces from the moon and sun, with spring tides having the greatest range and neap tides having a lesser range every two weeks.