This document discusses the marine environment and its division into zones. It notes that 71% of the Earth is covered by oceans which provide food, energy, water and support livelihoods. The oceans are divided into five main bodies of water and various pelagic and benthic zones based on factors like depth, sunlight penetration and distance from land. These zones each support different marine life adapted to the environmental conditions. Coastal areas like estuaries and coral reefs are also discussed for their ecological importance.
Classification of marine environment pptAshish sahu
The main divisions of the marine environment. The two primary divisions of the sea are the benthic and the pelagic. The former includes all of the ocean floor, while the latter includes the whole mass of water. ... The deep-sea system is divided into an upper (archibenthic) and a lower (abyssal-benthic) zone.
Biological oceanography is a major scientific discipline dealing with all aspects of marine life under different zones of the oceanic environments. The interest to study biology by humans started as early as fourth century BC when Aristotle described about 180 species of marine animals. The geographical knowledge of oceans got improved after several great sea expeditions conducted by the people from 15th to 16th centuries. Through Ocean explorations people conducted detailed underwater surveys and mapped the ocean floors with respect to their physical features, chemistry and biological conditions.
Classification of marine environment pptAshish sahu
The main divisions of the marine environment. The two primary divisions of the sea are the benthic and the pelagic. The former includes all of the ocean floor, while the latter includes the whole mass of water. ... The deep-sea system is divided into an upper (archibenthic) and a lower (abyssal-benthic) zone.
Biological oceanography is a major scientific discipline dealing with all aspects of marine life under different zones of the oceanic environments. The interest to study biology by humans started as early as fourth century BC when Aristotle described about 180 species of marine animals. The geographical knowledge of oceans got improved after several great sea expeditions conducted by the people from 15th to 16th centuries. Through Ocean explorations people conducted detailed underwater surveys and mapped the ocean floors with respect to their physical features, chemistry and biological conditions.
Seas and oceans are very huge bodies of saline waters. Their distribution and dynamics are very influential in several ways. Understanding the properties of seawater is inevitable in oceanographic studies. Seawater is one of the most fascinating and plentiful substances on the planet. The basic properties of seawater and their distribution, the interchange of properties between sea and atmosphere or land, the transmission of energy within the sea, and the geochemical laws which are governing the composition of seawater and marine sediments, are the fundamental aspects studied in the subject oceanography.
Lakes are helpful in controlling weather and local climate. Lakes are helpful for creating irrigation facilities and recreation. In some places, lakes are good sources for water supply for drinking. Every lake, is unique in terms of its size, morphometry, water availability, water chemistry, physics, hydrology and biology. There are several type, kinds and categories of lakes in the world.
It is my academic presentation file which I presented with my friend in the last semester exam. It describe the major estuaries in Bangladesh. Also input these estuaries geographical location , characteristics , physio - chemical parameters , species abundance ,importance etc. ...
Marine ecology deals with the study of the environment and life in marine waters. It involves the study of marine organisms and their habitat. The details of marine ecosystems are given in this module.
Seas and oceans are very huge bodies of saline waters. Their distribution and dynamics are very influential in several ways. Understanding the properties of seawater is inevitable in oceanographic studies. Seawater is one of the most fascinating and plentiful substances on the planet. The basic properties of seawater and their distribution, the interchange of properties between sea and atmosphere or land, the transmission of energy within the sea, and the geochemical laws which are governing the composition of seawater and marine sediments, are the fundamental aspects studied in the subject oceanography.
Lakes are helpful in controlling weather and local climate. Lakes are helpful for creating irrigation facilities and recreation. In some places, lakes are good sources for water supply for drinking. Every lake, is unique in terms of its size, morphometry, water availability, water chemistry, physics, hydrology and biology. There are several type, kinds and categories of lakes in the world.
It is my academic presentation file which I presented with my friend in the last semester exam. It describe the major estuaries in Bangladesh. Also input these estuaries geographical location , characteristics , physio - chemical parameters , species abundance ,importance etc. ...
Marine ecology deals with the study of the environment and life in marine waters. It involves the study of marine organisms and their habitat. The details of marine ecosystems are given in this module.
Biological oceanography gradually grew into a major scientific discipline with all these observations of marine organisms and their environments. In this episode, the following modules are highlighted:1. Nature of marine environment, 2. Classification of Marine environment, 3. Role of abiotic parameters on marine life, 4. Marine Flora , and 5. Marine Fauna.
Almost all natural bodies of water bear fish life, the exceptions being very hot thermal ponds and extremely salt-alkaline lakes such as the Dead Sea and Great Salt Lake. The fishes belong to the most numerous and diversified group among vertebrates. They dominate the water bodies of the world through a variety of morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations. They have been in existence for more than 450 million years. A total of 24618 species of fishes belonging to 482 families and 4258 genera have so far been described. About 58% of the fish species are marine while 41% are freshwater inhabitants and 1% migrants. In our Indian region alone, there are 2,500 species of which 930 are inhabitants of freshwater and the rest live in the seas. In other words, India harbours 11.5% of the fish fauna so far known in the world. There are over 800 living species of sharks and rays, 30 species of chimaeras and ratfishes, 6 species of lung fishes, 1 species of coelacanths, 36 species of long ray finned bichirs, sturgeons and paddlefishes. The Neopterygii are the rest of the known species of modem fishes. All these fishes inhabit various niches in the aquatic environment. The diversified habitats of fishes include open oceans, deep oceanic trenches, nearshore waters, saline coastal embayments, brackishwaters, estuaries, intermittent streams, tiny desert springs, vernal pools, cold mountain streams, lakes, ponds, etc.
a glimpse of ocean world.
life in ocean
earth ocean
marine science
environment science
home science
aquatic life
ocean flora and fauna
aquaculture
sea food
marine resources
indian ocean
pacific ocean
atlantic ocean
life in the ocean
deep sea
mid sea
costal life
marine ecosystem
Disaster is also sometimes described as a “catastrophic situation in which the normal pattern of life or eco-system has been disrupted and extraordinary emergency interventions are required to save and preserve lives and or the environment”.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
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Our Linkedin Page:
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and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
2. Marine EnvironmentMarine Environment
ByBy
Dr. P. SureshkumarDr. P. Sureshkumar M.Sc., M.Phil., M.B.A., Ph.D.,M.Sc., M.Phil., M.B.A., Ph.D.,
Assistant Professor in Environmental SciencesAssistant Professor in Environmental Sciences
CAS in Marine BiologyCAS in Marine Biology
Annamalai UniversityAnnamalai University
3. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
About 71% of the earth surface is covered byAbout 71% of the earth surface is covered by salt watersalt water
The water depth averages 3.8km, a volume of 1370 x 106 km3The water depth averages 3.8km, a volume of 1370 x 106 km3
They provide us food, energy and water and sustain theThey provide us food, energy and water and sustain the
livelihoods of hundreds of millions of peoplelivelihoods of hundreds of millions of people
They are the stabilizer of the world’s climateThey are the stabilizer of the world’s climate
In marine environment about 178,000 species in 34 phylaIn marine environment about 178,000 species in 34 phyla
(UNEP) are present(UNEP) are present
4. OceanOcean
The oceans are originally the great mass of salt water,The oceans are originally the great mass of salt water,
supported to encompass the disk of the earth.supported to encompass the disk of the earth.
They are considered to be ancient formations in theThey are considered to be ancient formations in the
morphology of the earth and are mainly separatedmorphology of the earth and are mainly separated
from each other by the continents.from each other by the continents.
5. The OceansThe Oceans
1.1. The ocean is divided into 5 oceans (Southern Ocean was added inThe ocean is divided into 5 oceans (Southern Ocean was added in
2000)2000)
2. Pacific ocean is the largest; more than ½ of Earth’s water & covers2. Pacific ocean is the largest; more than ½ of Earth’s water & covers
⅓ of Earth’s surface⅓ of Earth’s surface
3. Oceans have changed over time due to plate tectonics3. Oceans have changed over time due to plate tectonics
6. The ocean is divided into large five areas,The ocean is divided into large five areas,
1. Antarctic ocean1. Antarctic ocean
2. Arctic ocean2. Arctic ocean
3. Atlantic ocean3. Atlantic ocean
4. Indian ocean and4. Indian ocean and
5. Pacific ocean5. Pacific ocean
7. SeaSea
The seas are varying extents separated fromThe seas are varying extents separated from
the oceans bythe oceans by island chainsisland chains or byor by submarinesubmarine
ridgesridges rising from the sea floor, subjected torising from the sea floor, subjected to
considerable changes in the course ofconsiderable changes in the course of
geological historygeological history
Example:Example: North sea, Mediterranean sea, Red sea,North sea, Mediterranean sea, Red sea,
Black sea, Arabian sea,Caribbean sea, Baltic seaBlack sea, Arabian sea,Caribbean sea, Baltic sea etc.etc.
8. It is due to their acute partition from the oceans,It is due to their acute partition from the oceans,
the seas have definite unique characteristics,the seas have definite unique characteristics,
which are closely connected with the reducedwhich are closely connected with the reduced
exchange of water masses, they showexchange of water masses, they show
considerable divergence between each other,considerable divergence between each other,
because their water masses react morebecause their water masses react more
noticeably than the open oceans to the localnoticeably than the open oceans to the local
climatic situation.climatic situation.
9. Marine Life ZonesMarine Life Zones
factors that divide the ocean into marine life zonesfactors that divide the ocean into marine life zones
sunlightsunlight
distance from shoredistance from shore
water depthwater depth
10. Division of the MarineDivision of the Marine
EnvironmentEnvironment
The marine ecosystem is the largest aquatic systemThe marine ecosystem is the largest aquatic system
on the planet.on the planet.
Its size and complexity make it difficult to deal withIts size and complexity make it difficult to deal with
as a whole.as a whole.
As a result, it is convenient to divide it into moreAs a result, it is convenient to divide it into more
manageable arbitrary subdivisions.manageable arbitrary subdivisions.
Open ocean can be subdivided vertically andOpen ocean can be subdivided vertically and
horizontally (Hedgepeth, 1957).horizontally (Hedgepeth, 1957).
11. The ocean can be divided into zonesThe ocean can be divided into zones
based onbased on depthdepth (vertically) and(vertically) and distancedistance
from landfrom land (horizontally)(horizontally)
Different zones of the ocean haveDifferent zones of the ocean have
conditions that support different organismsconditions that support different organisms
12. The entire area of the open water is the pelagicThe entire area of the open water is the pelagic
realm OR Pelagic Zonerealm OR Pelagic Zone
Sea bottom is benthic realm or Benthic ZoneSea bottom is benthic realm or Benthic Zone
13. Horizontally, the pelagic realm can be dividedHorizontally, the pelagic realm can be divided
into two zones.into two zones.
The neritic zone encompasses the water mass thatThe neritic zone encompasses the water mass that
overlies the continental shelvesoverlies the continental shelves
The oceanic zone includes all other open watersThe oceanic zone includes all other open waters
14. Progressing vertically, the pelagic realm canProgressing vertically, the pelagic realm can
be further subdivided in to two based on lightbe further subdivided in to two based on light
penetrationpenetration
The photic or euphotic zone is that part of the pelagicThe photic or euphotic zone is that part of the pelagic
realm that is lightedrealm that is lighted
The permanently dark water mass below the photicThe permanently dark water mass below the photic
zone is the aphotic zonezone is the aphotic zone
15. Some scientists prefer to recognize a transition zoneSome scientists prefer to recognize a transition zone
between the photic and aphotic called the disphoticbetween the photic and aphotic called the disphotic
zonezone
This transition area has enough light for vision butThis transition area has enough light for vision but
not enough for photosynthesis and extends down tonot enough for photosynthesis and extends down to
about 1000mabout 1000m
Disphotic is synonymous here with mesopelagicDisphotic is synonymous here with mesopelagic
16. The pelagic part of the aphotic zone can be subdivided intoThe pelagic part of the aphotic zone can be subdivided into
zones that succeed each other vertically.zones that succeed each other vertically.
The mesopelagic is the uppermost of the aphotic areas. ItsThe mesopelagic is the uppermost of the aphotic areas. Its
lower boundary in the tropics is the 10ºC isotherm, whichlower boundary in the tropics is the 10ºC isotherm, which
ranges from 700 to 1000m, depending on the area.ranges from 700 to 1000m, depending on the area.
Next is the bathypelagic, lying between 10 and 4 ºC or inNext is the bathypelagic, lying between 10 and 4 ºC or in
depth between 700 and 1000m and between 2000 and 4000m.depth between 700 and 1000m and between 2000 and 4000m.
Overlying the plains of the major ocean basins is the abyssalOverlying the plains of the major ocean basins is the abyssal
pelagic, which has its lower boundary at about 6000m.pelagic, which has its lower boundary at about 6000m.
The open water of the deep oceanic trenches between 6000The open water of the deep oceanic trenches between 6000
and 10,000m is called the hadal pelagic.and 10,000m is called the hadal pelagic.
17. Corresponding to the last three pelagic zones areCorresponding to the last three pelagic zones are
three bottom or benthic zones.three bottom or benthic zones.
The bathyal zone is that area of bottomThe bathyal zone is that area of bottom
encompassing the continental slope and down toencompassing the continental slope and down to
about 4000m.about 4000m.
The abyssal zone includes the broad abyssal plains ofThe abyssal zone includes the broad abyssal plains of
the ocean basins between 4000 and 6000m.the ocean basins between 4000 and 6000m.
18. The hadal is the benthic zone of the trenches betweenThe hadal is the benthic zone of the trenches between
6000 and 10,000m.6000 and 10,000m.
The benthic zone underlying the neritic pelagic zoneThe benthic zone underlying the neritic pelagic zone
on the continental shelf is termed the sublittoral oron the continental shelf is termed the sublittoral or
shelf zone.shelf zone.
It is illuminated and is generally populated with anIt is illuminated and is generally populated with an
abundance of organisms constituting several differentabundance of organisms constituting several different
communities, including seagrass beds, kelp forestscommunities, including seagrass beds, kelp forests
and coral reefs.and coral reefs.
19.
20. Pelagic and benthic zone divisionsPelagic and benthic zone divisions
2020
Pelagic zone divisions
(depth from surface)
Benthic zone divisions
(seafloor zones)
Supralittoral –shore above high tide
Epipelagic (0-200m) Littoral – the intertidal zone (sometimes
submerged and sometimes above water)
Mesopelagic (200-1,000m) Sublittoral – seafloor of the continental
shelf (from low tide to the shelf break)
Bathypelagic (1,000-4,000m) Bathyl – seafloor of the continental slope
to the deep ocean bottom
Abyssopelagic (4,000-6,000m Abyssal – deep ocean bottom between
the base of the slope and 6,000 m
Hadalpelagic (6,000-10,000m) Hadal – the deepest zone, below 6,000m
21. Fig.1. Divisions of the oceans (not to scale) (Source: Hedgpeth, 1957)Fig.1. Divisions of the oceans (not to scale) (Source: Hedgpeth, 1957)
22.
23.
24.
25. Coastal ZoneCoastal Zone
Two traditional areas exist, one between the marineTwo traditional areas exist, one between the marine
environment and the terrestrial, and the other betweenenvironment and the terrestrial, and the other between
marine and fresh water.marine and fresh water.
The intertidal zone or littoral zone is that shore areasThe intertidal zone or littoral zone is that shore areas
lying between the extremes of high and low tide; itlying between the extremes of high and low tide; it
represents the transitional area from marine torepresents the transitional area from marine to
terrestrial conditions.terrestrial conditions.
It is a zone of abundant life and is well studied.It is a zone of abundant life and is well studied.
Estuaries represent the transition area where fresh andEstuaries represent the transition area where fresh and
salt water meet and mix.salt water meet and mix.
These are important breeding and feeding grounds forThese are important breeding and feeding grounds for
sea birds, shore birds and waterfowl.sea birds, shore birds and waterfowl.
26. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
The earliest use of the oceans by humans was probablyThe earliest use of the oceans by humans was probably
for food.for food.
Early human populations living along the oceansEarly human populations living along the oceans
captured various shore fishes and shellfishes forcaptured various shore fishes and shellfishes for
consumption with the advent of vessels and nets.consumption with the advent of vessels and nets.
In the decades of this century, the old ships and gearIn the decades of this century, the old ships and gear
have been replaced by much larger and more powerfulhave been replaced by much larger and more powerful
vessels, more effective nets and traps and electronicvessels, more effective nets and traps and electronic
devices for detecting fish schools.devices for detecting fish schools.
27. The result has been a significant reduction inThe result has been a significant reduction in
many fish populations and the disappearancemany fish populations and the disappearance
or over exploitation of others at a time whenor over exploitation of others at a time when
increasing human populations are demandingincreasing human populations are demanding
more food.more food.
The decline of many world fisheries due toThe decline of many world fisheries due to
common access and the pressures of ancommon access and the pressures of an
increased demand for food by an ever‐increased demand for food by an ever‐
increasing human population have led toincreasing human population have led to
friction among fishing nations and variousfriction among fishing nations and various
attempts to regulate fishery resources.attempts to regulate fishery resources.
28. Following the third United Nations Conference on theFollowing the third United Nations Conference on the
Law of the Sea, a standard 200 nautical miles wideLaw of the Sea, a standard 200 nautical miles wide
fishing areas from the ‘base lines’ called economic zonefishing areas from the ‘base lines’ called economic zone
(EEZ) was established for the waters of each coastal(EEZ) was established for the waters of each coastal
nations.nations.
This means that individual nations now have full controlThis means that individual nations now have full control
of all fishery activity within 200 miles of their shores andof all fishery activity within 200 miles of their shores and
they have sovereign rights over the resources of theirthey have sovereign rights over the resources of their
continental shelves that, in some cases, can extendcontinental shelves that, in some cases, can extend
even further.even further.
29. Continental areaContinental area
Supports abundant benthic fauna and flora – the shelfSupports abundant benthic fauna and flora – the shelf
communities.communities.
The water above the continental shelves and its fauna and floraThe water above the continental shelves and its fauna and flora
are described as neritic.are described as neritic.
Neritic waters tend to be richer in plant nutrients and moreNeritic waters tend to be richer in plant nutrients and more
productive than water of corresponding depths in the open sea.productive than water of corresponding depths in the open sea.
One reason for this is the greater mixing that occurs here as aOne reason for this is the greater mixing that occurs here as a
result of turbulence, wave action, upwelling caused byresult of turbulence, wave action, upwelling caused by
offshore currents, winds etc., bringing plant nutrients into alloffshore currents, winds etc., bringing plant nutrients into all
strata of the water.strata of the water.
30. Also, additional nutrients are led from the substrateAlso, additional nutrients are led from the substrate
and washed into the sea by rivers and streams fromand washed into the sea by rivers and streams from
the adjacent land.the adjacent land.
Where the substrate is suitable for attachment, theWhere the substrate is suitable for attachment, the
shallow waters also support a rich growth of seaweed,shallow waters also support a rich growth of seaweed,
turtle grass, eelgrass and in some areas, other plants.turtle grass, eelgrass and in some areas, other plants.
The increased plant growth is reflected in an increaseThe increased plant growth is reflected in an increase
in animal life.in animal life.
31. Coral ReefsCoral Reefs
Coral reefs are shallow water tropical marine ecosystems‐Coral reefs are shallow water tropical marine ecosystems‐
characterized by a remarkably high biomass production and acharacterized by a remarkably high biomass production and a
rich floral and faunal diversities.rich floral and faunal diversities.
Reef is formed by the millions of calcareous skeleton of coralsReef is formed by the millions of calcareous skeleton of corals
(marine invertebrate of the phylum Coelenterata) cemented(marine invertebrate of the phylum Coelenterata) cemented
together over a period of few thousand to millions of years.together over a period of few thousand to millions of years.
Coral reefs are of three types i.e. Fringing reefs (projectCoral reefs are of three types i.e. Fringing reefs (project
seawards directly from the shore), Barrier reefs (separatedseawards directly from the shore), Barrier reefs (separated
from the land mass by a shallow lagoon) and Atolls (rest onfrom the land mass by a shallow lagoon) and Atolls (rest on
the summits of submerged volcanoes).the summits of submerged volcanoes).
An abundance of pelagic fish resources is found in the reefs,An abundance of pelagic fish resources is found in the reefs,
including food fishes as well as a variety of beautiful aquariumincluding food fishes as well as a variety of beautiful aquarium
fishes such as parrot, porcupine,rainbow and surgeon.fishes such as parrot, porcupine,rainbow and surgeon.
32. MangrovesMangroves
Mangroves are tropical and subtropical swampy forestsMangroves are tropical and subtropical swampy forests
bordering the sheltered seacoasts and estuaries.bordering the sheltered seacoasts and estuaries.
Mangroves are highly complex and dynamic ecosystemsMangroves are highly complex and dynamic ecosystems
comprising salt tolerant intertidal halophytes and the adjoiningcomprising salt tolerant intertidal halophytes and the adjoining
waterways, supporting numerous terrestrial, arboreal, benthicwaterways, supporting numerous terrestrial, arboreal, benthic
and aquatic organisms forming a complex association ofand aquatic organisms forming a complex association of
species, exchanging materials and energy with the system,species, exchanging materials and energy with the system,
between the system and near coastal waters.between the system and near coastal waters.
Mangroves are unique in possessing special adaptiveMangroves are unique in possessing special adaptive
structures to live in the saline coastal environments.structures to live in the saline coastal environments.
33. They include specialized root cell membranes which prevent‐They include specialized root cell membranes which prevent‐
or reduce the entry of salt; elaborate tube like breathing‐or reduce the entry of salt; elaborate tube like breathing‐
structure called pneumatophores which grow verticallystructure called pneumatophores which grow vertically
upwards from the roots; and viviparous seedlings thatupwards from the roots; and viviparous seedlings that
germinate on the parent tree itself thereby decreasing theirgerminate on the parent tree itself thereby decreasing their
mortality in the unfavourable environment.mortality in the unfavourable environment.
Mangroves serve a wide variety of useful functions includingMangroves serve a wide variety of useful functions including
prevention of coastal erosion, encouraging soil deposition,prevention of coastal erosion, encouraging soil deposition,
providing food, shelter and serve as a sanctuary of birds andproviding food, shelter and serve as a sanctuary of birds and
mammals.mammals.
They provide vital spawning, nursery and forage ground for aThey provide vital spawning, nursery and forage ground for a
wide variety of aquatic organisms and as organic food factorywide variety of aquatic organisms and as organic food factory
through litter production.through litter production.
34. WetlandsWetlands
Wetlands are diverse in both form and function.Wetlands are diverse in both form and function.
They encompass the salt marshes and mangrove swamps ofThey encompass the salt marshes and mangrove swamps of
seacoast and estuary, the freshwater marshes of the prairie, theseacoast and estuary, the freshwater marshes of the prairie, the
flood plain swamps of rivers, and the littoral zone marshes of‐flood plain swamps of rivers, and the littoral zone marshes of‐
lakes.lakes.
Wetland is an ecotone, the transitional zone between land andWetland is an ecotone, the transitional zone between land and
water, and it combines the characteristics of both thesewater, and it combines the characteristics of both these
environs besides having some unique characteristics of itsenvirons besides having some unique characteristics of its
own.own.
The heterogeneous wetland habitat broken into diverseThe heterogeneous wetland habitat broken into diverse
microhabitat consists of permanent or seasonal shallow watermicrohabitat consists of permanent or seasonal shallow water
bodies dominated by large aquatic plants.bodies dominated by large aquatic plants.
35. Wetlands are divided into four groups based on the dominantWetlands are divided into four groups based on the dominant
large vegetation, the source of water and presence or absence oflarge vegetation, the source of water and presence or absence of
peat.peat.
1. Marshes are characterized by emergent aquatic macrophytes.1. Marshes are characterized by emergent aquatic macrophytes.
2. Swamps are dominated by trees.2. Swamps are dominated by trees.
3. Acidic bogs are characterized in having low species diversity3. Acidic bogs are characterized in having low species diversity
with a few higher plants and an abundance of the peat mosswith a few higher plants and an abundance of the peat moss
Sphagnum.Sphagnum.
4. The more alkaline4. The more alkaline ferns are often species that contain bothferns are often species that contain both
mosses and aquatic macrophytes.mosses and aquatic macrophytes.
36. The main wetland types differ in their rates of primaryThe main wetland types differ in their rates of primary
production in the following order Marshes > swamps > ferns >production in the following order Marshes > swamps > ferns >
bogs.bogs.
To day, the preservation of wetlands is considered importantTo day, the preservation of wetlands is considered important
by both scientists and the public.by both scientists and the public.
Therefore, considerable thought has gone into distinguishingTherefore, considerable thought has gone into distinguishing
wetlands from other aquatic and terrestrial habitats.wetlands from other aquatic and terrestrial habitats.
The characteristics of shallow water, saturated soil andThe characteristics of shallow water, saturated soil and
dominance by vegetation adapted to water logged conditionsdominance by vegetation adapted to water logged conditions
define wetlands.define wetlands.
37. The scientific study of wetlands is difficult and much remainsThe scientific study of wetlands is difficult and much remains
to be discovered.to be discovered.
One reason is that wetlands are the most physically andOne reason is that wetlands are the most physically and
chemically heterogeneous of all the major aquatic ecosystems.chemically heterogeneous of all the major aquatic ecosystems.
Wetlands are of considerable economic importance. They canWetlands are of considerable economic importance. They can
be highly productive with large crops, of algae, macrophytes,be highly productive with large crops, of algae, macrophytes,
trees, and aquatic invertebrates.trees, and aquatic invertebrates.
This food supply and the cover and isolation from terrestrialThis food supply and the cover and isolation from terrestrial
predators provided by reef beds encourage nesting and rearingpredators provided by reef beds encourage nesting and rearing
of waterfowl such as geese and ducks which are highly valuedof waterfowl such as geese and ducks which are highly valued
by hunters, bird watchers and politicians.by hunters, bird watchers and politicians.
38. Wetlands also serve as a natural buffer between land and waterWetlands also serve as a natural buffer between land and water
by acting as a sponge for sediments and nutrients, holdingby acting as a sponge for sediments and nutrients, holding
back inflowing matter.back inflowing matter.
Finally, wetlands are now values for their intrinsic aestheticFinally, wetlands are now values for their intrinsic aesthetic
value and as distinct ecosystems for research by limnologistsvalue and as distinct ecosystems for research by limnologists
and ecologists.and ecologists.
39. ReferencesReferences
Dennis, W.M. and Isom, B.G. (1984). Ecological Assessment of Macrophyton Collection, Use Dennis, W.M. and Isom, B.G. (1984). Ecological Assessment of Macrophyton Collection, Use
and Meaning of Data. American Society of Testing and Meaning of Data. American Society of Testing
Materials, Special Technical Publication, No. 843. Philadelphia. 122pp. Materials, Special Technical Publication, No. 843. Philadelphia. 122pp.
Friedrich, H. (1969). Marine biology An introduction to its problems and Friedrich, H. (1969). Marine biology An introduction to its problems and
results. Printed in Billingsons limited, London. results. Printed in Billingsons limited, London.
Hammer, D.A. (1989). Constructed wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Hammer, D.A. (1989). Constructed wetlands for Wastewater Treatment:
Municipal, Industrial and Agricultural. Lewis, Chelsea, Michigan. 831 pp.Municipal, Industrial and Agricultural. Lewis, Chelsea, Michigan. 831 pp.
Hedgepeth, J. (1957). Classification of marine environments and concepts of marine ecology. In: Hedgepeth, J. (1957). Classification of marine environments and concepts of marine ecology. In:
Hedgepeth, J.E. (Ed.), The treatise on marine ecology and paeoecology. Vol. 1, Ecology. Hedgepeth, J.E. (Ed.), The treatise on marine ecology and paeoecology. Vol. 1, Ecology.
Memoir No. 67 of the Geological society of America, New York. Memoir No. 67 of the Geological society of America, New York.
Mc Connaughey, B.H. (1978). Introduction to marine biology. Third edition. The Mc Connaughey, B.H. (1978). Introduction to marine biology. Third edition. The
C.V. Mosby Company. C.V. Mosby Company.
Mitsch, W.J. and Gosslink, J.G. (1996). Wetlands Ven Nostrand Reinhold, New York. 539 pp. Mitsch, W.J. and Gosslink, J.G. (1996). Wetlands Ven Nostrand Reinhold, New York. 539 pp.
Nybakken, J.W. (1997). Marine biology An ecological approach. Fourth Nybakken, J.W. (1997). Marine biology An ecological approach. Fourth
edition. Printed in Unites States of America. edition. Printed in Unites States of America.
Soaves, M. (1998). The ocean Our future. Published by Cambridge University Soaves, M. (1998). The ocean Our future. Published by Cambridge University
Press, United Kingdom. Press, United Kingdom.
http://saltwaterstudies.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Introduction-Marine-Environment.pdfhttp://saltwaterstudies.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Introduction-Marine-Environment.pdf
Editor's Notes
Teacher’s Note: Refer your students to the student handout for this lesson for more information on ocean zones.