The adrenal glands are located above the kidneys and consist of an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex secretes mineralocorticoids like aldosterone to regulate sodium and water balance, glucocorticoids like cortisol to regulate metabolism and immune function, and androgens. The medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine to trigger the fight-or-flight response. Diseases can result from overproduction or underproduction of these hormones, such as Cushing's syndrome from excessive cortisol or Addison's disease from adrenal insufficiency.
Describe the structures, relations, and functions of the adrenal gland.
describe the histological structures and clinical importance of the adrenal gland
Describe the structures, relations, and functions of the adrenal gland.
describe the histological structures and clinical importance of the adrenal gland
Adrenal Gland
Content :- 1. Introduction, 2. location, 3.Structure, 4. Hormones and their function, Disease, Control.
For more such content refer to www.faunafondness.com
At the end of the presentation ,we should be able to describe the:
Location, shape and relations of the right and left adrenal glands.
Blood supply, lymphatic drainage and nerve supply of right and left adrenal glands
Parts of adrenal glands and function of each part.
Development of adrenal gland and common anomalies.
Structure and function of adrenal glandsMoses Kayungi
Structure and function of adrenal glands
• Anatomically, the adrenal glands (suprarenal) are located in the thoracic abdomen situated 'on' top of the kidneys one on each side, specifically on their anterosuperior aspect.
• They are surrounded by the adipose capsule and the renal fascia
• They consist of two parts,
The outer cortex
The inner medulla.
Adrenal Cortex
• The adrenal cortex is devoted to the synthesis of corticosteroid hormones from cholesterol.
It completes the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
The source of cortisol and corticosterone hormones
• The cortex is divided into three zones, or layers.
• This division is sometimes referred to as ‘functional zonation”
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
Adrenal Medulla
• The adrenal medulla is the core of the adrenal gland, and is surrounded by the adrenal cortex.
• The chromaffin cells of the medulla are the body's main source of the circulating catecholamines, adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine
Blood supply to Adrenal Gland
• Although variations of the blood supply to the adrenal glands (and indeed the kidneys themselves) are common, there are usually three arteries that supply each adrenal gland:
The superior suprarenal artery is provided by the inferior phrenic artery.
The middle suprarenal artery is provided by the abdominal aorta.
The inferior suprarenal artery is provided by the renal artery
• Venous drainage of the adrenal glands is achieved via the suprarenal veins:
The right suprarenal vein drains into the inferior vena cava.
The left suprarenal vein drains into the left renal vein or the left inferior phrenic vein
ADRENAL GLAND. PARTS,HORMONES, ABNORMALITIES AND NORMAL RANGES. pptxWINCY THIRUMURUGAN
The adrenal glands, also known as suprarenal glands, are paired endocrine glands situated over the medial aspect of the upper poles of each kidney.
The adrenal glands are located in the posterior abdomen, positioned between the superomedial kidney and the diaphragm.
The right adrenal gland has a pyramidal shape, while the left gland is semi-lunar.
These glands are enclosed by the perinephric (renal) fascia, which also surrounds the kidneys
size and Weight:
Each adrenal gland measures approximately 5 cm in length, 3 cm in width, and up to 1 cm in thickness.
The combined weight of both glands in an adult human ranges from 7 to 10 grams.
Their color is yellowish.
The adrenal glands are surrounded by a fatty capsule and lie within the renal fascia, which also envelops the kidneys
Anatomical Structure: The adrenal glands consist of three main components:
Outer Connective Tissue Capsule: Surrounds the entire gland.
Cortex: The outer functional portion,It can be further divided into three zones:
Zona glomerulosa: Produces mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone).
Zona fasciculata: Produces corticosteroids (e.g., cortisol) and a small amount of androgens.
Zona reticularis: Secretes androgens (e.g., dehydroepiandrosterone) and some corticosteroids.
Medulla: The inner functional portion, derived from ectodermal neural crest cells. It contains chromaffin cells that secrete catecholamines (such as adrenaline) in response to stress.
ADRENAL CORTEX: -
🞭 It produces three hormones:
Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Sex hormones (androgens)
These are collectively called as adrenocorticoids.
Glucocorticoids: -
Cortisol, corticosterone and
cortisone are the main Glucocorticoids
They are essential for life, regulating metabolism and stress
They are high in between 4 to 8 am
Lowest between midnight and 3 am
. Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone): -
Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoids
It maintains
Water and electrolyte balance
C. Sex hormones: -
Androgens are the main sex hormones.They contribute to the onset of puberty
Functions:
Puberty: Androgens help initiate puberty, leading to physical maturation.
Bone Density: They play a role in maintaining bone strength.
Muscle Development: Androgens contribute to muscle growth.
Red Blood Cell Production: They influence the production of red blood cells.
Sexual Desire and Function: Androgens are crucial for sexual health and function.
ADRENAL MEDULLA :
The adrenal medulla, which is the inner part of the adrenal gland, plays a crucial role in well-being.
It secretes hormones such as adrenaline (also known as epinephrine) and noradrenaline (also known as norepinephrine).
Normal levels :
Normal levels of aldosterone is 5 to 30 nanograms per deciliter (ng/dL).
Normal cortisol levels fluctuate throughout the day. In the morning (around 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m.), 7.2 to 63.3 picograms per milliliter (pg/mL)
Free Androgen Index (FAI) men: 30-150.
The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones, chemical substances produced in the body that regulate the activity of cells or organs. These hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism (the physical and chemical processes of the body), and sexual development and function.
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2. INTRODUCTION
The adrenal glands develop from two
separate embryological tissues;
the neural crest ectoderm and
the intermediate mesoderm.
The medulla originates from neural crest
cells. The adrenal cortex develops from
the intermediate mesoderm.
The fetal cortex develops in the centre,
with the permanent cortex surrounding it.
By 4 months of age the adrenal gland is
fully developed
3. Position and location
The adrenal glands located on the upper poles of
each kidney on the right and left sides
They are covered by peritoneum on the posterior
abdominal wall they are embedded into pre renal
fat
The left one is larger and higher than the right
Adrenal gland measures :-
Width 3 cm
Length 5 cm
Thickness 1 cm
Weight 7-10 gm
Colour –yellowish
4. ANATOMY OF ADRENAL
GLANDS
The adrenal glands are paired bodies lying
cranial to the kidneys within the
retroperitoneal space. The glands consist
of two layers;
I. cortex
II. medulla.
5. ADRENAL CORTEX
The adrenal cortex is red to light brown
in colour and is composed of three
zones. From the outer to inner, the
layers are;
1. zonaglomerulosa- is narrow and the
cells are in a whorled pattern.
2. zonafasciculata- wide and the cells lie
in columns and
3. zonareticularis- more randomly
organised.
The adrenal cortex represents 80-90%
of the adrenal gland.
The adrenal medulla represents only
10-20% of the adrenal gland.
6.
7.
8. HORMONES OF THE
ADRENAL CORTEX
The adrenocortical hormones and their functions in
the body are classified into:
1. Mineralocorticoids
2. Glucocorticoids
3. Adrenal androgens
9. 1. MINERALOCORTICOIDS
These hormones help to control the water and electrolyte
homeostasis, particularly the concentration of Na+ and K+ ions.
Mineralocorticoids include the following hormones:
• They are produced in the zona glomerulosa.
• The primary mineralocorticoid is aldosterone. Its secretion is
regulated by the oligopeptide angiotensin II (angiotensin II is
regulated by angiotensin I, which in turn is regulated by renin).
• Aldosterone is secreted in response to high extracellular potassium
levels, low extracellular sodium levels, and low fluid levels and blood
volume.
• Aldosterone affects metabolism in different ways:
It increases urinary excretion of potassium ions.
It increases interstitial levels of sodium ions.
It increases water retention and blood volume.
10. 2. GLUCOCORTICOIDS
• They are produced in the zona fasciculata.
• The primary glucocorticoid released by the adrenal gland in the
human is cortisol and corticosterone in many other animals.
• Its secretion is regulated by the hormone ACTH from the
anterior pituitary.
• Upon binding to its target, cortisol enhances metabolism in
several ways:
It stimulates the release of amino acids from the body
It stimulates lipolysis, the breakdown of fat
It stimulates gluconeogenesis, the production of glucose
from newly-released amino acids and lipids
It increases blood glucose levels in response to stress, by
inhibiting glucose uptake into muscle and fat cells
It strengthens cardiac muscle contractions
It increases water retention
It has anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects
11. 3. ANDROGEN
Androgen, also called androgenic hormones or
testoids, is the generic term for any natural or synthetic
compound, usually a steroid hormone, that stimulates or
controls the development and maintenance of male
characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen
receptors.
This includes the activity of the accessory male sex
organs and development of male secondary sex
characteristics.
Androgens were first discovered in 1936.
Androgens are also the original anaboli steroids and the
precursor of all estrogens, the female sex hormones.
The primary and most well-known androgen is
testosterone.
Androgen ablation can be used as an effective therapy
in prostate cancer.
12. Adrenal medulla
• The adrenal medulla is part of the
adrenal gland.
• It is located at the center of the gland,
being surrounded by the adrenal
cortex.
• It is the inner most part of the adrenal
gland, consisting of cells that secrete
epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a
small amount of dopamine in
response to stimulation by
sympathetic preganglionic neurons.
13. Function
• Rather than releasing a neurotransmitter, the cells
of the adrenal medulla secrete hormones.
• Composed mainly of hormone-producing
chromaffin cells, the adrenal medulla is the
principal site of the conversion of the amino acid
tyrosine into the catecholamines adrenaline
(epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and
dopamine.
• Notable effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline
include increased heart rate and blood pressure,
blood vessel constriction in the skin and
gastrointestinal tract, blood vessel dilation in
skeletal muscles, bronchiole dilation, and
decreased metabolism, all of which are
characteristic of the fight-or-flight response.
Release of catecholamines is stimulated by nerve
impulses, and receptors for catecholamines are
widely distributed throughout the body.
14. Epinephrine (Also called
adrenaline)
Epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) is a
hormone and neurotransmitter.
It increases heart rate, contracts blood vessels,
dilates air passages and participates in the fight-or-
flight response of the sympathetic nervous
system.Chemically, epinephrine is a
catecholamine, a monoamine produced only by the
adrenal glands from the amino acids phenylalanine
and tyrosine.
The term adrenaline is derived from the Latin roots
ad- and renes and literally means on the kidney, in
reference to the adrenal gland's anatomic location
on the kidney.
15. Norepinephrine (Also called
noradrenaline.)
• Norepinephrine (INN) (abbreviated norepi or NE) or
noradrenaline (BAN) (abbreviated NA or NAd) is a
catecholamine with multiple roles including as a
hormone and a neurotransmitter.
• As a stress hormone, norepinephrine affects parts of the
brain where attention and responding actions are
controlled.
• Along with epinephrine, norepinephrine also underlies
the fight-or-flight response, directly increasing heart rate,
triggering the release of glucose from energy stores, and
increasing blood flow to skeletal muscle.
• Norepinephrine can also suppress neuroinflammation
when released diffusely in the brain from the locus
ceruleus.
16. FUNCTIONS:
Function of adrenal medulla:
• Rather than releasing a neurotransmitter, the cells of the
adrenal medulla secrete hormones.
• Notable effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline include
increased heart rate and blood pressure, blood vessel
constriction in the skin and gastrointestinal tract, blood
vessel dilation in skeletal muscles all of which are
characteristic of the fight-or-flight response. Release of
catecholamines is stimulated by nerve impulses, and
receptors for catecholamines are widely distributed
throughout the body.
Functions of adrenal cortex:
• It stimulates the release of amino acids from the body.
• It stimulates lipolysis, the breakdown of fat.
• It increases urinary excretion of potassium ions.
• It increases interstitial levels of sodium ions.
• It increases water retention and blood volume.
• Testes formation
• Spermatogenesis
17.
18. DISEASES OF THE
ADRENAL GLAND:
Cushing’s syndrome
In Cushing's syndrome, the level of corticosteroids
is excessive, usually from overproduction by the
adrenal glands.
19. Addison’s syndrome
In Addison's disease, the adrenal glands are underactive,
resulting in a deficiency of adrenal hormones.