This presentation about thyroid gland :
- Anatomy of thyroid gland
- Physiology of thyroid gland
- Pathology of thyroid gland
- Treatment and prevention of thyroid disease
Thyroid hormone (The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
THYROID HORMONE
Location:
The thyroid gland located below the larynx on each side of and anterior to the trachea.
Largest Endocrine Hormone
Secretion:
secretes:
1. thyroxine (T4)
2. triiodothyronine (T3)
3. Also secretes calcitonin (an important hormone for calcium metabolism)
Cell: Thyrotopes
secretion is controlled by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary gland.
93% T4 & 7% T3
T4→T3 in tissues
Qualitatively same
Differ in Rapidity & Intensity of action.
T3 is 4 times more potent than T4, but decrease conc. In blood & decrease half life.
T3 and T4 combine mainly with thyroxine-binding globulin.
More than 90% of Thyroid hormone that binds with cellular receptors is T3.
T4
No effect for 2-3 days after injection
Long Latent Period.
Activity peaks in 10-12 days & ↓↓ with a half life of 15 days.
In some cases it takes 6 weeks-2 months.
T3
4 times rapid
Latent Period 6-12 hours
Peak in 2-3 days
Composed of large numbers of closed follicles filled with colloid and lined with cuboidal epithelial cells that secrete into the interior of the follicles
The major component of colloid is the large glycoprotein Thyroglobulin contains the thyroid hormones within its molecule.
50mg/year, 1mg/week
Ingested iodine in the form of iodides
Iodides ingested orally are absorbed from GIT
⅕ removed from the blood by thyroid cells for synthesis of hormones; rest excreted through kidneys.
Basal membrane of thyroid cells has an active pump to push iodides to interior (Iodine Pump).
Normally 30% more conc. Inside
Max. active 250% more conc. Inside
The rate of Iodine trapping is influenced by conc. of TSH
TSH stimulates and hypophysectomy greatly diminishes the activity of the iodide pump in thyroid cells.
its all about thyroid gland,functions of thyroid gland,disorders of thyroid gland,signs and symptoms and medications.hope it will be useful for you.thank you,
The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of your neck just below the Adam’s apple.
Several different disorders can arise when your thyroid produces too much hormone (hyperthyroidism) or not enough (hypothyroidism).
Four common disorders of the thyroid are Hashimoto’s disease, Graves’ disease, goiter, and thyroid nodules.
AUM ENT Clinic is dedicated to the delivery of compassionate, quality, state-of-the-art and cost effective health care with best-in-class technology and equipment.
Contact us @https://www.aumentclinic.com/contact-us.php
a brief on thyroid gland covering following titles:
Introduction
Anatomy and physiology of thyroid gland
Synthesis of thyroid hormones
Regulation
Mechanism of action
Biological function
Thyroid hormone,
structure of hormone,
synthesis of thyroid hormone,
mechanism of Thyroid hormone action,
Physiological effect of Hormone,
Disorders related with thyroid hormone,
drugs used in treatment for the thyroid disorders.
The endocrine system is composed of organs positioned throughout the body in widely separated locations. Endocrinology is the study of the structure and functioning of the endocrine system.
Thyroid hormone (The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
THYROID HORMONE
Location:
The thyroid gland located below the larynx on each side of and anterior to the trachea.
Largest Endocrine Hormone
Secretion:
secretes:
1. thyroxine (T4)
2. triiodothyronine (T3)
3. Also secretes calcitonin (an important hormone for calcium metabolism)
Cell: Thyrotopes
secretion is controlled by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary gland.
93% T4 & 7% T3
T4→T3 in tissues
Qualitatively same
Differ in Rapidity & Intensity of action.
T3 is 4 times more potent than T4, but decrease conc. In blood & decrease half life.
T3 and T4 combine mainly with thyroxine-binding globulin.
More than 90% of Thyroid hormone that binds with cellular receptors is T3.
T4
No effect for 2-3 days after injection
Long Latent Period.
Activity peaks in 10-12 days & ↓↓ with a half life of 15 days.
In some cases it takes 6 weeks-2 months.
T3
4 times rapid
Latent Period 6-12 hours
Peak in 2-3 days
Composed of large numbers of closed follicles filled with colloid and lined with cuboidal epithelial cells that secrete into the interior of the follicles
The major component of colloid is the large glycoprotein Thyroglobulin contains the thyroid hormones within its molecule.
50mg/year, 1mg/week
Ingested iodine in the form of iodides
Iodides ingested orally are absorbed from GIT
⅕ removed from the blood by thyroid cells for synthesis of hormones; rest excreted through kidneys.
Basal membrane of thyroid cells has an active pump to push iodides to interior (Iodine Pump).
Normally 30% more conc. Inside
Max. active 250% more conc. Inside
The rate of Iodine trapping is influenced by conc. of TSH
TSH stimulates and hypophysectomy greatly diminishes the activity of the iodide pump in thyroid cells.
its all about thyroid gland,functions of thyroid gland,disorders of thyroid gland,signs and symptoms and medications.hope it will be useful for you.thank you,
The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of your neck just below the Adam’s apple.
Several different disorders can arise when your thyroid produces too much hormone (hyperthyroidism) or not enough (hypothyroidism).
Four common disorders of the thyroid are Hashimoto’s disease, Graves’ disease, goiter, and thyroid nodules.
AUM ENT Clinic is dedicated to the delivery of compassionate, quality, state-of-the-art and cost effective health care with best-in-class technology and equipment.
Contact us @https://www.aumentclinic.com/contact-us.php
a brief on thyroid gland covering following titles:
Introduction
Anatomy and physiology of thyroid gland
Synthesis of thyroid hormones
Regulation
Mechanism of action
Biological function
Thyroid hormone,
structure of hormone,
synthesis of thyroid hormone,
mechanism of Thyroid hormone action,
Physiological effect of Hormone,
Disorders related with thyroid hormone,
drugs used in treatment for the thyroid disorders.
The endocrine system is composed of organs positioned throughout the body in widely separated locations. Endocrinology is the study of the structure and functioning of the endocrine system.
Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) occurs when your thyroid gland produces too much of the hormone thyroxine. Hyperthyroidism can accelerate your body's metabolism, causing unintentional weight loss and a rapid or irregular heartbeat
Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) is a condition in which your thyroid gland doesn't produce enough of certain crucial hormones.
Thyrotoxicosis- complete review of anatomy, physiology, types and clinical fe...Surjeet Acharya
this presentation covers extensive pictures for clear explanation. this includes the anatomy & physiology of thyroid gland, a case review, types, clinical features and treatment of thyrotoxicosis. and the most intersting part it, it also includes Recent Advances in field of thyrotoxicosis
www.Thyroidcode.org is a website dedicated to increasing thyroid disorder awareness and helping people with thyroid and metabolic health. Breaking the Thyroid Code is my first book scheduled for pre-release in August 2018.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
2. Key Words
Brief Introduction of thyroid gland
Thyroid Gland
Anatomic Location
Structure
Hormones
Physiology (Action and Function)
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Thyroid Pathology
Prevention and Treatment
3. Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland is one of the largest
endocrine gland in the body
Consists of two connected lobe
control metabolic rate, protein synthesis
and control The body’s sensitivity to other
hormone
4. Thyroid Gland
Location of thyroid gland
Situated in the neck region in front of
larynx and trachea
Made up of two lobes of thick red
glandular tissue joined together by a
narrow strip or bridge called isthmus
6. Thyroid Gland
Structure of thyroid gland
• is a butterfly shaped organ
• Usually the right lobe is larger than the left
lobe
• Usually larger in Women
12. Thyroid Gland
Hormones of thyroid gland
• Thyroxine T4 is more amount in
blood but less potent
• Trriodothyronine T3 is is less
amount in blood but more potent
13. Thyroid Gland
Formation and secretion
of thyroid hormones
• Approximately 87% of T3 is produced by
monodeiodination of T4
• Small amounts of reverse tri-iodothyronine (R T3)
also found in thyroid venous blood
• (reverse T3 is inactive)
14. Thyroid Gland
Hormonal function
I. Regulation of basal metabolic rate and
intake of oxygen
II. regulation of cellular metabolism
III. Regulation of growth and development
Thyroid hormones have several function
15. Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Hormones Action on the Body
I. Effects of Nervous System
II. Effects on Skeletal Muscle
III.Effects on the Heart
16. Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Hormones Action on the Body
IV.Relation to Catecholamines
V. Effects on Carbohydrate and Cholesterol Metabolism
VI. Effects on Growth and Development
17. Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Hormones Action on the Body
VII. Effects on Endocrine System
VIII. Increased respiration
IX. Increased GI motility
23. Graves Disease
Etiology
Exactly etiology is not known
Possible trigger
Postpartum state
Iodine excess
Lithium therapy
Bacterial and viral infections
Genetic Factor
HLA-B8
HLADR3
Sensitized T-Helper lymphocyte
Human leukocyte antigen ( HLA) include
25. Graves Disease
associated with other autoimmune
conditions such as
• Type 1 Diabetes mellitus
• Addison’s disease
• Pernicious anemia
• Myasthenia gravis
26. Graves Disease
Clinical Features
• Heat intolerance
• Increased sweating and thirst
• Weight loss despite adequate caloric intake
• Symptoms of increased adrenergic stimulation
• GI Symptoms
32. Subacute thyroidites
• Pain and discomfort
• Thyroid gland become inflammed
• Initially make hyperthyroidism
• Change to hypothyroidism
33. Subacute thyroidites
Cause and risk factors
• Viral infection
• Women aged 40 to 50
• Upper respiratory infection (flu and mumps)
34. Subacute thyroidites
Sign and Symptoms
• Pain in the thyroid gland
• Pain spread to neck, ears and jaw
• Swallon of thyroid and tendor to touch
• Pain remain between 1 to 3 months
36. Subacute granulmatous
thyroiditis
• Most common types
• Viral infection
• Symptoms of hyperthyroidism
• Change to hypothyroidism
• Commonly make permanent complications
37. Postpartum thyroiditis
• Women one year after giving birth
• Goes away within 18 months
• Autoimmune disease
• Hyperthyroidism changes to hypothyroidism
38. Subacute lymphocytic
thyroiditis
• During postpartum period
• Hyperthyroidism develops earlier
• Three months after birth
• Hypothyroidism stay more for several months
41. Hypothyroidism
• Disorder of the
endocrine system in
which the thyroid
gland does not
produce enough
thyroid hormone
• Hashimoto’s disease
• Congenital hypothyroidism
44. Hashimoto’s disease
• Also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroidites ,
is a condition in which your immune system
attacks your thyroid gland
• The most common cause of hypothyroidism in
areas of the world where iodine levels are
sufficient
• Primarily affects middle-aged women
47. Hashimoto’s disease
Diagnosis
• A hormone test blood tests can determine the
amount of hormones produced by your thyroid
and pituitary glands
• An antibody test because Hashimoto’s disease is
an autoimmune disorder , the cause involves
production of abnormal antibodies (TPO
antibodies).
48. Cretinism
Also known as Congenital hypothyroidism
Is a sever deficiency of thyroid hormone in
newborns , it causes impaired neurological
function , stunted growth, and physical
deformities.
51. Cretinism
Signs and symptoms
Early stage
Short and thickened bones
Slow movement
Development of dry skin
Abnormal physical characteristics
Short and wide face
Underdeveloped lower jaw
Overdeveloped upper jaw
macroglossia
54. Cretinism
Diagnosis of cretinism
• Blood Test
• New-born screening test These are the usual
screening tests done by the doctor in first 24 to
72 hours of life to check for metabolic and genetic
disorder
• Ultrasonography the non-radioactive imaging
tests to look for the structural abnormalities in
the thyroid gland
57. Prevention
• According to (ATA) more than
12% of people living in U.S.A
will develop a thyroid condition
at sometime in their lives
• 20 million Americans have
thyroid disease
58. Prevention
I. Ask for a Thyroid Collar for X-Rays
II. Stop Smoking
III. Eat less soy
66. Treatment
Most thyroid patients who receive
RAI treatment or have surgery
eventually end up hypothyroid and
are treated with thyroid hormone
replacement drugs
Hyperthyroidism/Graves
Disease Treatments