Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It examines how words, phrases and sentences convey meaning based on their conceptual and associative meanings. Semantic analysis helps explain why some sentences are syntactically correct but semantically odd due to mismatches between the semantic features of words. Words fulfill different semantic roles like agent, theme, instrument and location that provide meaning within a situation. Lexical relations like synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy describe how words are related through meaning.
Discuss about :
Concerned with what knowledge individual speakers of a language possess which makes it possible for them to communicate with one another.
Consideration of what language is and how a child acquires it
The speakers have about the nature and expression of meaning in their language.
1.1 The Systematic Study Of Meaning
1.2 The Nature Of Language
1.3 Language And The Individual
1.4. Demonstrating Semantic Knowledge
Discuss about :
Concerned with what knowledge individual speakers of a language possess which makes it possible for them to communicate with one another.
Consideration of what language is and how a child acquires it
The speakers have about the nature and expression of meaning in their language.
1.1 The Systematic Study Of Meaning
1.2 The Nature Of Language
1.3 Language And The Individual
1.4. Demonstrating Semantic Knowledge
The slides shown here have been used for talks given to scientists in informal contexts.
Python is introduced as a valuable tool for both producing and evaluating data.
The talk is essentially a guided tour of the author's favourite parts of the Python ecosystem. Besides the Python language itself, NumPy and SciPy as well as Matplotlib are mentioned.
A last part of the talk concerns itself with code execution speed. With this problem in sight, Cython and f2py are introduced as means of glueing different languages together and speeding Python up.
The source code for the slides, code snippets and further links are available in a git repository at
https://github.com/aeberspaecher/PythonForScientists
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
1.4 modern child centered education - mahatma gandhi-2.pptx
The study of language
1. THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE
SEMANTICS
MOHD NURHAFIQ BIN ZULKEPLI
AHMAD SUHAIMI BIN ABDUL SHUKOR
2. What Is Semantics?
• Semantics is study of the
meaning of words,
phrases and sentences.
• In semantic analysis,
there is always an
attempt to focus on what
the words conventionally
mean, rather than on
what an individual
speaker might want them
to mean on particular
occasion.
3. Conceptual Meaning
• Covers those basic,
essential components of
meaning that are conveyed
by the literal use of a word
• For example, some of basic
components of a word like
needle in English might
include "thin, sharp, steel
instrument".
4. Associative Meaning
• Different people might have different associations or
connotations attached to a word.
• Example, like needle which lead us to think of painful
whenever you encounter the word said.
• This association is not treated as a conceptual meaning
of needle.
5. Conceptual vs Associative Meaning
• When linguists investigate the meaning of words in
language they are normally characterizing the
conceptual meaning rather than associative meaning.
• Meanwhile, the poets, song writers,novelists, literacy
critics, advertisers and lovers may all be interested in
how words can evoke certain aspect of associative
meaning.
6. Semantic Feature
• How does semantic approach help us to understand the
nature of language?
• It might be helpful as a mean of accounting for the
"oddness" which we experience when we read English
sentences such as follows:
The hamburger ate the man.
My cat studied arabic.
A pillow was listening to music.
• Above sentences are syntactically right but semantically
odd. Do you know why?
7. Semantic Feature
• According to some basic syntactic rules for
forming English sentences we have well
structured sentences.
The hamburger ate the man
NP V NP
• This sentence is syntactically good but
semantically odd. Since the sentence "The man
ate the hamburger" is perfectly acceptable.
• The kind of noun which can be subjects of the
verb 'ate' must denote entities which are capable
of eating.
• The noun 'hamburger' does not have this
property and man has it.
8. Semantic feature
• This is because we use the semantic feature to
analyze the meaning. Features such as "+animate,-
animate", "+human,-human","+female,-female",
"+adult,-adult".
• E.g : The horse is reading the magazine.
• Do you know how to analyze the semantic feature in
this sentence?
9. Semantic Roles
• Words are not just "containers" of meanings. They fulfill
different "roles" within the situation described by a
sentence.
• For example:
The boy kicked the ball
The verb 'kicked' describes an action.
• The noun phrases 'The boy' and 'the ball' describe the
roles of entities such as people and things involved in
action.
10. Agent
• They are the most common semantic roles.
• The entity that performs the action is technically
known as "agent".
• As in the sentence one role is taken by the boy
and the boy performs the action, so it is agent.
• Although agents are typically human (the boy),
agents also can be non human entities that
cause actions.
• Example: The wind blew the ball away.
The dog caught the ball.
11. Theme
• The entity that is involved in or affected is technically
known as "theme"
• Example: The girl(agent) grabbed the ball(theme).
• In this sentence "ball" is the theme because it is
affected by the action performed by the "agent".
• The theme can be an entity that is simply being
described such as 'the ball was red'.
• In fact, the same physical entity can appear in two
different semantic roles in a sentence.
The boy punchs himself.
• The boy is agent and himself is theme.
12. Instrument
• If an agent uses another
entity in performing an
action, the other entity
fills the role of instrument.
• For example: She hit the
bug with magazine.
• In 'writing with a pen' or '
eating with a spoon' the
phrases "pen" and
"spoon" have the
semantic role of
instrument.
13. Experiencer
• When a noun phrase designates an entity as a person
who has a feeling, a perception or a state, it fills the
role of experiencer.
• If we see, know or enjoy something, we are not
performing an action (hence we are not agents).
• For example: Did you hear that?
The experiencer is you and the theme is that
noise.
14. Location
• When an entity is in the description of the event
then it fills the role location(on the table, in the
room and etc).
• For example:
Mary saw a mosquito on the wall.
In the sentence, the wall is the location.
15. Source and Goal
• Where an entity moves from is the source and
where it moves to is the goal.
• For example:
When we talk about transferring money from
'savings' to 'checking', the source is 'savings' and
goal is 'checking'.
- Hassan handed the magazine back to Squidward.
Agent Theme Goal
- Orochi borrowed those shoes from Patrick.
Agent Theme Source
16. Lexical Relations
• Words are not only the "containers" or a fulfilling "roles". They can
also have relationships. We describe the meanings of words and
terms of their relationships.
• For instances, if we are asked the meanings of word 'conceal' we
might reply it is same as 'hide'.
• Often explain meaning of words in terms of their relationships to
other word.
• It is treated as the analysis of lexical relations.
• Examples of lexical relations are snynonym, antonym and hyponym
17. Synonym
• A group of words that have the same meaning.
• Can often be subtituted for each other in a
sentence but not always.
• Examples of synonyms word are:
Large
Big
Gigantic
Massive
Enormous
Huge
18. Antonymy
• A group of word that has opposite meaning.
• Example:
NEAR =========================== FAR
GOOD ========================== BAD
YES ============================ NO
FAST =========================== SLOW
20. Complementary Pairs
The relationship between the pairs is absolute.
For example: (True and False Pairs)
True = False
A statement can only be true or false. It cannot
be true and false at the same. This is to stick to
the truth value of the statement.
21. Gradable Pairs
• A pairs of antonyms that can be scaled or we can do
comparative contrustions to them.
• For instance: ( More or Less)
• We cannot quantified what is more and what is less in
that example.
VS
22. Reversives
• Reversives are the opposite or negative of the
word meaning.
Example: (Dress and undress).
It does not says that undress is not a dress it
simply said that not wearing a dress.
VS
23. Hyponymy
• Specific term to used to designate a member of superordinate
(Higher) class.
• Used the concept of inclusion which say that Daisy and Rose will be
a flower or hyponyms of a flower.
• Words those are hyponyms to a higher class is called co-hyponyms.
Example: Ruby and Diamond is the co-hyponym of gemstones.
GEMSTONES
RUBY DIAMOND EMERALD
24. Homophones vs Homonyms
HOMONYMS HOMOPHONES
WORDS WITH SAME SPELLING BUT
HAVE TWO OR MORE MEANING
WORDS WITH SAME PRONUNCIATION
BUT DIFFERENT MEANING.
1) BOW (LONG WOODEN STICK WITH
HORSE HAIR TO PLAY VIOLIN) VS
BOW( TYPE OF TIED RIBBONS)
2) PEN ( WRITING INSTRUMENT) VS
PEN (ENCLOSED SPACED)
1) SUN (BIGGEST STAR IN
UNIVERSE) ) VS SON (A MALE
CHILD)
2) RIGHT VS WRITE
27. Prototype
• People categorize items and concepts based on a
prototype or ideal representation of that category.
• For example, the concept of dog is often characterized
by fur, a tail, and paws. When discussing or thinking
about dogs, people think of classic, stereotypical
examples such as collies or wolf or coyote.
28. Polysemy
• In Greek Poly = Many Semy = Meaning
• Two or more words with same form and related
meaning.
• How it is related?
• Functions : What it does
• Structure: The shapes it takes
• Locations: Where can it be found
29. • It does not need to be related to all aspects. For
instances, the word hand.
• Hand (part of our body to point objects) or hand (the
long thin pieces that point the numbers on clock). So
they have similar functions. So they are polysmers
with related meanings ( structure and function).
Polysemy
30. Word Play
• These last three lexical
relations are the basis of
a lot of word play usually
for humorous effect.
• For instance, why is 6
afraid of 7? Because 789.
• Do you get me?
• The answer is funny as
you identify the
homophones.
31. Metonymy
• From the Greek name it means " the other name". Figure of
speech that uses the name of name of an object, name or idea
to rperesent something which it is associated.Used in order to
shorten phrases and avoid repetition so the sentence flow
better.
• Example: The effect name the caused
- Cancerstick = Cigarette
• Why is that?
• Consequences of smoking too much leads to cancer. So it it
metonymy.
• Example: The caused name the effect
- Fortune = Wealth
• The caused of having wealth is having luck.
That is why fortune is metonymy of wealth.
• Example: The object name its usage
- Hand = Can you give me a hand?,
32. Collocation
A collocation is two or more words that often go together. These
combinations just sound "right" to native English speakers, who use them all
the time. On the other hand, other combinations may be unnatural and just
sound "wrong".
• TYPES OF COLLOCATION
1)ADVERB + ADJECTIVE
eg: totally different ( Today im going to do something totally different)
2)ADJECTIVE + NOUN
eg : nice wedding (Last weekend I went to a nice weeding)
3) NOUN + VERB
eg : dog bark, bird tweets
4) VERB + NOUN
eg : play game ( I like playing game in the evening)
5) NOUN + NOUN
eg : summer school ( many student hate summer school)
6) VERB + EXPRESSIONS
eg: fill with horror
7) VERB + ADVERB
eg : learn carefully
33. Combination of types of collocation in a sentence
• This lesson won’t be a waste of time if you listen carefully to what im
going to present today.
• Example of the COLLOCATION with the word ENGLISH:
American English
English man
British English
English teacher
English student
To speak English
To learn English
To practice English
34.
35. • What is the semantic feature of the following word:
1.Girl
2.Mouse
• Define antonymy and synonymy and give example.
• What is the difference between homophones and
homonyms and give example.