This document discusses the concepts of phrase and sentence meaning, extension and intension, and sense and reference.
It explains that the meaning of phrases and sentences depends on both the meaning of the individual words as well as how those words are structurally combined. It also describes intension as the internal content or formal definition of a term, while extension refers to the range of objects to which a term applies. Finally, it distinguishes sense, which deals with relationships within language, from reference, which involves the relationship between language and real-world objects. Sense is the place of an expression within a system of semantic relationships, while reference can be either variable, applying to different types of objects, or constant, referring to the same
Componential analysis (feature analysis or contrast analysis) is the analysis of words through structured sets of semantic features, which are given as "present", "absent" or "indifferent with reference to feature". The method thus departs from the principle of compositionality. Componential analysis is a method typical of structural semantics which analyzes the components of a word's meaning.
References
Webb, S. (2007). Learning word pairs and glossed sentences: The effects of a single context on vocabulary knowledge. Language Teaching Research, 11, 63-81.
http://leoxicon.blogspot.com/2013/05/context-or-co-text.html
THIS THE THEORY OF OGDEN AND RICHARDS ON THE MEANING. it extract from their book of meaning of meaning. in which they discussed about the semantics triangle.
Componential analysis (feature analysis or contrast analysis) is the analysis of words through structured sets of semantic features, which are given as "present", "absent" or "indifferent with reference to feature". The method thus departs from the principle of compositionality. Componential analysis is a method typical of structural semantics which analyzes the components of a word's meaning.
References
Webb, S. (2007). Learning word pairs and glossed sentences: The effects of a single context on vocabulary knowledge. Language Teaching Research, 11, 63-81.
http://leoxicon.blogspot.com/2013/05/context-or-co-text.html
THIS THE THEORY OF OGDEN AND RICHARDS ON THE MEANING. it extract from their book of meaning of meaning. in which they discussed about the semantics triangle.
All linguistic forms have sense, but not reference.
The linguistic forms with the same sense may have different references in different situations.
Some linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.
Writing Elements A Quick Guide to Grammar and Usag.docxericbrooks84875
Writing Elements
A Quick Guide to Grammar and Usage
Timothy P. Goss and Sabrina M. Goss
1
Using this Guide
Before we get started, you should note that this guide is, in no way, a comprehensive exploration
of grammar and usage. Many guides are available that will provide a much richer and fuller
understanding of the components of language usage. Instead, this guide has been designed to
help you, in a quick and efficient way, avoid some of the more common errors people make in
their writing.
It is a good idea to review this entire guide several times until the information becomes second-
nature. Having a good grasp on the basic rules of grammar and usage will make a big difference
in how your writing will be received in your academic and professional careers. It may even help
your love life, but probably not really help you teach your dog how to say, “Fiddlesticks” (every
piece of writing has its limitations).
Enjoy this journey.
2
Table of Contents
Clarity and Style:
1. Parts of Speech 3
2. Verbs and Verbals 4
3. Commonly Misused Words 5
4. Point of View: First, Second, and Third Person 6
5. Past and Present Tenses 6
6. Clichés 7
7. Sexist Language 7
8. Slang/Jargon 8
Grammar:
1. Subject/Verb Agreement 8
2. Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement 9
3. Sentence Fragments 9
4. Run-On Sentences 10
Punctuation:
1. Commas 11
2. Semicolons 12
Mechanics:
1. Abbreviations 12
2. Numbers 12
General Advice 13
3
Parts of Speech
All words in the English language have a particular duty to perform in a sentence or clause.
These parts work in concert with one another to create meaning. We can look at the way words
work in a sentence by either their function or by their form or definition.
By Function:
1. Verbs: These words determine the action that is being related (all sentences/clauses must
do something).
2. Nouns and Pronouns: These words serve as the thing doing the action (subject), or the
thing having the action done to it (object).
3. Modifiers (Adjectives and Adverbs): These words describe another word to help
distinguish or clarify the meaning being related.
4. Prepositions: These words shows how one word or phrase relates to another
5. Articles: These words are connected to nouns and determine the vagueness of specificity
of the noun.
6. Conjunctions: These words join clauses together.
7. Interjections: These words serve to express strong emotion.
By Form or Definition:
1. Verb: An action word. For example: Speak, run, fight, asked, claimed, and rocked.
2. Noun: A part of speech that stands for a person, place, thing, or idea. For example:
Truck, house, loss, ring, air, and sandwich.
3. Pronoun: Takes the place of a noun. For example: I, he, she, we, i.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
1. Phrase and Sentence Meaning
Extension and Intension
Sense and Reference
Ratna Nurhidayati
1211204101
2. Phrase and Sentence Meaning
The meaning of phrases or sentences depends
on both the meaning of its words and how
these words are structurally combined.
3. • Words are synonyms; sentences are paraphrases.
• Words can be homonyms; sentences may be
ambiguous.
• Words have opposites; sentences can be negated.
• Words are used for naming purposes; sentences
can be used that way too.
• Both words and sentences can be used to refer
to, or point out, objects; and both may have
some further meaning beyond this referring
capability.
4. Extension and Intension
Intension and Extension describe two ways of
indicating the meaning of a word or name
“intension” indicates the internal content of a
term or concept that constitutes its formal
definition. (sense)
“extension” indicates its range of applicability by
naming the particular objects that it denotes.
(denotation)
5. • The extension of a general term is just the
collection of individual things to which it is
correctly applied. Thus, the extension of the word
"chair" includes every chair that is (or ever has
been or ever will be) in the world. The intension
of a general term, on the other hand, is the set of
features which are shared by everything to which
it applies. Thus, the intension of the word "chair"
is (something like) "a piece of furniture designed
to be sat upon by one person at a time."
6. • Clearly, these two kinds of meaning are closely
interrelated. We usually suppose that the
intension of a concept or term determines its
extension, that we decide whether or not each
newly-encountered piece of furniture belongs
among the chairs by seeing whether or not it has
the relevant features. Thus, as the intension of a
general term increases, by specifying with greater
detail those features that a thing must have in
order for it to apply, the term's extension tends to
decrease, since fewer items now qualify for its
application.
7. • Extension. The set of all things to which a word or
phrase refers; also known as "denotation." The
extension of "U.S. automotive producer" is "Chrysler,
Ford, General Motors."
• Intension. The set of qualities of a thing that make a
given word or phrase refer to it; also know as "sense"
(and not to be confused with intention, what someone
means to say or do). The intension of "U.S. automobile
producer" is "a company engaged in manufacturing
automobiles, with its corporate headquarters in the
United States.
8. Example
• the intension of “ship” as a substantive is “vehicle
for conveyance on water,” whereas its extension
embraces such things as cargo ships, passenger
ships, battleships, and sailing ships.
The distinction between intension and extension is
not the same as that between connotation and
denotation.
10. Sense
• Sense deals with relationships inside the
language.
• Sense of an expression is its place in a system
of semantic relationships with other
expressions in the language.
11. Example of Sense
1. The example of sense in word-form
GUILT
• Blame, Culpability, Guiltiness, Iniquity, Wrong,
etc.
• Feeling of shame for having done wrong, Fact
that somebody has done something illegal,
Blame or responsibility for wrongdoing.
12. Example of Sense
2. The example of sense in phrase or sentence
A prisoner escaped from jail yesterday.
• A prisoner ran away from the jail yesterday.
• A prisoner got free from the jail yesterday.
13. Reference
• Reference deals with the relationship between
language and the world.
• Reference is a relationship between parts of
language and things outside the language (in
the world).
14. Types of Reference
• Variable Reference
a. One word
b. Many expressions
c. Refer to different type 0f that object
• Constant Reference
a. One word
b. Many expressions
c. Refer to the same thing
16. Example of constant reference
• America
America has a real appearance and also can be
defined in other words or expressions.
17. Reference vs. Sense
• Reference
Concrete
It can be proved by the thing in the real world
and only one step to prove it.
• Sense
Abstract
It does not have a real object and we have to
imagine and compare to our experience.
Every expression that has meaning has sense,
but not every expression has reference!