This document discusses the scope of semantics and the relationship between words, meanings, and concepts. It makes three main points: 1) Words are not just names for objects, as they can also represent actions, qualities, and abstract ideas. Meaning is not simply defined by denotation. 2) Bertrand Russell distinguished between "object words" that label concrete things, and "dictionary words" that are defined in relation to object words. 3) Linguists have proposed different models of the relationship between words, meanings, and concepts, including de Saussure's signifier-signified model and Bloomfield's stimulus-response model. Meaning depends on both linguistic and real-world

1. The Scope Of Semantics
Class : 5B
Ayi Yulianty 112122058
Alifya Nurul Fauziah 112122076
Rizki Aryanti 112122079

2. Naming
• Language might be thought of as a
communication system with on the
one hand “the signifier”, and on the
other “the signified”.
• Signifier ----------- Signified
• a word the object in
• in the language the world that it
• stands for/ refers to/
• denotes

3. • Problems with this view:
 Words, then, are „names‟ or „labels‟ for
things.
 It seems to apply only to nouns; therefore,
it seems impossible to extend the theory
of naming to include the other parts of
speech.
 Adjectives : beautiful, handsome,
difficult, etc
 Verbs : run, think, swim, etc
 Others: prepositions, conjunctions,
pronouns

4. • Abstract Nouns ???
– e.g. love, hate, inspiration, nonsense
That is to say:
Words are not just names of things
Words are not simply names of the
objects of our experience.
• Even where there are identifiable
physical objects, the meaning is not
necessarily the same as its
denotation.

5. Scientific vs Common knowledge
• e.g. tomato vs apple?
One possible way working out the
problem:
• Some words actually denote objects
That children learn some of them
as labels.
The reminder are used in some way
derived from the more basic use.

6. • Bertrand Russell :
object word
• Learned ostensibly, by pointing at
objects
dictionary word
• To be defined in terms of the object
words.

7. CONCEPTS
• According to de Saussure, as we have
seen, the linguistic sign consists of a
signifier and a signified, these are,
however, more strictly a sound image
and a concept, both linked by a
psychological 'associative' bond.

8. Ogden and Richards saw the relationship
as a triangle.

9. Bloomfield (1933)
S ----------- r ……………s ----------- R
Stimulus------ words ----- Response,
this view shows that meaning is as a
description from a situation which
there are stimulus (S) that may
cause someone to say something (r)
and the response ( R) is an effect of
the words said by someone (s)

10. The definition of sense:
Sense is abstract and de-
contextualized, and it refers to the
inherent meaning of the linguistic
form.
Sense is concerned only with intra-
linguistic relations.
It is the collection of all the semantic
features of the linguistic form.

11. The definition of reference:
Reference is what a linguistic
form points to in the real world.
It deals with the relationship
between the linguistic element
and the metalinguistic world of
experience.

12. A- Sense many references
B- Reference many senses
C- Sense no reference
D- Reference no sense ***

13. The Word
The word is the product of naming.
There are two kinds of words :
• Full words, e.g : tree, sing, boy, like, etc.
• Form words, e.g : it, the, of, and, etc.
Look at the example below :
The boy likes to play.
The girl hates to fight.

14. Ullman made the distinction of the words :
• Transparent words :
Are those whose meaning can be
determined from the meaning of their parts,
e.g : Chopper, driver, etc
• Opaque words :
Are the words whose meaning can not be
determined from the meaning of their parts,
e.g : hammer, porter, spanner, etc.

15. There are a lot of terms appeared in
relation to the words and meaning.
Minimum free
form
Morpehemes
Phonaestethic Idioms

16. The Sentence
The sentence is the expression of a complete
thought.
English sentence will minimally have a subject
noun phrase and the verb phrase. E.g : birds fly.
There are two possible meanings in the
sentence :
• Meaningful sentence
• Ambiguous sentence

17. Sentence meaning
(written)
Utterance meaning
(oral)

18. More complex , there are other kinds of
meaning related to the sentence :
Prosodic and Paralinguistic
Irony ( says something
means another)
Intonation’s reference
A problem associated with
the sentence
Variety of social relation
(context)
Speech act