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Water!
Surface Water, Ground Water,
and Treatment Systems
TEKS 7.8C

The effects of human activity
on groundwater and surface water
in a watershed.
The History of Water
• Water is continually moving around, through, and above the
Earth as water vapor, liquid water, and ice.
• Water is continually changing its form.
• The Earth is pretty much a "closed system," like a terrarium.
That means that the Earth, as a whole, neither gains nor loses
much matter, including water.
• Although some matter, such as meteors from outer space, are
captured by Earth, very little of Earth's substances escape into
outer space. This is certainly true about water. This means that
the same water that existed on Earth millions of years ago is
still here.
• Thanks to the water cycle, the same water is continually being
recycled all around the globe. It is entirely possible that the
water you drank for lunch was once used by Mama Allosaurus
to give her baby a bath.
The Water Cycle

• Earth's water is always in
movement on, above, and below
the surface of the Earth.
• Since the water cycle is truly a
"cycle," there is no beginning or
end.
• Water can change states among
liquid, vapor, and ice at various
places in the water cycle, with
these processes happening in
the blink of an eye and over
millions of years.
Distribution of Earth’s Water
So That Means…
Of all the water on
Earth, humans
cannot use 99% of
it. Of the 1% we
can use, 99% is
ground water, and
1% is surface
water.
Surface Water

Clear Creek near
IH-45 and 518.

• Surface water is
any water that is
on the surface of
the Earth.
• This includes
rivers, streams,
creeks, lakes, and
reservoirs.
Watersheds
• A watershed is the area of
land where all of the water
that falls in it and drains off
of it goes into the same
place (in our case, Clear
Creek).
• The word watershed is
sometimes used
interchangeably with
drainage basin or
catchment.
• The watershed consists of
surface water -- lakes,
streams, reservoirs, and
wetlands--and all the
underlying ground water.

Clear Creek tributary near
Blackhawk Road.
Harris County Watersheds

Kemah

You are here!
Clear Creek Watershed
Drainage Area:
197 square miles
Watershed
Population
(Harris County):
118,026
Open Stream
Miles:
154 miles

Kemah
You are here!

Primary Streams:
Clear Creek
Turkey Creek
Mud Gully
All About the Clear Creek
Watershed

Clear Creek tidal
area. Near IH-45 and
FM 518.

• The Clear Creek watershed
is located in southern
Harris County.
• The watershed
encompasses portions of
Harris, Galveston, Brazoria
and Fort Bend counties; 16
cities including Houston,
Brookside Village,
Pearland, Friendswood,
League City, Pasadena,
and the Clear Lake Area
communities.
Environment of the Clear Creek
Watershed

• Clear Creek between Clear
Lake and the City of
Friendswood is in a natural
state.
• Its bottom elevations are
below sea level and subject
to tidal influences.
• A number of natural and
recreational parks have been
developed along the creek.
• Much of the channel
Clear Creek from Challenger
upstream of this line also
Seven Memorial Park
supports heavy vegetative
growth.
Flooding in the Clear Creek
Watershed
• Flooding occurs
frequently along
various reaches of the
main channel and its
tributaries.
• Storm surge has also
caused flooding within
the watershed and has
the potential to extend
upstream from Kemah
to I-45.
Land Use in the Clear Creek
Watershed

As development continues,
there is a great need for
systems that reduce flooding.

• Development activity has
historically been
concentrated in the lower
end of the watershed
around Clear Lake and
several smaller cities in the
mid and upper portions of
the watershed.
• However, in recent
decades, development
activity has increased
throughout the watershed
and is expected to
continue.
Flood Reduction Measures in
the Clear Creek Watershed

STRUCTURAL TOOLS
• Channel modification is a
man-made change to a
channel's characteristics,
typically for the purposes of
reducing flood damages by
increasing its overall
conveyance capacity.
• This can be accomplished by
widening and/or deepening
the channel, reducing the
friction by removing woody
vegetation, or by occasionally
adding concrete lining.
Flood Reduction Measures in
the Clear Creek Watershed
STRUCTURAL TOOLS
• A stormwater detention basin
is a large, usually excavated
area of land, frequently
adjacent to a channel, which
is designed to receive and
hold above-normal
stormwater volumes.
• The detained stormwater
then slowly drains over time
out of the detention basin as
water surface elevations in
the receiving channel
recede.
Flood Reduction Measures in
the Clear Creek Watershed
STRUCTURAL TOOLS
• Bypass channel
construction involves
building a new
channel that is
attached to an
existing channel and,
as mentioned,
conveying the excess
stormwater runoff
around its original
path.
Flood Reduction Measures in
the Clear Creek Watershed
NON-STRUCTURAL TOOLS
• Buyout and demolition of
structures that were built
deep in flood prone areas
where structural projects to
reduce flood levels are
impractical is a nonconstruction solution.
• Once a flood prone house
is bought and demolished,
it will never incur flood
damages again. The
District actively pursues
voluntary buyout
opportunities.
Uses of Surface Water
• The main uses of
surface water
include drinkingwater and other
public uses,
irrigation uses, and
for use by the
thermoelectric-power
industry to cool
electricity-generating
equipment.
Surface Water Withdrawals,
2000.
Total Fresh Surface Water
Withdrawals, 2000
160,000
135,000

140,000
120,000
100,000

80,000

80,000
60,000
40,000

27,300

20,000

59

747

2,640

14,900

1,240

S
u
pp
ly

D
om
es
ti
c
Ir
ri
ga
ti
on
Li
ve
st
oc
k
A
qu
ac
ul
tu
re
In
du
st
ri
al

Th
er
M
m
in
oe
in
le
g
ct
ri
c
Po
w
er

0

Pu
bl
ic

Withdrawals in millions of gallons per day

Fresh Surface Water
Categories by Use, 2000

Categories of Surface Water Use
Ground Water
• Below a certain depth, the ground that is permeable
enough to hold water is saturated with water.
• The upper surface of this zone of saturation is called
the water table.
• The saturated zone beneath the water table is called
an aquifer, and aquifers are huge storehouses of
water.
Ground Water
• Groundwater is the part of precipitation that seeps down
through the soil until it reaches rock material that is
saturated with water.
• Water in the ground is stored in the spaces between rock
particles (no, there are no underground rivers or lakes).
• Groundwater slowly moves underground, generally at a
downward angle (because of gravity), and may eventually
seep into streams, lakes, and oceans.
Unsaturated soil

Saturated
soil
Aquifers
• Aquifers are underground
reservoirs.
• Almost no bacteria live in
aquifers. Many pollutants
are filtered out as the water
passes through the soil on
its way to the aquifer.
• To tap the groundwater in
an aquifer, wells are dug
until they reach the top
layer of the aquifer, the
water table.
• When a lot of water is
pumped from an aquifer, or
when there is a dry spell,
the water table sinks lower.
Aquifers

•
•
•

Wells can be drilled into the aquifers and water can be pumped out.
Precipitation eventually adds water (recharge) into the porous rock of
the aquifer.
The rate of recharge is not the same for all aquifers, though, and that
must be considered when pumping water from a well. Pumping too
much water too fast draws down the water in the aquifer and eventually
causes a well to yield less and less water and even run dry.
Water Treatment
Alum and other
chemicals are
added to water to
attract dirt
particles.

A small amount
of chlorine is
added or some
other disinfection
method is used
to kill any
bacteria or
microorganisims
that may be in
the water.

Coagulated particles
sink to the bottom.
Clear water moves
on to filtration.

The water passes
through filters, some
made of layers of sand,
gravel, and charcoal that
help remove even
smaller particles.

Water is placed in a
closed tank or
reservoir in order for
disinfection to take
place. The water then
flows through pipes to
homes and businesses
in the community.
Bibliography
•
•
•
•

http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/mearth.html
http://www.gma.org/katahdin/aquifer.html
http://www.hcfcd.org/photogallery.html#
http://water.epa.gov/learn/kids/drinkingwater/

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Water Notes

  • 1. Water! Surface Water, Ground Water, and Treatment Systems TEKS 7.8C The effects of human activity on groundwater and surface water in a watershed.
  • 2. The History of Water • Water is continually moving around, through, and above the Earth as water vapor, liquid water, and ice. • Water is continually changing its form. • The Earth is pretty much a "closed system," like a terrarium. That means that the Earth, as a whole, neither gains nor loses much matter, including water. • Although some matter, such as meteors from outer space, are captured by Earth, very little of Earth's substances escape into outer space. This is certainly true about water. This means that the same water that existed on Earth millions of years ago is still here. • Thanks to the water cycle, the same water is continually being recycled all around the globe. It is entirely possible that the water you drank for lunch was once used by Mama Allosaurus to give her baby a bath.
  • 3. The Water Cycle • Earth's water is always in movement on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. • Since the water cycle is truly a "cycle," there is no beginning or end. • Water can change states among liquid, vapor, and ice at various places in the water cycle, with these processes happening in the blink of an eye and over millions of years.
  • 4.
  • 6. So That Means… Of all the water on Earth, humans cannot use 99% of it. Of the 1% we can use, 99% is ground water, and 1% is surface water.
  • 7. Surface Water Clear Creek near IH-45 and 518. • Surface water is any water that is on the surface of the Earth. • This includes rivers, streams, creeks, lakes, and reservoirs.
  • 8. Watersheds • A watershed is the area of land where all of the water that falls in it and drains off of it goes into the same place (in our case, Clear Creek). • The word watershed is sometimes used interchangeably with drainage basin or catchment. • The watershed consists of surface water -- lakes, streams, reservoirs, and wetlands--and all the underlying ground water. Clear Creek tributary near Blackhawk Road.
  • 10. Clear Creek Watershed Drainage Area: 197 square miles Watershed Population (Harris County): 118,026 Open Stream Miles: 154 miles Kemah You are here! Primary Streams: Clear Creek Turkey Creek Mud Gully
  • 11. All About the Clear Creek Watershed Clear Creek tidal area. Near IH-45 and FM 518. • The Clear Creek watershed is located in southern Harris County. • The watershed encompasses portions of Harris, Galveston, Brazoria and Fort Bend counties; 16 cities including Houston, Brookside Village, Pearland, Friendswood, League City, Pasadena, and the Clear Lake Area communities.
  • 12. Environment of the Clear Creek Watershed • Clear Creek between Clear Lake and the City of Friendswood is in a natural state. • Its bottom elevations are below sea level and subject to tidal influences. • A number of natural and recreational parks have been developed along the creek. • Much of the channel Clear Creek from Challenger upstream of this line also Seven Memorial Park supports heavy vegetative growth.
  • 13. Flooding in the Clear Creek Watershed • Flooding occurs frequently along various reaches of the main channel and its tributaries. • Storm surge has also caused flooding within the watershed and has the potential to extend upstream from Kemah to I-45.
  • 14. Land Use in the Clear Creek Watershed As development continues, there is a great need for systems that reduce flooding. • Development activity has historically been concentrated in the lower end of the watershed around Clear Lake and several smaller cities in the mid and upper portions of the watershed. • However, in recent decades, development activity has increased throughout the watershed and is expected to continue.
  • 15. Flood Reduction Measures in the Clear Creek Watershed STRUCTURAL TOOLS • Channel modification is a man-made change to a channel's characteristics, typically for the purposes of reducing flood damages by increasing its overall conveyance capacity. • This can be accomplished by widening and/or deepening the channel, reducing the friction by removing woody vegetation, or by occasionally adding concrete lining.
  • 16. Flood Reduction Measures in the Clear Creek Watershed STRUCTURAL TOOLS • A stormwater detention basin is a large, usually excavated area of land, frequently adjacent to a channel, which is designed to receive and hold above-normal stormwater volumes. • The detained stormwater then slowly drains over time out of the detention basin as water surface elevations in the receiving channel recede.
  • 17. Flood Reduction Measures in the Clear Creek Watershed STRUCTURAL TOOLS • Bypass channel construction involves building a new channel that is attached to an existing channel and, as mentioned, conveying the excess stormwater runoff around its original path.
  • 18. Flood Reduction Measures in the Clear Creek Watershed NON-STRUCTURAL TOOLS • Buyout and demolition of structures that were built deep in flood prone areas where structural projects to reduce flood levels are impractical is a nonconstruction solution. • Once a flood prone house is bought and demolished, it will never incur flood damages again. The District actively pursues voluntary buyout opportunities.
  • 19. Uses of Surface Water • The main uses of surface water include drinkingwater and other public uses, irrigation uses, and for use by the thermoelectric-power industry to cool electricity-generating equipment.
  • 21. Total Fresh Surface Water Withdrawals, 2000
  • 23. Ground Water • Below a certain depth, the ground that is permeable enough to hold water is saturated with water. • The upper surface of this zone of saturation is called the water table. • The saturated zone beneath the water table is called an aquifer, and aquifers are huge storehouses of water.
  • 24. Ground Water • Groundwater is the part of precipitation that seeps down through the soil until it reaches rock material that is saturated with water. • Water in the ground is stored in the spaces between rock particles (no, there are no underground rivers or lakes). • Groundwater slowly moves underground, generally at a downward angle (because of gravity), and may eventually seep into streams, lakes, and oceans. Unsaturated soil Saturated soil
  • 25. Aquifers • Aquifers are underground reservoirs. • Almost no bacteria live in aquifers. Many pollutants are filtered out as the water passes through the soil on its way to the aquifer. • To tap the groundwater in an aquifer, wells are dug until they reach the top layer of the aquifer, the water table. • When a lot of water is pumped from an aquifer, or when there is a dry spell, the water table sinks lower.
  • 26. Aquifers • • • Wells can be drilled into the aquifers and water can be pumped out. Precipitation eventually adds water (recharge) into the porous rock of the aquifer. The rate of recharge is not the same for all aquifers, though, and that must be considered when pumping water from a well. Pumping too much water too fast draws down the water in the aquifer and eventually causes a well to yield less and less water and even run dry.
  • 27. Water Treatment Alum and other chemicals are added to water to attract dirt particles. A small amount of chlorine is added or some other disinfection method is used to kill any bacteria or microorganisims that may be in the water. Coagulated particles sink to the bottom. Clear water moves on to filtration. The water passes through filters, some made of layers of sand, gravel, and charcoal that help remove even smaller particles. Water is placed in a closed tank or reservoir in order for disinfection to take place. The water then flows through pipes to homes and businesses in the community.
  • 28.