Application of Residue Theorem to evaluate real integrations.pptx
Groundwater
1. Groundwater
Groundwater is the water found underground in the cracks and spaces in
soil, sand and rock. It is stored in and moves slowly through geologic
formations of soil, sand and rocks called aquifers.
2. Fresh Water Underground
Less than 1% of all water in the hydrosphere cycle is groundwater.
Although this sounds small, the volume of groundwater is 40 times greater
than that of all the water in freshwater lakes and streams.
Water can be found everywhere beneath the land surface, even beneath
parched deserts. About half of it is near the surface, no more than 750 m
below ground.
At greater depths, the pressure exerted by overlying rock reduces the pore
space, making it difficult for water to flow freely. In addition, water that
occurs at great depths tends to be briny, that is, rich in dissolved mineral
salts, and not well suited for human use. Therefore, from a practical
perspective, we can think of groundwater as the water found between the
land surface and a depth of about 750 m, even though an equally large
amount of water is present at greater depths.
3. The Water Table
Much of what we know about groundwater has been learned from the
accumulated experience of generations of people who have dug or drilled
millions of wells.
This experience tells us that a hole penetrating the ground ordinarily first
encounters a zone in which the spaces between the grains in regolith or
bedrock are filled mainly with air, although the material may be moist to the
touch.
This is the zone of aeration, also known as the vadose zone. After passing
through the zone of aeration, the hole reaches the water table and enters the
saturated zone, also known as the phreatic zone, in which all openings are
filled with water. The water table is high beneath hills and low beneath valleys.
4. This may seem surprising, because the surface of a glass of water or a
lake is always level, But water underground flows very slowly and is
strongly influenced by surface topography. If all rainfall were to cease,
the water table would slowly flatten. Seepage of water into the
ground would diminish and then stop entirely, and streams would dry
up as the water table fell. During droughts, the depression of the
water table is evident from the drying up of springs, stream beds, and
wells. Repeated rainfall, which soaks the ground with fresh supplies
of water, maintains the water table at a normal level and keeps
surface water bodies replenished.
5. Whether it is deep or shallow,
the water table marks the
upper limit of readily usable
groundwater. For this reason, a
major aim of groundwater
specialists and well drillers is
to determine the depth and
shape of the water table.
To do this, they must first
understand how
groundwater moves and what
forces control its distribution
underground.
6. How Groundwater Moves ?
Most groundwater is in motion. Unlike the swift flow of rivers, however, which
is measured in kilometers per hour, the movement of groundwater is so slow
that it is measured in centimeters per day or meters per year. The reason is
simple: Whereas the water of a stream flows through an open channel,
groundwater must move through small, constricted passages. Therefore, the
rate of groundwater flow depends on the nature of the rock or sediment
through which the water moves, and especially on the porosity and
permeability.
7. Porosity and permeability
Porosity: The
percentage of the
total volume of a body
of rock or regolith
that consists of open
spaces (pores).
Permeability: A
measure of how easily
a solid allows fluids to
pass through it.
8. percolation The process by which
groundwater seeps downward and
flows under the influence of gravity.
Recharge replenishment of
groundwater.
discharge The process by which
subsurface water leaves the
saturated zone and becomes surface
water.
spring A natural outlet for
groundwater that occurs where the
water table intersects the land
surface.
aquifer A body of rock or regolith
that is water saturated, porous, and
permeable.
9. Where Groundwater Is Store ?
When we wish to find a reliable
supply of groundwater, we search for
an aquifer (Latin for “water carrier”).
10. The running water
The running water is
diverted into mechanical
energy, which can then be
used to generate electricity
and transmit it to homes,
businesses, and various
industries. It has been used
for centuries to power mills
thousands of years ago.
11. The benefits of generating electricity from running water
generating electricity using or exploiting running water has many advantages
compared to other energy sources for generating electricity, including:
1- It does not produce any air pollution or greenhouse gases, which means it
is environmentally friendly.
2- It does not depend on limited resources like coal or oil.
3- It can be used to quickly generate large amounts of energy when needed.
4- Hydroelectric power can be stored in reservoirs for use during peak times
when electricity demand is high.
12. Hydroelectric power turbines
Electricity is generated in an economical way through the rotating movement
of water, which drives turbines to generate electricity. There are several types
of turbines used in hydroelectric power generation, each with its own unique
design and advantages. These include the Francis turbine, Kaplan turbine, and
Pelton wheel turbines that use water pressure to create rotational motion in a
generator that produces electricity. As additional information each type of
turbine has its own set of advantages and disadvantages that make them
suitable for specific applications.
13. These hydropower systems consist of
the following components:
1- Turbines, water wheels, or pumps.
2- Pressurized pipeline to transport
flowing water.
3- A generator to convert rotational
force into electrical energy.
4- Generator control system.
5- Wires to transmit electricity and
connect them to the meter.
https://youtu.be/6vM8ms65TEI
14. Running water typically refers to
water that flows continuously in a
stream or a tap. It is a term
commonly used to describe the
movement of water in a natural
setting, such as rivers, streams, and
waterfalls, as well as in man-made
systems, such as plumbing fixtures.
In natural settings, running water is
an essential part of the hydrological
cycle, where water evaporates from
the Earth's surface, condenses in the
atmosphere, and then precipitates
back to the ground, eventually
forming rivers and streams. Running
water plays a crucial role in shaping
landscapes, eroding rocks, and
carrying sediment downstream.
15. In urban and residential areas, running
water is supplied through plumbing
systems. It is typically provided
through a network of pipes connected
to a central water source, such as a
water treatment plant or a well. When
you turn on a faucet or a tap, water
flows out and can be used for various
purposes like drinking, bathing,
cooking, and cleaning.
Running water is a valuable resource,
and access to clean and safe drinking
water is essential for human survival
and well-being. It is important to
conserve water and use it responsibly
to ensure its availability for future
generations.
16. The running water one of most important
indirect energy source. How ?
When solar energy falls on the water surface then evaporation of water
from water sources such as oceans, river's and other water bodies takes
place to from cloud's.
The cloud's are then taken to distant places by air currents, and ultimately
water comes back to the surface in the form of rain ☔ and During
evaporation, a part of solar energy gets converted into potential energy of
water molecules.
The potential energy of water molecules gets converted into kinetic
energy during rain and snowfall.
Thus , the energy of water flowing in a river is considered to be an indirect
form of solar energy.
18. References :
1-Visualizing Geology Book
2- https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128129067/hydropower
3-BYJU'S
The work team :
Heba Ahmad
Juman Alyacoub
Ahmad Tarayrah
Mothanna Alsmaik
