The eye and visual pathways for moodle
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DebThe document summarizes the key components and pathways of the human visual system. It describes how light enters the eye through the pupil and is focused by the lens onto the retina. The retina contains rod and cone photoreceptors that detect light and color and transmit visual information through the optic nerve and optic chiasm to the brain. The information is then processed in the primary visual cortex and along the dorsal "where" and ventral "what" pathways to analyze spatial awareness and object recognition.
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Evolution of EYE
The document summarizes the evolution of eyes across different organisms. It discusses how eyes evolved independently over 40-60 times from light-sensitive cells. Early eyes were simple pits that could detect light and dark, evolving into pinhole eyes and eventually camera-style eyes with lenses. Compound eyes also evolved multiple times. The molecular basis of eye evolution involves genes like Pax6 and Hox genes. Across species, eye structures adapted for different environments and lifestyles, with variations in pupil shape, color vision, and retina anatomy in fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
The human eye. group 1
This document summarizes key information about the anatomy and physiology of the human eye. It discusses the main parts of the eye and their functions, including the sclera, choroid, retina, lens, cornea, iris, and extraocular muscles. It also describes the eye's blood supply and innervation, as well as common eye pathologies and vision problems. Imaging modalities for examining the eye, such as x-ray, ultrasound, CT, MRI, are also summarized.
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The document discusses normal and abnormal pupillary reflexes. It describes the anatomy and physiology behind the light reflex and near reflex. The light reflex involves transmission of signals from the retina through the optic pathway to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus which controls the iris sphincter and dilator muscles. The near reflex involves a triad of accommodation, convergence, and pupillary constriction. It also discusses various pupil abnormalities that can occur due to lesions in the afferent or efferent pathways as well as pharmacologic agents that cause miosis or mydriasis. Specific conditions mentioned include Horner's syndrome, Adie's tonic pupil, and Argyll Robertson pupil.
7344134 ophtha-neuro-ophthalmology
This document provides information on neuro-ophthalmology and the anatomy and pathways related to vision. Some key points:
- The eyes are intimately related to the brain and can provide clues to central nervous system disorders. Cranial nerves III, IV, VI control extraocular muscles, while V and VII are also involved in ocular function.
- The optic nerve has three portions - orbital, intraosseous, and intracranial. It is surrounded by three meningeal sheaths and carries both visual and pupillary fibers from the retina to the brain.
- The visual pathway involves the optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate body, optic radiation, and
7344134-ophtha-neuro-ophthalmology-160125202855 (1).pdf
This document provides information on neuro-ophthalmology and the anatomy and pathways related to vision. It discusses:
- The relationship between the eyes and brain and how eye disorders can provide clues to central nervous system conditions.
- The anatomy of the optic nerve, its portions and sheaths, as well as lesions that can occur along the visual pathway from the eyes to the brain.
- Pupillary pathways involved in the light reflex and near reflex.
- Various optic neuropathies, papilledema, optic nerve disorders like optic neuritis and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.
- Conditions that can affect cranial nerves like multiple sclerosis, internuclear ophthalmoplegia and orbital synd
Physiology of vision
The document discusses the physiology of vision. It describes the main mechanisms of vision including light incidence, transduction, transmission of visual sensations, and visual perceptions. It then discusses the anatomy of the eye, including the cornea, lens, retina, and aberrations like spherical aberration. It also covers topics like accommodation, visual processing in the retina, visual pathway to the brain, and analysis in the primary and secondary visual cortices.
Sheep eye dissection 2019
The document provides information about the parts and functions of the eye through diagrams and descriptions. It discusses an upcoming sheep eye dissection lab and reviews the key internal and external structures of the eye that students should be able to identify, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, optic nerve, choroid layer, and vitreous humor. The document also describes how to perform the dissection and identifies the structures that will be observed.
Physiology of sense organ EYE
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the eye. It describes the main parts of the eye including the outer fibrous layer, middle vascular layer, inner nervous layer, and accessory structures. Key points covered include the types of eyes in different organisms, layers of the eyeball, structures inside the eyeball like the lens and fluid chambers, parts of the retina, process of vision including refraction, accommodation, photopigments and phototransduction, common disorders and errors of refraction in the eye. The document appears to be part of an assignment submitted by an undergraduate student of veterinary and animal sciences.
Sense organs
The document summarizes key aspects of human sensory systems. It describes the main sensory receptors for sight, hearing, touch and balance. For sight, it outlines the anatomy of the eye including the retina, lens and how accommodation works for near and far vision. It also discusses common eye abnormalities. For hearing, it briefly mentions the inner ear structures like the cochlea and semicircular canals that enable hearing and balance. It concludes by noting the main skin receptors that detect touch, temperature and pain.
eye examination.pptx
This document contains an examination form and instructions for examining the eye. It describes examining various parts of the eye including the eyelids, conjunctiva, sclera, cornea, anterior chamber, iris, pupil, lens, intraocular pressure, fundus, and visual acuity. Signs examined include position, shape, surface, transparency, contents, and reactions to light. Common abnormalities and diseases are noted for each structure.
Vision.ppt
The document discusses the physiology of vision. It describes the structure and function of the eye and its accessory structures. The eye contains three layers - the fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, and retina. The retina contains light-sensitive rod and cone cells. Vision occurs when light enters the eye, is refracted by the cornea and lens, and stimulates the photoreceptor cells in the retina, which transmit signals to the brain via the optic nerve. The lens focuses light onto the retina through accommodation and changes in pupil diameter regulate the amount of light entering the eye.
Special Senses
This document provides an overview of the human senses and visual system. It discusses the general senses of touch, temperature, pressure and pain. The special senses of smell, taste, sight, hearing and balance are also covered. Most of the document focuses on the structures and functions of the eye, including the accessory structures, layers of the eye, neurons in the retina, lens accommodation, common vision conditions, and the visual pathway in the brain. Key eye structures like the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, vitreous humor and optic nerve are described.
Vision in animals
This document discusses vision in animals. It begins by introducing vision as the sense that enables animals to see their surroundings. The main organ of vision is the eye, which works with multiple parts and the brain to produce vision. Vision involves factors like field of view, depth perception, acuity, motion perception and color differentiation. Light enters the eye and a nerve impulse is sent to the brain to form an image. Vision can be monochromatic, dichromatic, trichromatic or tetrachromatic depending on the number and types of cone cells present. Some animals like snakes can see infrared light. Studying animal vision helps diagnose vision impairments.
Vision.pptx
Photoreceptors in the retina called rods and cones detect light and initiate visual signals. Rods are more light-sensitive and do not distinguish color, while cones provide color vision and are concentrated in the fovea. Rhodopsin is the visual pigment in rods that absorbs light and triggers a signal transduction pathway, resulting in photoreceptor cell hyperpolarization. Rods and cones synapse with bipolar cells, which then synapse with ganglion cells that form the optic nerve. Color vision is mediated by three types of cone cells containing unique photopsins detected by the brain. Colorblindness results from a deficiency in one or more photopsins.
Mechanism of Human Behavior
The three mechanisms of human behavior are receptors, connectors, and reactors. Receptors receive stimuli from the environment through the senses. There are three types of receptors: exteroceptors in the skin, eyes, nose, and mouth; proprioceptors in muscles and joints; and interoceptors in internal organs. The eyes are receptors that receive light stimuli and produce visual sensation. Light passes through the cornea and lens which focus it onto the retina containing rods and cones, allowing vision and color perception. Several common eye conditions that impact vision are discussed such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism.
Sensory System
The document provides details on the structures and functions of the special senses organs, including the eye, ear, nose, tongue, and skin. It describes the layers of the eye and ear, sensory receptors in each organ, and pathways for vision, hearing, smell, taste and touch. The document also discusses common disorders that can affect each sensory system such as conjunctivitis, color blindness, macular degeneration, sty, ear infections, nasal polyps, glossitis, tactile corpuscles and more.
Mechanisms of Human Behavior
There are three main mechanisms of human behavior:
1) Receiving mechanisms (receptors) which receive stimuli through the senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch.
2) Connecting mechanisms (connectors) which are the central and peripheral nervous systems that transmit sensory information to the brain and motor responses from the brain.
3) Reacting mechanisms (reactors) which are muscles and glands that produce behavioral responses through movement or internal secretions in response to sensory stimuli.
IIcranial nerve
This document provides detailed information about the anatomy and physiology of the visual system, including:
- The major structures of the retina and optic nerve pathway from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus.
- The roles of rods and cones in vision and their distribution in the retina.
- Blood supply to the retina and optic nerve structures.
- Projections from the lateral geniculate nucleus to the primary visual cortex and connections to extrastriate visual areas.
- Divisions of the visual fields and how lesions in different parts of the visual pathway present with specific visual field defects.
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7344134-ophtha-neuro-ophthalmology-160125202855 (1).pdf
7344134-ophtha-neuro-ophthalmology-160125202855 (1).pdf
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The eye and visual pathways for moodle
- 1. The Eye and Visual Pathways
- 2. Light Regulation • Iris opens and closes the pupil – Allows light in – Protects eye from light damage • Reflex • Light is then focused by the lens
- 3. Retina and Photoreceptors • Rods – more numerous, functions in dim light • Cones – color vision, found in the fovea – 3 types – red, blue, & green • Ganglion cells carry information to the optic nerve
- 4. Blindspot
- 5. The Human Eye Vitreous Gel Iris Optic Nerve Cornea Macula Pupil Fovea Lens Retina Iris
- 6. Visual Pathway • Right visual field is processed in the left hemisphere • Medial retina crosses at the optic chiasm, lateral does not • Info goes thru the thalamus – Most goes thru the lateral geniculate nucleus – Some first goes through the superior colliculus
- 7. Visual Processing • Message first goes to the occipital cortex • Dorsal – ‘where’ pathway – Ends in parietal lobe • Ventral – ‘what’ pathway – Ends in the temporal lobe – Color, shape, facial recognition