Sleep anatomy etc.
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DebThe document discusses the biological mechanisms and functions of sleep. It describes the circadian rhythms regulated by the pineal gland and suprachiasmatic nucleus that act as biological clocks. During sleep, the reticular activating system and arousal systems are shut down by GABA released from the hypothalamus. REM sleep is characterized by an active reticular formation, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus, while other areas like the parietal and prefrontal cortexes are inactive. Sleep is important for energy conservation, restoration, repair and memory formation.
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Reticular formation
1). The reticular formation is an ill-defined region in the brainstem comprising neurons and fibers that extends from the spinal cord to the thalamus. It is involved in arousal, attention, sleep-wake cycles, and autonomic functions.
2). The ascending reticular activating system projects from the brainstem reticular formation to the thalamus and cortex, promoting wakefulness. The descending pathway projects to the spinal cord and is involved in motor function.
3). The reticular formation receives inputs from sensory systems and projects to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and spinal cord. It regulates functions like muscle tone, respiration, cardiovascular control, and endocrine secretion.
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The reticular activating system (RAS) is a complex network of neurons located in the brainstem that regulates states of consciousness such as sleep and wakefulness. It is composed of neurotransmitter systems including cholinergic, adrenergic, serotonergic, and histaminergic neurons. The RAS maintains arousal and attention by transmitting signals from the brainstem to the thalamus and cortex. Disruptions in the RAS can result in disturbances of consciousness and sleep-wake cycles, and have been implicated in disorders such as schizophrenia, PTSD, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease.
Reticular formation
The reticular formation is a network of neurons located in the brainstem that serves important functions. It extends from the spinal cord up through the midbrain. The reticular formation receives input from various areas of the brain and spinal cord and sends output to many regions including the thalamus and cerebral cortex. It is involved in arousal, motor control, sensory processing, sleep-wake cycles and other vital functions through the ascending and descending reticular activating systems. Damage to or disruption of the reticular formation can impact consciousness, muscle tone, learning, and circadian rhythms.
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The reticular formation is a network of neurons located in the brainstem that performs several important functions. It receives sensory information from the spinal cord and senses arousal levels. The reticular formation contains nuclei that are involved in motor control, sleep-wake cycles, autonomic functions, and modulating pain. It has ascending and descending pathways that connect to the thalamus and cerebral cortex and help regulate states of consciousness like sleep and wakefulness.
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1). The reticular formation is an ill-defined region in the brainstem comprising neurons and fibers that extends from the spinal cord to the thalamus. It is involved in arousal, attention, sleep-wake cycles, and autonomic functions.
2). The ascending reticular activating system projects from the brainstem reticular formation to the thalamus and cortex, promoting wakefulness. The descending pathway projects to the spinal cord and is involved in motor function.
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Reticular formation
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The reticular formation is a network of neurons located in the brainstem that performs several important functions. It receives sensory information from the spinal cord and senses arousal levels. The reticular formation contains nuclei that are involved in motor control, sleep-wake cycles, autonomic functions, and modulating pain. It has ascending and descending pathways that connect to the thalamus and cerebral cortex and help regulate states of consciousness like sleep and wakefulness.
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The document provides an overview of biological psychology and the nervous system. It discusses the basic units of the nervous system including neurons and glia cells. It describes how neurons communicate via neurotransmitters, action potentials, and neural networks. Specifically, it explains that neurons transmit electrical and chemical signals, glia support neuron function, and neurotransmitters facilitate communication across synapses. It also provides details on the structure and function of the central and peripheral nervous systems.
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The document discusses the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which has two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses and is active during stress. It stimulates organs like the heart. The parasympathetic system calms the body and is active at rest. It stimulates organs like the stomach and intestines. The document outlines the pathways, neurotransmitters, and roles of each division in regulating various organs and body systems.
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The homeostatic process (S) and circadian process (C) interact to regulate the sleep-wake cycle. Process S represents the buildup of sleep pressure and increasing need for sleep with time spent awake. Process C is controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus and follows a 24 hour circadian rhythm promoting wakefulness during the day and sleep at night. When the distance between processes S and C is largest, sleep propensity is highest. Together these two processes maintain optimal times for sleep, wakefulness, and transitions between states.
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2. How receptor potentials are generated and transmitted as action potentials.
3. The pathways that somatic signals take in the central nervous system.
4. Areas of the brain involved in processing somatic sensation like the somatosensory cortex.
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Anatomical components of RAS are
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• Thalamic intra laminar nuclei,
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- The cerebral cortex is responsible for monophasic sleep patterns while the hypothalamus controls polyphasic sleep patterns. Abnormalities in the hypothalamus can cause excessive sleepiness.
- The reticular activating system (RAS) in the brainstem is the primary waking center. Stimulation of the RAS causes arousal while lesions cause somnolence.
- The thalamus also plays a role in arousal through its diffuse thalamic projection system. Electrical stimulation at different frequencies can induce either arousal or sleep.
- Theories of sleep such as the evolutionary theory propose that periods of
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The document summarizes key topics related to sleep and biological rhythms. It discusses measures of sleep such as EEG and EMG recordings, the stages and cycles of sleep, dreaming and functions of sleep. It also covers neural regulation of arousal and different sleep states. Biological rhythms like circadian and seasonal rhythms are governed by the suprachiasmatic nucleus which receives light input and synchronizes rhythms via chemical signals. Disorders like insomnia and sleep apnea are also mentioned.
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The document summarizes key topics related to sleep and biological rhythms. It discusses measures of sleep such as EEG and EMG recordings, the stages and cycles of sleep including non-REM and REM sleep, functions of sleep regarding restoration and dreaming, and neural regulation of arousal and different sleep states. It also covers circadian rhythms controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and seasonal rhythms interacting with the pineal gland and melatonin secretion.
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Sleep involves different stages including non-REM sleep and REM sleep. The stages can be measured through polysomnography which tracks brain activity, eye movements, and muscle activity. Non-REM sleep involves reduced brain and muscle activity and is when most physical restoration occurs. REM sleep involves an active brain and paralyzed muscles except for eye movements; it is when most vivid dreaming occurs. Sleep serves functions like restoration and energy conservation, and is regulated by biological processes in the brain.
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This document discusses variations in consciousness and states of altered consciousness. It covers topics like levels of awareness, sleep stages, dreams, hypnosis, meditation, and the effects of psychoactive drugs. The electroencephalograph is presented as a way to monitor brain electrical activity and different brain wave patterns associated with levels of consciousness. Sleep research uses various instruments to study sleep stages and cycles through sleep. Theories of why we sleep center around conserving energy and restoring bodily resources.
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- 1. SLEEP
- 2. BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS Circadian rhythms – daily cycles of ~ 24 hours Pineal gland regulation – releases melatonin Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) acts as a biological clock Found in the hypothalamus Just above the optic chiasm Receives info from the retina Retinohypothalamic pathway GABA released from the hypothalamus shuts down arousal systems
- 3. RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM RAS is responsible for sleep/wake behavior and arousal Sensory systems RAS Cortex Cortex can stimulate RAS suggesting wakefulness can be consciously maintained
- 4. ANATOMY OF DREAMING During REM Sleep ACTIVE INACTIVE Reticular formation Parietal Cortex Thalamus Prefrontal Cortex Hypothalamus Amygdala & Hippocampus Visual Cortex
- 5. SLEEP IN ANIMALS Sleep is risky! Why is sleep important? Adaptation Energy conservation Predator vs. prey
- 6. WHAT DOES SLEEP DO FOR US? Restoration and repair, maintaining homeostasis Sleep deprivation studies show poor cognition and physiological consequences MEMORY!!! Activation during REM sleep