Vision.pptx
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Photoreceptors in the retina called rods and cones detect light and initiate visual signals. Rods are more light-sensitive and do not distinguish color, while cones provide color vision and are concentrated in the fovea. Rhodopsin is the visual pigment in rods that absorbs light and triggers a signal transduction pathway, resulting in photoreceptor cell hyperpolarization. Rods and cones synapse with bipolar cells, which then synapse with ganglion cells that form the optic nerve. Color vision is mediated by three types of cone cells containing unique photopsins detected by the brain. Colorblindness results from a deficiency in one or more photopsins.
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PHYSIOLOGY OF RETINA.pptx
The retina contains light-sensitive photoreceptor cells that absorb light and convert it into neural signals. Rods function better in low light and mediate peripheral and night vision, while cones require brighter light and help with color vision and central vision. Photoreceptors transmit signals through a series of inner retinal neurons to the optic nerve. The retina has different cell distributions and functions in different areas, with the high-acuity fovea containing only cones. Electroretinography tests evaluate the retina's response to light stimuli and help diagnose retinal diseases and conditions.
Eye powerpoint
This document summarizes a collaboration project on the anatomy, physiology, genetics, and evolution of the eye. It discusses the anatomy of the iris and pupil. It describes the physiology of vision including refraction, accommodation, and visual processing in the brain. It covers genetics of eye development including the role of the Pax6 gene. Finally, it discusses the evolution of light-sensitive proteins, development of simple eyes, and adaptations involving the lens, color vision, and eye movement.
EYE 2.pptx
The document summarizes key aspects of receptor and neural function in the retina. It describes the layers of the retina including specialized areas like the fovea centralis. It discusses the different types of photoreceptors - rods and cones - and their roles in dim versus bright light vision as well as color vision. The process of light and dark adaptation is explained. Finally, it briefly touches on color vision, color blindness, and the neural processing that occurs from photoreceptors to ganglion cells and beyond in the visual pathway.
Eye-I-converted.pdf
This document provides an overview of the structure and function of the eye. It discusses the key layers and tissues of the eye including the cornea, sclera, conjunctiva, retina, and photoreceptors. It describes the process of vision including how light is refracted and focused on the retina, the role of the retina's layers in processing visual signals, and the generation of receptor potentials. Key concepts covered are visual pigments, color vision, neurotransmission in the retina, and the functions of retinal cells like bipolar, horizontal, amacrine, and ganglion cells.
Special senses physiology revison topics
Rods and cones are the photoreceptive cells in the retina. Rods are more abundant than cones and are responsible for vision in low light levels. Cones are involved in color vision and are concentrated in the fovea. The retina contains approximately 120 million rods and 6 million cones. Signals from the photoreceptors are transmitted through the optic nerve, composed of approximately 1 million fibers, to the optic chiasm and lateral geniculate nucleus before reaching the visual cortex. Lesions of the optic chiasm can cause bitemporal hemianopia while lesions of the visual cortex can cause macular sparing.
Physiology of vision
Vision occurs through a process called phototransduction where light is converted to nerve impulses in the retina. In photoreceptors like rods and cones, light causes changes in the visual pigment rhodopsin which initiates a biochemical cascade leading to hyperpolarization and decreased neurotransmitter release. Ganglion cell signals are transmitted to the brain where visual perception involves the integration of light sense, form sense, contrast sense and color sense provided by trichromatic and opponent process theories of color vision.
Lecture12 6 13
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the eye. It describes the major accessory structures of the eye including the retina, rods and cones, optic disc, blind spot, and visual pigments. It explains how light is absorbed by visual pigments and converted into neural signals through a process called phototransduction. These signals then travel through the visual pathway from the retina to the visual cortex via the optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tracts.
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Presbyopia.pptx
1. The document discusses presbyopia, which is the age-related loss of accommodation that begins around the age of 40 and leads to difficulty with near vision.
2. It defines presbyopia and explains the physiological changes that cause it, including lenticular and extra-lenticular changes.
3. Various types of multifocal lenses are described that can help with presbyopia, including bifocal, trifocal, and progressive addition lenses, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Precise fitting of these lenses is important to reduce issues like prismatic effects and distortions.
Lasers in Ophthalmology.pptx
This document discusses lasers used in ophthalmology. It defines lasers and describes their basic mechanisms of emission and characteristics such as wavelength, power, modes. It discusses the tissue effects of different lasers and how they are absorbed by structures like haemoglobin, xanthophyll, and melanin. Examples of common lasers used include the argon green, Nd:YAG, excimer, and diode lasers. It explains the different mechanisms of laser tissue interaction including photocoagulation, photodisruption, photoablation, and photoactivation.
Contact Lenses and LVAs.pptx
Contact lenses and low vision aids can help improve vision. Contact lenses come in hard and soft materials and can correct refractive errors. Low vision aids like convex lenses and Galilean systems magnify objects to increase the retinal image size and improve vision. Common problems with contact lenses include improper fit and complications like infections. Low vision aids are limited by small fields of view and reduced depth of field at high magnifications.
Accommodation by the eye.pptx
This document discusses accommodation by the eye and catoptric images. It explains that the eye has the ability to accommodate by changing the shape of the crystalline lens, allowing objects at varying distances to focus clearly on the retina. The ciliary muscles contract to make the lens thicker for near vision and relax to make it thinner for distant vision. It also describes the four Purkinje images formed in the eye and their uses in various optical measurements and assessments of ocular structures.
Disaster Management.ppt
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- Providing technical support for functioning of medical equipment like ventilators, monitors, ultrasound machines etc used for treatment and triage of patients.
- Helping to maintain and repair basic life support equipment like oxygen cylinders, suction machines, nebulizers etc used widely during disasters.
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Levels of Prevention. ppt.ppt
This document describes the four levels of disease prevention: primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primordial prevention aims to prevent risk factors from emerging. Primary prevention acts before disease onset by promoting health and protecting against risk factors. Secondary prevention takes action after disease onset to prevent progression. Tertiary prevention focuses on preventing further complications and consequences after disease has progressed. The levels build upon each other in the natural history of disease from pre-pathogenic to pathogenic phases.
Screening.ppt
Screening involves using tests to detect diseases or risk factors in asymptomatic individuals. The goal is to classify people as likely or unlikely to have a disease and ultimately reduce mortality and morbidity. Screening tests are not diagnoses, but provide information about the likelihood of a disease being present. Effective screening programs screen the entire population or high-risk groups, use valid, reliable, and acceptable tests, and improve health outcomes cost-effectively by detecting diseases earlier.
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The document summarizes the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) which aims to reduce illness, disability and mortality from 8 childhood diseases through immunization. It provides details on each disease such as causative agent, symptoms, prevention methods including specific vaccines. It explains vaccine administration including doses, ages and routes. The diseases covered are tuberculosis, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, measles, mumps, rubella, hepatitis B, and Hib. The document emphasizes the importance and effectiveness of immunization programs.
Primary Health Care.pptx
The document discusses primary health care (PHC) which aims to make essential health care accessible to all communities. It was defined at the 1978 Alma Ata conference as health care based on practical and socially acceptable methods. Key elements of PHC include health promotion, immunizations, maternal and child care, essential drugs, and control of endemic diseases. Principles of PHC are equity, community participation, appropriate technology, and a multisectoral approach. Pakistan's PHC system has multiple levels from basic health units and rural health centers to tehsil and district hospitals. However, it faces challenges like shortages of doctors, nurses and health facilities.
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine.pptx
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Meninges.pptx
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Cranial Nerves.pptx
The 12 cranial nerves emerge from the brain and brain stem, carrying sensory, motor, and autonomic fibers to various structures of the head and neck. The cranial nerves have specific functions like vision, smell, hearing, taste, facial expression, and tongue and neck movement. Damage to certain cranial nerves causes deficits corresponding to their functions, such as blindness or facial paralysis.
Taste.pptx
Taste is sensed by taste buds in the tongue and palate. Taste buds contain receptor cells that are responsive to the five basic taste categories: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami. When stimulated, taste receptor cells depolarize and release neurotransmitters that stimulate sensory neurons. A single sensory neuron may be stimulated by receptor cells for multiple taste categories. The brain integrates taste information with smell to perceive complex flavors.
Hearing and Balance.ppt
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Anatomy of ear.ppt
This document summarizes the anatomy and function of the human ear. It describes the major divisions of the outer, middle and inner ear. The outer ear collects and amplifies sound. The middle ear contains ossicles that transmit sound to the inner ear. The inner ear converts sound waves into neural signals for hearing and balance. It contains the cochlea for hearing and vestibular system for balance. The auditory nerve then carries signals from the inner ear to the brainstem and auditory cortex for processing.
Eye Movements.pptx
Extra ocular movements, eye muscles actions, testing, types of movements and higher control of eye movements
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The document discusses intraocular pressure and glaucoma. It describes how aqueous humor is produced by the ciliary process and flows from the posterior chamber through the pupil to the anterior chamber, and is reabsorbed through the canal of Schlemm. It notes the normal intraocular pressure range is 12-20 mm Hg, and pressure is measured through tonometry. Glaucoma occurs when intraocular pressure increases due to resistance in the outflow of aqueous humor, which can cause retinal and optic nerve damage, and is treated medically or surgically.
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2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Vision.pptx
- 2. Photoreceptors Photoreceptors of the retina. 1. Rod cells - light sensitive but do not distinguish colors. 2. Cone cells - not as light sensitive as rods but provide color vision. Most highly concentrated on the fovea – an area of the retina that lacks rods.
- 3. Photoreceptors • Rhodopsin (retinal + opsin) is the visual pigment of rods. • The absorption of light by rhodopsin initiates a signal-transduction pathway • Receptor potential is hyperpolarization
- 4. Photoreceptors • Rods and Cones synapse with neurons called bipolar cells • Bipolar cells synapse with ganglion cells of optic nerve Pathway: • Rods/Cones • Bipolar neurons • Ganglion cell’s axon forms the optic nerve
- 5. Color Vision • Color reception is more complex than the rhodopsin mechanism. • Three types of cone cells each with unique photopsin (green cones, red cones, blue cones) • Brain’s analysis of color depends on relative responses of each type of cone. • Colorblindness is due to a deficiency, or absence, of one or more photopsins. • Inherited as an X-linked trait.